Ch24.1 Taming The City V2008
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Early European cities were overcrowded and unsanitary, with disease spreading easily. The Industrial Revolution further overwhelmed cities with populations growing 40-70% per decade. Living conditions for the poor were incredibly unsanitary, with sewage and garbage flooding streets. Edwin Chadwick implemented reforms based on Jeremy Bentham's philosophy of helping the greatest number, including public water and sewer systems. Scientists like Pasteur, Koch, and Lister discovered germ theory, weakening the prior miasma theory of disease transmission and revolutionizing public health approaches. Haussman redeveloped Paris into wide boulevards and aqueducts, establishing a model for improving modern cities.
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The document discusses the history of public health concepts and liberalism between 1790-1880 known as the Age of Liberalism. Some key events include the French Revolution spreading liberal ideas of individual rights and equality. During this period, there was no medical licensing and hospitals combined various functions. The 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts in Britain established local boards to improve sanitation following Chadwick's report highlighting overcrowded living conditions. Figures like Malthus, Chadwick, and Simon influenced early public health reforms through studies of populations, sanitation, and control of cholera.
Mass society and democracy
The Second Industrial Revolution from 1870-1914 saw major technological innovations like steel, chemicals, electricity and petroleum that transformed industry. This led to increased industrial production and wages, creating a mass consumer society. However, most of the population remained part of the working class living in poor urban conditions. Reform efforts sought to improve workers' lives through laws, unions, and socialist political parties influenced by Karl Marx's ideas. The growth of cities also contributed to new social problems that governments attempted to address through public health initiatives. Overall, this period marked Europe's rise to global economic and political dominance fueled by industrialization, but also saw the emergence of social and political movements advocating for workers' and women's rights.
Urban technical networks and the genesis of the 'modern infrastructural ideal'
This document discusses the historical development of modern infrastructure networks. It describes how industrialization in the 19th century led to overcrowded and unsanitary cities, driving public investment in water, sewer, and transportation systems to improve living conditions. These networks became essential to urban functioning and a "modern infrastructural ideal" of ubiquitous, reliable connectivity. However, infrastructure planning was also used as an instrument of social control and political power, through imposing order and standardization on urban form and daily life. Figures like Haussmann, modernist planners, and Robert Moses reshaped cities through large-scale demolition and prioritization of automobile transportation, often at the expense of existing communities. This model was later challenged by ideas
Revolutions In Modern China
The document discusses several revolutions in modern China related to Sichuan cuisine and hot peppers. It argues that Sichuan cuisine is not actually as spicy as commonly believed, as the use of hot peppers was abandoned in the 16th century and only reintroduced later. The document examines the history of hot peppers in Sichuan cuisine and how their introduction affected the region's culinary traditions and culture over time.
19thcCentury Europe.pptx
The document discusses the major changes in the 19th century including the rise of nationalism, spread of democracy, industrial revolution, advancements in science, and modern imperialism. It provides details on how each of these changes occurred and impacted society. Nationalism grew as people identified with their own ethnic groups and countries. Democracy expanded through both peaceful and violent means in different nations. The industrial revolution transformed manufacturing and transportation through new technologies. Inventions in science improved medicine and living standards. Towards the late 19th century, imperialism increased as powerful nations sought to build overseas empires and dominate new territories for economic and political gain.
Learning from social movements
This document discusses social movements and lessons that can be learned from them. It provides context on what constitutes a social movement and examples of notable social movements throughout history. Three key social movements are discussed in more detail: the British movement to abolish slavery in the late 18th century, a movement against football hooliganism in England, and the Make Poverty History campaign. The document analyzes factors that contributed to the success of the abolitionist movement, including the use of various campaign techniques and mobilizing public outrage over human rights issues. Overall, the document examines how studying social movements can provide insights into driving and sustaining large-scale social change.
The Industrial Revolution (simple)
The document summarizes the key events and impacts of the Industrial Revolution that began in England in the late 1700s and eventually spread to other parts of Europe and North America. Some key factors that contributed to the Industrial Revolution in England included new farming techniques, the enclosure movement, population growth, and innovations in technology like James Watt's steam engine. The Industrial Revolution led to rapid urbanization, changing social classes and living conditions, as well as new beliefs and ideologies. It brought about advances in fields like science, healthcare, and the arts. As the revolution spread, new technologies continued to be developed and the world economy became increasingly globalized and industrialized.
Ch13 Cultural Revolution
The document provides an overview of scientific and intellectual developments between 1750-1914 that improved life. It discusses key figures like Darwin, Jenner, Pasteur, Dalton, Curie, Pavlov, Freud and their contributions. Darwin theorized evolution by natural selection, sparking controversy. Jenner developed the first vaccination for smallpox. Breakthroughs in physics included atomic theory and discoveries of X-rays and radioactivity. New social sciences like sociology and psychology applied scientific study to human behavior and society.
Victorianliterature
The document provides an overview of social and cultural contexts during the Victorian period in Britain from 1837 to 1901. Some key points covered include:
- The British Empire expanded greatly under Queen Victoria's rule, making Britain the world's most powerful nation.
- The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's economy and society, leading to overcrowded cities with poor living conditions for many workers. Child labor was also common.
- Cultural influences included Adam Smith's laissez-faire economic ideas, Darwin's theory of evolution, and John Stuart Mill's advocacy for individual liberty and women's rights.
- Victorian literature often addressed social issues and protested problems caused by industrialization. Major novelists included Dickens, the B
History of Romantic Literature Presented by Legends Group
This document provides short notes and summaries on topics related to the Romantic period in English literature, including the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, Romantic movement, Romanticism, symbolism, and spontaneity. It was presented by several students and includes an introduction, definitions of key terms, discussions of related historical events and their impacts, and characteristics of Romantic poetry and ideals. The document serves to outline important concepts and provide foundational information on the Romantic era for students in an English literature course.
Presentation on the Romantic Period by Scholars Group
This document provides short notes and summaries on topics related to the Romantic period in English literature, including the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, Romantic movement, Romanticism, symbolism, and spontaneity. It was presented by several students and includes an introduction, definitions of key terms, discussions of related historical events and their impacts, and characteristics of Romantic poetry and ideals. The document serves to outline important concepts and provide foundational information on the Romantic era for further discussion.
Geo23.1103 winter2015 session7
The document summarizes key concepts from Session 7 on urban geography. It discusses when and why cities first developed, with the earliest cities emerging around 8,000 years ago in Mesopotamia due to agricultural surpluses and social stratification. It then covers theories on where cities are located, such as central place theory, which examines the spatial distribution and hierarchy of urban centers based on trade areas. The document also reviews the internal organization and functioning of cities.
Similar to Ch24.1 Taming The City V2008 (16)
Urban technical networks and the genesis of the 'modern infrastructural ideal'
Urban technical networks and the genesis of the 'modern infrastructural ideal'
History of Romantic Literature Presented by Legends Group
History of Romantic Literature Presented by Legends Group
Presentation on the Romantic Period by Scholars Group
Presentation on the Romantic Period by Scholars Group
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Decline Of Communism In Eastern Europe And The
The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Soviet Eastern Europe
After World War 2, Stalin imposed rigid control over Eastern Europe, exporting his totalitarian policies and forcing obedience from Communist parties. While the Soviet Union recovered economically under Stalin's five-year plans focusing on heavy industry, Eastern Europe saw slow development. After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's cult of personality and pursued de-Stalinization, improving living standards and allowing some freedoms. However, conservatives opposed the reforms as a threat to the Communist system. De-Stalinization also caused revolts in Eastern Europe in 1956, which the Soviet Union suppressed by force. Khrushchev was eventually ousted in 1964 due to his erratic foreign policy and the conservatives' desire to return to Stalinist control.
The Western Renaissance
After World War 2, Western Europe faced immense challenges of physical devastation, economic crisis, and population displacement. However, new leaders prioritized reforms and cooperation. The Marshall Plan aided recovery through the OEEC. Led by West Germany, economic miracles took hold in the 1960s as barriers dropped and markets integrated. Democratic republics were established as Christian Democrats pushed economic unity through organizations like the EEC and ECSC, though political unity faced nationalism. Decolonization reduced European power and brought independence struggles.
The Division Of Europe
This document summarizes the division of Europe after World War 2 and the onset of the Cold War. It discusses how the West dealt with boundaries and the causes of the Cold War. Specifically, it mentions that Truman cut off aid to Russia due to Stalin's insistence on communist governments in Eastern Europe. The Marshall Plan and NATO were responses to the perceived threat from Stalin exporting revolution. NATO was formed in 1949 as a military alliance against the Soviet Union, while the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact. The spread of communism to China and North Korea's invasion of South Korea further exacerbated Cold War tensions.
Hitler And Nazism In Germany (1921 1945)
1) Hitler rose to power in Germany amid economic turmoil following WWI and gained popularity by blaming Jews and promising to restore Germany to greatness.
2) After becoming Chancellor in 1933, Hitler quickly consolidated power and established a fascist dictatorship, banning opposing political parties and persecuting Jews and others.
3) Under Hitler, Germany became a totalitarian state as he controlled all aspects of society and suppressed intellectual and political freedom.
The Great Depression
The Great Depression began with the 1929 stock market crash in the United States and spread worldwide. Mass unemployment rose as production decreased without consumers to buy goods, creating a vicious cycle. Governments struggled to respond effectively. Roosevelt enacted the New Deal in the US, including the NRA to regulate prices and wages, and the WPA to employ many. Scandinavia used deficit spending on public works to create jobs. Britain recovered by 1937 as it focused on its national market, while political instability prevented recovery in France.
Modern Art & Music
Modern art and architecture in the early 20th century rejected ornamentation in favor of clean, functional lines inspired by new technologies. Movements like the Bauhaus school and architects like Le Corbusier emphasized efficiency over decoration. In music, composers like Stravinsky and Schoenberg abandoned traditional harmony and tonality. Movies and radio also became popular new forms of mass entertainment and propaganda during this period of social and technological change following World War 1.
Uncertainty In Modern Thought (1918 1939)
Nietzsche, Bergson, and Sorel challenged beliefs in progress and rationality prior to WWI. After the war, thinkers like Paul Valery expressed a "terrible uncertainty" as physics and psychology revealed a non-rational universe. Existentialism stressed individual action could overcome meaninglessness, while Christian thinkers like Kierkegaard emphasized faith over reason. Literature also reflected new ideas, using stream-of-consciousness to show complexity and irrationality of the human mind.
The Russian Revolution Of 1917 1924
The Russian Revolution of 1917-1920 overthrew the imperial monarchy and established Soviet rule. The tsarist government was weak and unable to effectively mobilize resources for World War I, contributing to public discontent. Mass protests in early 1917 led the tsar to abdicate, replacing him with a provisional government. Lenin and the Bolsheviks then seized power in October 1917, establishing the world's first communist state. A civil war ensued as the Bolsheviks consolidated power and defeated opposing White forces by 1921.
World War I
1) The document discusses the causes and events of World War 1, including the breakdown of Bismarck's system of alliances that had previously maintained peace in Europe.
2) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand sparked the war, as tensions had been rising due to nationalism, militarism, imperialism, and an interconnected system of alliances.
3) The war quickly resulted in bloody trench warfare on the Western Front, with millions of casualties and little territorial gain over four years, before the United States entry into the war in 1917 helped tip the balance in favor of the Allies.
Western Imperialism V2008
1. European nations scrambled for political and economic control over foreign nations in the late 19th century, sparking a new wave of imperialism in Africa and Asia.
2. At the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885, European powers established rules for colonizing African territories that required effective military occupation to claim land.
3. Cecil Rhodes was a British businessman and politician who expanded British control over southern Africa and profited greatly from its natural resources.
The West And The World – Imperialism V2008
1) By 1970, a large gap had developed between developed countries like those in Europe and North America versus third world countries. This was due to the industrialization and technological advances of Western nations that allowed them to exploit resources and markets in other parts of the world.
2) In the late 19th century, European countries expanded their colonial holdings globally through military and economic power. Britain had the largest empire, controlling territories in North America, India, Australia and Africa.
3) European nations invested capital abroad starting in 1840, mostly in infrastructure projects in countries like the US, Canada, Latin America which enabled further settlement and control of native populations.
Marxism And The Socialist Movement
The document discusses Marxism and the rise of socialist movements in Europe in the late 19th century. It describes how socialist parties grew rapidly after 1871 and united internationally, forming the First International in 1864 led by Marx. The Second International, a federation of national socialist parties, lasted from 1864 to 1914. While Marx predicted a violent proletariat revolution, unions became gradually legalized and living standards rose, making workers less revolutionary. Revisionist socialists believed in achieving socialism through reform within capitalist systems using unions and other legal means, rather than violent revolution. By the late 19th century, socialist movements in each country became more nationalist and distinct from one another.
The Responsive National State, 1871 1914
1) Several European nations established social reforms and expanded voting rights in response to rising nationalism and the socialist threat of revolution.
2) In Germany, Bismarck enacted social security laws to prevent the spread of socialism and conciliated liberals while targeting Catholics in the Kulturkampf.
3) In France, moderate republicans established free public education to spread republican ideals and undermine the Catholic Church's influence, while the Dreyfus Affair increased tensions between republicans and Catholics.
Mc Kay Ch25 Sections 1 & 2
1) Otto von Bismarck was appointed by King William I of Prussia to head the Prussian government and pursue German unification through military strength and nationalism.
2) Bismarck provoked Austria into the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and secured victory, expelling Austria from German affairs.
3) Bismarck then defeated France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, allowing him to complete German unification under Prussian leadership and creating a unified German state led by Prussia.
Ch24.3&4 The Changing Family & Science V2008
The document summarizes changes in family structure, gender roles, and child-rearing in 19th century Europe, as well as major scientific and intellectual developments. Families adapted to urban life, with working-class couples selecting partners based on romance rather than economics. Gender roles became more rigidly separated, though women gained control of the household. Attitudes toward children grew more affectionate. Major scientific theories like Darwin's evolution and discoveries in fields like chemistry brought prestige to science. Writers like Emile Zola captured life "as it really was" through literary realism.
Reforms And Revolutions And The Revolutions Of 1848 V.2008
The document summarizes political events in Europe between 1815-1848, including liberal reforms and revolutions. Key events discussed include:
1) Greek nationalists gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830 with support from Britain, France, and Russia.
2) Liberal reforms in Britain including the Reform Bill of 1832 expanding voting rights and the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 establishing free trade.
3) The July Revolution of 1830 in France which overthrew King Charles X and brought Louis Philippe to power, though he did little for reform.
4) The Revolution of 1848 in France and wider Europe in response to economic and political issues, though conservative forces ultimately prevailed across the
The Romantic Movement
The Romantic Movement was a revolt against classicism and rationalism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romantics valued emotion, individualism, nature, and history over order and reason. They stressed imagination and spontaneity in their literature, art, and music. Some key figures were Wordsworth, Coleridge, Delacroix, and Beethoven.
Ideologies & Upheavals Section 1 V2008
The Congress of Vienna in 1815 aimed to restore the balance of power in Europe after Napoleon's defeat. The key representatives of Austria, Britain, Russia and Prussia made territorial concessions but their conflicting demands threatened this balance. Metternich of Austria established a policy of intervention and repression against liberalism through the Holy Alliance and Carlsbad Decrees. He advocated conservatism and the combination of monarchy, bureaucracy and aristocracy to control nationalist aspirations and preserve the Austrian Empire, made up of many ethnic groups.
Mc Kay Ch22 Sections 2 & 3 V2008
1. Industrialization occurred later and more gradually on the European continent than in Britain due to wars and economic competition from Britain.
2. Governments aided industrialization through tariffs and infrastructure projects while thinkers promoted "economic nationalism."
3. Early industrialists came from varied backgrounds, and factories employed entire families, preserving kinship ties but subjecting workers to long hours and discipline.
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- 1. Taming the City Eastview High School - AP European History Ch24: Life in the Emerging Urban Society Section 1 – Taming the City McKay et al. 8 th edition