Feminism
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This document discusses several concepts related to feminism and the portrayal of women in popular culture and media. It addresses different types of feminism like liberal feminism, radical feminism, and socialist feminism. It also discusses how popular culture and media often symbolically annihilate women by excluding them, trivializing them, and condemning them. This socializes women into adopting restrictive gender roles like domestic labor and being sex objects. The document also examines how ideological messages in popular culture can train men and women into traditional gender roles.
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Post Modernism the useful bits
Postmodernism rejects the idea of grand narratives and objective truth. It emphasizes fractured and dynamic identities shaped by culture, lifestyle, ethnicity, gender and other social factors. Postmodernism also highlights the blurring of boundaries between high and popular culture and questions traditional concepts of authority, morality and political systems through an emphasis on representation, simulation, intertextuality and irony.
What postmodernism is.
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and how it differs from modernism. Some key points:
1. Postmodernism rejects notions of objective truth, universal values, and the ability of reason to understand an independent reality. It sees reality as socially constructed rather than objectively existing.
2. Epistemologically, postmodernism denies that reason or any method leads to objective knowledge, instead emphasizing the subjectivity and conventionality of knowledge claims.
3. Postmodern accounts of human nature are collectivist and emphasize identity as socially constructed, along with conflict between social groups defined by attributes like gender, race, and class.
4. Postmodernism is presented as a philosophical departure from modernism
Terminology quiz
This document provides definitions for various key concepts and theories in media studies, including representation, mediation, situated culture, uses and gratifications theory, ideology, cultural imperialism, hegemony, feminism, post-colonialism, Marxism, stereotypes, Propp's theory, false consciousness, gaze theory, bourgeoisie, Todorov's theory, patriarchy, second wave feminism, binary opposition, and liberal pluralism. Each term is defined in 1-2 sentences.
Queer Theory
This document provides an overview of queer theory and its application to media representations of gender and sexuality. It discusses how queer theory emerged in the 1990s to challenge heteronormativity and limited representations of LGBT people. It also summarizes key concepts like gender as a social construct and "gender trouble." Examples are given of media texts like Will & Grace and Brokeback Mountain that can be analyzed through this theoretical lens.
Angela McRobbie
No, Emmeline Pankhurst would not be considered an archetypal representation of femininity. Some key reasons:
- She was a political activist and leader who fought aggressively for women's suffrage through militant tactics like hunger strikes, which went against traditional expectations of feminine behavior.
- Her activism and leadership role disrupted traditional gender roles that relegated women to the private sphere of home and family. She took on a very public role advocating for women's rights.
- Images and descriptions of her from the time period often emphasized her defiance of femininity through her strong public speaking, willingness to be arrested and imprisoned for her cause, and other assertive tactics.
- She challenged patriarchal power structures and norms
Postmodernism (Foucault and Baudrillard)
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and some of its key thinkers. It discusses:
- Postmodernism emerged as a critique of modernity and challenged ideas like universal truths, objective knowledge, and historical progress.
- Key postmodern thinkers included Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, and Baudrillard. They analyzed how power shapes knowledge and questioned foundations of knowledge.
- Foucault argued that knowledge is a form of power and that what counts as truth is determined by prevailing power structures in society rather than objective facts. He analyzed how power operates in subtle ways through social institutions and practices.
Postmodernism and philosophy
This document summarizes key concepts from postmodern philosophy. It discusses theorists like Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari, and feminist philosophers. Some of the main ideas discussed are Lyotard's concept of postmodernity as a shift in perception due to changes in knowledge production; Derrida's concept of differance and how it destabilizes meaning; Foucault's studies of power and marginalization; and Deleuze and Guattari's rejection of psychoanalytic theories. It also summarizes Lyotard's concepts of event, differend, and the sublime.
Lyotard
- French philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard was born in 1924 and known for his work on postmodernism and rejection of grand narratives.
- He argued that knowledge is controlled by those in power and that science's claim to possess objective truth is flawed, as theories are shaped by their cultural and historical context.
- Lyotard was influential in introducing concepts like "language games" and rejecting universal philosophies and political ideologies in favor of localized narratives.
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Postmodernism rejects the idea of grand narratives and objective truth. It emphasizes fractured and dynamic identities shaped by culture, lifestyle, ethnicity, gender and other social factors. Postmodernism also highlights the blurring of boundaries between high and popular culture and questions traditional concepts of authority, morality and political systems through an emphasis on representation, simulation, intertextuality and irony.
What postmodernism is.
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and how it differs from modernism. Some key points:
1. Postmodernism rejects notions of objective truth, universal values, and the ability of reason to understand an independent reality. It sees reality as socially constructed rather than objectively existing.
2. Epistemologically, postmodernism denies that reason or any method leads to objective knowledge, instead emphasizing the subjectivity and conventionality of knowledge claims.
3. Postmodern accounts of human nature are collectivist and emphasize identity as socially constructed, along with conflict between social groups defined by attributes like gender, race, and class.
4. Postmodernism is presented as a philosophical departure from modernism
Terminology quiz
This document provides definitions for various key concepts and theories in media studies, including representation, mediation, situated culture, uses and gratifications theory, ideology, cultural imperialism, hegemony, feminism, post-colonialism, Marxism, stereotypes, Propp's theory, false consciousness, gaze theory, bourgeoisie, Todorov's theory, patriarchy, second wave feminism, binary opposition, and liberal pluralism. Each term is defined in 1-2 sentences.
Queer Theory
This document provides an overview of queer theory and its application to media representations of gender and sexuality. It discusses how queer theory emerged in the 1990s to challenge heteronormativity and limited representations of LGBT people. It also summarizes key concepts like gender as a social construct and "gender trouble." Examples are given of media texts like Will & Grace and Brokeback Mountain that can be analyzed through this theoretical lens.
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No, Emmeline Pankhurst would not be considered an archetypal representation of femininity. Some key reasons:
- She was a political activist and leader who fought aggressively for women's suffrage through militant tactics like hunger strikes, which went against traditional expectations of feminine behavior.
- Her activism and leadership role disrupted traditional gender roles that relegated women to the private sphere of home and family. She took on a very public role advocating for women's rights.
- Images and descriptions of her from the time period often emphasized her defiance of femininity through her strong public speaking, willingness to be arrested and imprisoned for her cause, and other assertive tactics.
- She challenged patriarchal power structures and norms
Postmodernism (Foucault and Baudrillard)
This document provides an overview of postmodernism and some of its key thinkers. It discusses:
- Postmodernism emerged as a critique of modernity and challenged ideas like universal truths, objective knowledge, and historical progress.
- Key postmodern thinkers included Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, and Baudrillard. They analyzed how power shapes knowledge and questioned foundations of knowledge.
- Foucault argued that knowledge is a form of power and that what counts as truth is determined by prevailing power structures in society rather than objective facts. He analyzed how power operates in subtle ways through social institutions and practices.
Postmodernism and philosophy
This document summarizes key concepts from postmodern philosophy. It discusses theorists like Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari, and feminist philosophers. Some of the main ideas discussed are Lyotard's concept of postmodernity as a shift in perception due to changes in knowledge production; Derrida's concept of differance and how it destabilizes meaning; Foucault's studies of power and marginalization; and Deleuze and Guattari's rejection of psychoanalytic theories. It also summarizes Lyotard's concepts of event, differend, and the sublime.
Lyotard
- French philosopher Jean-Francois Lyotard was born in 1924 and known for his work on postmodernism and rejection of grand narratives.
- He argued that knowledge is controlled by those in power and that science's claim to possess objective truth is flawed, as theories are shaped by their cultural and historical context.
- Lyotard was influential in introducing concepts like "language games" and rejecting universal philosophies and political ideologies in favor of localized narratives.
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The document discusses several archetypal representations of femininity throughout history and across cultures. It begins by describing some of the earliest representations in the form of Paleolithic Venus figurines from 28,000-25,000 BCE. It then discusses classical Greek and Roman goddesses associated with love, beauty, and sexuality like Aphrodite and Venus. Examples of feminist interpretations of figures like Medusa are provided. The document also examines historical female figures represented in art and myths, common feminine archetypes and stereotypes, as well as examples of countertypes from modern media and culture.
Representation theories
This document summarizes several theories of representation relating to race and gender:
1. Paul Gilroy and Stuart Hall theorized about representations of race in media, with Gilroy focusing on the "Black Atlantic" culture and Hall discussing strategies to subvert stereotypes like reversing them or making them work against themselves.
2. Liesbet van Zoonen analyzed gender representation in media through a feminist lens, noting how women are often objectified and gender is performatively constructed.
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Hoewel het postkolonialisme het einde van kolonialiteit suggereert, bewijst de hedendaagse sociale strijd rond etniciteit en cultuur het tegendeel. Racisme en zogenaamde ‘’colour prejudice’’ zijn een directe manifestatie van de koloniale orde die van oudsher het Westerse boven het niet-Westerse plaatst. Door het internaliseren van deze hiërarchische machtsdynamiek, strekt het kolonialisme ver voorbij de fysieke wereld en is de geest nog altijd gekoloniseerd, zelfs ondanks de vermeende onafhankelijkheid.
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Onderwijs is essentieel voor dit proces van bevrijding, gezien het fundamentele belang van het afleren van kolonialiteit en het aanleren van dekolonialiteit om de geest volledig te dekoloniseren. Om dit bevrijdende potentieel te ontketenen, moet de pedagogische aard verschuiven van universeel naar pluriverseel, waarbij raciale en culturele verschillen worden erkend en omarmd. Een moreel rechtvaardig onderwijssysteem dat de nadruk legt op de deugden van respect en verantwoordelijkheid, is daarbij van essentieel belang om een gelijkwaardige samenleving te creëren, wat bevrijd is van koloniale connotaties.
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This document provides summaries of four major postmodern theorists:
- Jean-Francis Lyotard rejected rational theories representing reality and emphasized singular events and nonrational forces.
- Jacques Derrida rejected structuralism and the signifier/signified relationship, seeing language as producing other signifiers.
- Jean Baudrillard argued that in postmodern culture, simulations and maps precede reality, and the distinction between nature and artifice is lost.
- Fredric Jameson saw postmodernity as dominated by commodification, with the past reduced to empty stylizations and a loss of history.
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Feminism is defined as the belief that women and men should have equal rights and opportunities. It arose from the understanding that historically, women have been unable to fully participate in social institutions and have often been treated differently than men. Feminism aims to remedy this situation by eliminating old assumptions about gender roles. There have been three major waves of feminism. The first wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave from the 1960s-90s took on issues like reproductive rights and the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. The third wave since the 1990s challenges concepts like universal womanhood and promotes defining femininity on women's own terms.
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This document summarizes the history and key developments in feminist film theory from the 1960s to the present. It discusses the major theorists and texts that shifted the focus from class to examining feminine identity and gender construction. Theories analyzed how women were portrayed in films and the male gaze of the spectator. Psychoanalytic approaches examined concepts like scopophilia and how cinema reinforced patriarchal ideals. Later works addressed issues like bisexual spectatorship and challenged the notion that femininity must be defined in relation to masculinity.
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Feminism aims to challenge patriarchal power structures and promote gender equality. It analyzes how media transmit cultural values and reinforce patriarchal ideology through gender stereotypes. Feminist media theory examines how media construct ideas of femininity and masculinity, and how the "male gaze" objectifies women for the male viewer. While early representations often reduced women to victims or sex objects, modern media have more empowering female characters, though some argue this is just new stereotypes. Feminism continues working for true equality in public and private spheres.
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This document summarizes several theories of representation relating to race and gender:
1. Paul Gilroy and Stuart Hall theorized about representations of race in media, with Gilroy focusing on the "Black Atlantic" culture and Hall discussing strategies to subvert stereotypes like reversing them or making them work against themselves.
2. Liesbet van Zoonen analyzed gender representation in media through a feminist lens, noting how women are often objectified and gender is performatively constructed.
3. bell hooks' intersectional theory examined how media representations reinforce systems like white supremacist capitalist patriarchy through stereotypes based on gender, race, class and sexuality.
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Hoewel het postkolonialisme het einde van kolonialiteit suggereert, bewijst de hedendaagse sociale strijd rond etniciteit en cultuur het tegendeel. Racisme en zogenaamde ‘’colour prejudice’’ zijn een directe manifestatie van de koloniale orde die van oudsher het Westerse boven het niet-Westerse plaatst. Door het internaliseren van deze hiërarchische machtsdynamiek, strekt het kolonialisme ver voorbij de fysieke wereld en is de geest nog altijd gekoloniseerd, zelfs ondanks de vermeende onafhankelijkheid.
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This document provides summaries of four major postmodern theorists:
- Jean-Francis Lyotard rejected rational theories representing reality and emphasized singular events and nonrational forces.
- Jacques Derrida rejected structuralism and the signifier/signified relationship, seeing language as producing other signifiers.
- Jean Baudrillard argued that in postmodern culture, simulations and maps precede reality, and the distinction between nature and artifice is lost.
- Fredric Jameson saw postmodernity as dominated by commodification, with the past reduced to empty stylizations and a loss of history.
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The PPT throws light on these aspects viz, Postmodernism as a theory and as a movement, thematic features, characteristics, issues and problems in a nutshell.
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Presentation feminism
Feminism is defined as the belief that women and men should have equal rights and opportunities. It arose from the understanding that historically, women have been unable to fully participate in social institutions and have often been treated differently than men. Feminism aims to remedy this situation by eliminating old assumptions about gender roles. There have been three major waves of feminism. The first wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries focused on women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave from the 1960s-90s took on issues like reproductive rights and the fight for the Equal Rights Amendment. The third wave since the 1990s challenges concepts like universal womanhood and promotes defining femininity on women's own terms.
Narrative theories 2
Vladimir Propp analyzed Russian folktales and identified common narrative elements like character archetypes. He found heroes, villains, dispatchers who send heroes on quests, donors who give heroes gifts, and helpers who aid heroes. Claude Levi-Strauss applied structural linguistics to anthropology. He believed cultures could be understood by studying myths and how they use binary oppositions. Narratives often involve conflicts between opposites like hero/villain and imprisonment/freedom. Levi-Strauss argued binary pairs and favored/disfavored relationships form the basis of human thought and culture.
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Feminist Film Theory
This document summarizes the history and key developments in feminist film theory from the 1960s to the present. It discusses the major theorists and texts that shifted the focus from class to examining feminine identity and gender construction. Theories analyzed how women were portrayed in films and the male gaze of the spectator. Psychoanalytic approaches examined concepts like scopophilia and how cinema reinforced patriarchal ideals. Later works addressed issues like bisexual spectatorship and challenged the notion that femininity must be defined in relation to masculinity.
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This document provides an overview and contents of the book "New Blood: Third-Wave Feminism and the Politics of Menstruation" by Chris Bobel. It includes a foreword by Judith Lorber praising the book for its examination of third-wave menstrual activism as both an example of contemporary feminist theory and practice as well as an exotic submovement. The foreword notes some of the key tensions menstrual activism brings to debates around feminism, gender, and embodiment. It concludes by questioning the reach and significance of menstrual activism for modern feminism.
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Fourth-wave feminism began around 2012 with a focus on social justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment and violence. It is characterized by the use of social media and technology to challenge misogyny. Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault, and rape culture. Notable campaigns and events include the Everyday Sexism Project, Me Too movement, and Women's Marches. While technology enables the movement, critics argue it also creates barriers to access and participation.
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This document discusses representation and gender theory. It provides background on theorists Judith Butler, Stuart Hall, and Paul Gilroy. Judith Butler is discussed in depth, with explanations of her theories of gender performativity and "gender trouble." Gender, according to Butler, is constructed through performances and repetitions of gender roles, rather than being based on inherent or biological traits. The document also discusses debates around representation of feminism in the media.
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ARTICLES
“One Time for My Girls”: African-American Girlhood,
Empowerment, and Popular Visual Culture
Treva B. Lindsey
Published online: 8 May 2012
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract In this essay I examine how popular/public culture depicts African-American
girlhood and adolescence. Primarily using a hip hop generation feminist theoretical
framework, I discuss both the limitations and progressive possibilities of popular visual
culture in representing African-American girlhood and adolescence. The essay moves
from a discussion of a video that highlights the disempowering possibilities of mass,
digital, and social media for black girls and adolescents to a discussion of two videos
propelled by a black girl-centered discourse of empowerment. Each of the videos
discussed offers insight into the lived experiences of African-American girls from
historical, aesthetic, and expressive perspectives. I use visual media text analysis, hip
hop generation feminist theory, and social and cultural theory to discuss how these
videos contribute to the formation of a contemporary discourse of empowerment for
black girls and adolescents. Ultimately, I assert the importance of popular/public culture
for empowering black girls and adolescents, while acknowledging extant limitations and
obstacles in mass, digital, and social media.
Keywords African-American . Girlhood . Empowerment . Hip hop feminist . Popular
visual culture
Popular, digital, and social media are primary sites for engaging with social and
cultural norms and racial, gender, sexual, and class ideologies. For marginalized
communities, in particular, representation in mass media can both reify and challenge
stereotypes of their respective communities. Politics of representation often play a
significant role for individuals and communities seeking equality and inclusion. In
US-based mass media, a history of derogatory and dehumanizing representations of
African-Americans exists (bell hooks 1999). According to bell hooks (1999), very
little progress has been made in mass media towards debunking damaging stereotypes
J Afr Am St (2013) 17:22–34
DOI 10.1007/s12111-012-9217-2
T. B. Lindsey (*)
University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
of African-Americans of all gender identities. bell hooks’ focus on racial, gender, and
sexual representation from a black feminist standpoint pivots around the African-
American adult experience. Adulthood is central to her analysis and, more broadly, to
many discussions about an “African-American experience.” She interprets represen-
tations of African-Americans as a community without honing in on the particularity
of damaging stereotypes that circulate about black children. Although similarities
exist between stereotypes of black children and adults, it is important to acknowledge
differing stereotypes as well as age-inscribed responses to harmful representations ...
Sc2220 lecture 6 2012
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Feminism
- 1. • a body of theory and political practice • concerned with oppression of women • concerned to challenge the exploitation of women’s labour • concerned to challenge the social discrimination suffered by women Feminism? …or is it more accurate to talk of feminisms?
- 2. • liberal feminism - seeks equality and recognition • radical feminism - seeks to overthrow patriarchy • socialist feminism - sees women’s oppression as the result of both patriarchy and capitalism Feminisms
- 3. ‘the symbolic annihilation of women’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9fFOelpE_8 • media and popular culture excludes women • media and popular culture trivialises women • media and popular culture condemns women • perpetuates the sexual division of labour and the oppression of women. In this way women are socialised into adopting particular roles (domestic labour, sex object) by symbolically rewarding them for good behaviour or punishing them for errant/bad behaviour.
- 4. In this way women are socialised into adopting particular roles (domestic labour, sex object) by symbolically rewarding them for good behaviour or punishing them for errant/bad behaviour. 18 February 2008 Girls Aloud’s Nicola Roberts: ‘I turned to drink after being branded ugly’ Good looks
- 6. To what extent do ideological messages that are prevalent in popular culture, offer men and women a ‘training’ in gender roles?
- 7. From early 20th century ‘social hygiene’ manuals
- 8. Arguments about the socialisation of men and women… Men dominant active authoritative variety of social roles professional rational strong Women subordinate passive submissive limited social roles domesticated emotional weak
- 23. sex objects
- 24. sex objects
- 26. Emphasising the markers of sexual difference
- 27. Titian’s Venus of Urbino, 1538 Hitchcock’s Rear Window, 1954 Woman to be looked at …
- 29. Ways of Seeing - episode 2 (John Berger, BBC, 1972) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u72AIab-Gdc
- 30. sexual violence in advertisements
- 31. sexual violence in advertisements
- 32. sexual violence in advertisements
- 33. sexual violence in advertisements
- 34. sexual violence in advertisements
- 35. sexual violence in advertisements
- 36. Report from the University of Bristol and NSPCC, September 2009 The survey of 13 to 17-year-olds found that: • nearly 9 out of 10 girls had been in an intimate relationship • of these, 1 in 6 said they had been pressured into sexual intercourse • 1 in 16 said they had been raped. • A quarter of girls had suffered physical violence such as being slapped, punched, or beaten by their boyfriends.
- 38. Tanya Modleski, Loving with a Vengeance, 1982 Mass produced romantic fantasies speak to very real problems in women’s lives
- 39. Janice Radway, Reading the Romance, 1987 • study of romantic fiction and its female readership • discriminating readership • ideal story – independent, intelligent, good humoured woman secures the love and attention of a tender intelligent man, who although an emotional pre-literate, eventual learns to care for her and nurture her • romantic fantasy that recalls a a time of ‘maternal’ care • offers the vicarious experience of emotional succour which women are expected to provide to others without adequate reciprocation in their own lives • an element of Utopian protest against patriarchy
- 40. Ien Ang, Watching Dallas, 1985 • ‘emotional realism’ • ‘melodramatic imagination’ – day to day existence made as profoundly meaningful as classical tragedy • validates domestic, emotional life and so privileges cultural competences often shared by women
- 42. Or…
- 44. Post-feminism • repudiation of feminism / images of female success • normalisation of pornography and hostility to feminism • young women’s ‘freedom’, cool and sophistication dependant upon their complicity and acquiescence to this culture Angela McRobbie (2006) ‘Post-feminism and the new gender regime’ in Curran and Morley (eds) Media and Cultural Theory (London: Routledge)
- 45. • To what extent has ‘women’s lib’ been transformed into individual freedom? • To what extent is image of female ‘success’ tied to notions of the empowered of consumption? • If consumer spending power has liberated individual women, what is the quality of this liberty and freedom?