The document outlines the organization and characteristics of different personality disorders. It discusses odd or eccentric, dramatic, and anxious/fearful personality disorders. For each type, it provides examples of common cognitions, behaviors, and traits. It also discusses the potential biological and environmental causes of personality disorders and different treatment approaches, including medication and psychotherapy.

1. Organization of Personality DisordersOdd or Eccentric Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/Fearful Personality Disorders

2. NormalStable mood and low levels of impulsive urge.Occasional thoughts of spontaneity in a socially adaptive way. Acts different in different situations depending on the social context.EmotionsCognitionsBehaviorsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

3. NormalMildOccasional mood swings and impulsive urges.Occasional thoughts of spontaneous activity suchas stealing.Acts inappropriately at times in work or social situations. EmotionsCognitionsBehaviorsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

4. NormalMildModerateFrequent mood swings and some impulsive urges butlittle impairment at work or with relationships.Frequent odd thoughts or thoughts of dangerous activitysuch as harming self or others. Problematic personality trait such as impulsivity or emotional reactivity shown in many situations.EmotionsCognitionsBehaviorsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

5. NormalMildModeratePersonality Disorder – Less SevereIntense mood swings and impulsive urges with significant impairment at work or with relationships.Intense thoughts of suicide, paranoia, abandonment,attention from others, vengeance, or work.Problematic personality traits and dangerous behavior shown in almost all situations. EmotionsCognitionsBehaviorsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

6. NormalMildModeratePersonality Disorder – Less SeverePersonality Disorder – More SevereExtreme mood swings and impulsive or aggressive urges that lead to self-harm, arrest, or violence.Extreme and constant thoughts of suicide, paranoia,abandonment, attention from others, vengeance, or work.Problematic personality traits and dangerous behavior shown in all situations with intense distress and impairment. EmotionsCognitionsBehaviorsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

7. ParanoidSchizoidSchizotypalOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

8. Personality Disorders9-15.7% of populationOdd or Eccentric Personality Disorders2.1% of populationOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

9. Personality traits related to genetics:Emotional expressionSuspiciousnessCognitive distortionOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

10. Schizoid, SchizotypalMy privacy is more important to me than is closeness to peopleSchizoid, SchizotypalI shouldn’t confide in othersParanoidI cannot trust other peopleParanoidOther people have hidden motivesParanoidIt isn’t safe to confide in other peopleExamples of Cognitions Associated with Odd or EccentricOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

11. Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of schizophrenia); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., cognitive and perceptual deficits; dopaminergic dysfunction)Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., parentalAbuse, emotional withdrawal)Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, traumaCognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., distrust, autonomy); Personality traits (e.g., restricted expression, suspiciousness)Possible odd/eccentric personality disorderOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

12. Odd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisordersAntisocialBorderlineHistrionicNarcissistic

13. Repeated criminal acts that could result in arrestRepeated lying, use of aliases, or conningImpulsivityIrritability and aggressivenessDisregard for the safety of oneself or othersChronic irresponsibilityLack of remorse for having hurt or mistreated othersOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

14. Extreme attempts to avoid real or imagined abandonmentImpulsivity that is potentially self-damagingAnger control problemsLack of a sense of self, or unstable self-imageRecurrent suicidal behavior or self-mutilating behaviorDissociation or paranoid thoughts that occur in response to stressChronic feeling of emptinessIntense and unstable interpersonal relationshipsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

15. Discomfort in situations where s/he is not the center of attentionInappropriately provocative or sexually seductive interaction with othersEmotions that shift rapidly and do not seem “real”Physical appearance is used to draw attention to oneselfSpeech characterized by unsupported “impressions”Very dramatic behavior and expression of emotionsVery suggestible and easily influencedRelationships are considered much more intimate and closer than they actually areOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

16. Extreme sense of self-importancePreoccupation with (unrealistic) fantasies of greatness and importanceBelief that one’s “uniqueness” can only be understood by special or high-status peopleExcessive need for admirationExtreme sense of entitlementInterpersonally exploitativeLack of empathy for othersFrequent envy or belief that others are envious of him or herArrogant behavior and attitudeOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

17. Prefrontal cortexHypothalamusSomatosensory cortexThalamusAmygdalaOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

18. Childhood maltreatmentPoor parental bondingCognitive beliefsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

19. Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of mood or impulsive disorders); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., impulsive aggression; affective instability; serotonergic or noradrenergic dysfunction)Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., child abuse, poor parental bonding, inconsistent parenting)Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, traumaCognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., immediate gratification, dramatic); Personality traits (e.g., emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, callousness)Possible dramatic personality disorderOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

20. Anxious/fearful Personality DisordersOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisordersAvoidantDependentObsessive-Compulsive

21. Avoidance of situations that may involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of disapproval, criticism, or rejectionFeelings of inadequacy cause him or her to be inhibited in new social situationsReluctance to get involved with other people unless there is some degree of certainty that she or he will be likedBelieves self to be inept, unappealing, and inferiorRestrained close relationships because of a fear of being embarrassed or ridiculedVery risk-aversive and unlikely to engage in any new activities because of the fear of being embarrassedPreoccupied with the thought of being criticized or rejected in social situationsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

22. Difficulty making simple decisions without advice and reassurance from othersFears of loss of support or approval cause him or her to censor any disagreement with othersDesperate to get support and nurturance from othersMoves from relationship to relationship to ensure care and supportGiving up responsibility for major areas of his or her lifeExtreme difficulty in doing things independently because of a lack of self-confidenceFrequently feels helpless or uncomfortable and fears being unable to take care of oneselfGreatly fears being left alone to take care of himself or herselfOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

23. Odd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

24. Personality traits related to anxious/fearful personality disordersBehavioral inhibitionTendency to anticipate harmExcessive sensitivity to negative eventsHeightened arousalTendency to see threat in benign eventsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

25. Biological vulnerabilities/early predispositions: Genetic vulnerability (e.g., family history of anxiety disorders); Neurobiological vulnerability (e.g., anxiety or inhibition; noradrenergic or GABA dysfunction)Early family problems: Adverse family environment (e.g., insecure attachment to parents; rejection by parents)Stressful life events: Family conflict, abuse, traumaCognitive-stress and behavioral vulnerabilities: Cognitive schemas (e.g., low self-esteem, ten to catastrophize); Personality traits (e.g., anxiousness, inhibition, submissiveness)Possible anxious/fearful personality disorderOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

26. MedicationEase anxiety and depressionStabilize moodReduce psychotic symptomsOdd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders

27. Odd or EccentricPersonality DisordersPersonalityDisorders:Causes andPreventionPersonalityDisorders:Assessmentand TreatmentOrganization of Personality DisordersDramatic Personality DisordersAnxious/FearfulPersonalityDisorders