A circuit-switched network uses dedicated connections between nodes, requiring three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and teardown. Resources are reserved during setup. In contrast, a packet-switched or datagram network divides messages into packets that are routed independently through the network without resource reservation. Each switch uses a routing table to determine the next hop based on the packet's destination address. A virtual-circuit network combines aspects of circuit and datagram switching by establishing virtual circuits with resource reservation but packetizing the data. Switches in these networks use various architectures like crossbar, multistage, time-division, and space-division designs to connect inputs to outputs.
A network switch (sometimes known as a switching hub) is a computer networking device that is used to connect devices together on a computer network by performing a form of packet switching. A switch is considered more advanced than a hub because a switch will only send a message to the device that needs or requests it, rather than broadcasting the same message out of each of its ports
Switching Concept in Networking
Definition with Concept
Advantages & Disadvantages
Types
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Datagram Switching
Virtual Packet Switching
Message Switching
All Diagram with Features
References : DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING – BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN
A network switch (sometimes known as a switching hub) is a computer networking device that is used to connect devices together on a computer network by performing a form of packet switching. A switch is considered more advanced than a hub because a switch will only send a message to the device that needs or requests it, rather than broadcasting the same message out of each of its ports
Switching Concept in Networking
Definition with Concept
Advantages & Disadvantages
Types
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Datagram Switching
Virtual Packet Switching
Message Switching
All Diagram with Features
References : DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING – BEHROUZ A FOROUZAN
01 Overview of Data Communication and NetworkingMeenakshi Paul
Data communications: Components, Data representation and data flow, Networks: Network criteria, physical structures, Network Models, categories of network, network types, Internet history, standards and administration.
This is a comparison and explanation of network switching devices. The time constraints is only 15 minutes and only covers the general idea of all devices.
In a network we need numerous devices to be linked into one to one connection amongst all pair of devices. One way out to this dilemma is to unite pair of devices among each other or to connect the devices through a central device. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Network Switching:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/network-switching.aspx
popularly known as Akbar the Great,[15] and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including painting and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as elements of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.popularly known as Akbar the Great,[15] and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigeno
01 Overview of Data Communication and NetworkingMeenakshi Paul
Data communications: Components, Data representation and data flow, Networks: Network criteria, physical structures, Network Models, categories of network, network types, Internet history, standards and administration.
This is a comparison and explanation of network switching devices. The time constraints is only 15 minutes and only covers the general idea of all devices.
In a network we need numerous devices to be linked into one to one connection amongst all pair of devices. One way out to this dilemma is to unite pair of devices among each other or to connect the devices through a central device. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Network Switching:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/network-switching.aspx
popularly known as Akbar the Great,[15] and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including painting and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as elements of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.popularly known as Akbar the Great,[15] and also as Akbar I (Persian pronunciation: [akbar]),[16] was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.
Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts.
Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigeno
These slides cover a topic on Introduction to switching & circuit switching in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
2. Figure 8.1 Switched network
A network is a set of connected devices ,Point to point connection, Mesh
topology, as the no. of devices and the distance increased, beyond the
capacities of the media and equipment, switching is a better solution.
8.2
3. Figure 8.2 Taxonomy of switched networks
Each switch stores the
whole message and
forwards it to the next
switch
8.3
4. 8-1 CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS
A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches
connected by physical links. A connection between two
stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links.
However, each connection uses only one dedicated
channel on each link. Each link is normally divided
into n channels by using FDM or TDM.
Topics discussed in this section:
Three Phases
Efficiency
Delay
Circuit-Switched Technology in Telephone Networks
8.4
5. Figure 8.3 A trivial circuit-switched network
8.5
6. Note
A circuit-switched network is made of a
set of switches connected by physical
links, in which each link is divided into
n channels.
In circuit switching, the resources need
to be reserved during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the
entire duration of data transfer until the
teardown phase.
8.6
7. Note
A circuit-switched takes place at the physical
layer.
Before starting communication, station make a
reservation for resources
- channels, switch buffers, SW processing time
Data transferred between the two stations
are not packetized(data are a continuous flow.
There is no addressing involved during
data transfer. Switches route the data
based on their FDM(band) & TDM(time slot).
8.7
8. Example 8.1
As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network
to connect eight telephones in a small area.
Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels. We
assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum
of two voice channels. The bandwidth of each link is then
8 kHz. Figure 8.4 shows the situation. Telephone 1 is
connected to telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of
course the situation may change when new connections
are made. The switch controls the connections.
8.8
10. Example 8.2
As another example, consider a circuit-switched network
that connects computers in two remote offices of a private
company. The offices are connected using a T-1 line
leased from a communication service provider. There are
two 4 × 8 (4 inputs and 8 outputs) switches in this
network. For each switch, four output ports are folded
into the input ports to allow communication between
computers in the same office. Four other output ports
allow communication between the two offices. Figure 8.5
shows the situation.
8.10
12. Three phases ( Circuit switched )
communication in a circuit switching requires 3 phases:
1- connection setup 2- data transfer 3- connection teardown
Setup: creating dedicated channels to the switches
device A to device M
after connection , a channel is exists between I, IV, III
acknowledgement signal is moved from M to A in opposite direction
Data Transfer : After establishment of the dedicated circuit, data is transferred.
Teardown : When one of the parties needs to disconnect, a signal is sent to each
switch to release the resources.
8.12
14. Note
Switching at the physical layer in the
traditional telephone network uses
the circuit-switching approach.
8.14
15. 8-2 DATAGRAM NETWORKS
In data communications, we need to send messages
from one end system to another. If the message is
going to pass through a packet-switched network, it
needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable
size. The size of the packet is determined by the
network and the governing protocol. Datagram are
treated at the network layer
Topics discussed in this section:
Routing Table
Efficiency
Delay
Datagram Networks in the Internet
8.15
16. Note
In a packet-switched network, there
is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.
(First come, first served)
Each packet is treated as a separate
packet even if it is a part of a group of
packets
8.16
17. Figure 8.7 A datagram network with four switches (routers)
Router
8.17
18. Figure 8.8 Routing table in a datagram network
Since there is no setup or
teardown phases, how the
packet reaches thir destination
Each switch has a routing table,
R.T. are dynamic and are
updated periodically, each
packet has a destination address
which is examined by the switch,
the routing table is consulted to
find the corresponding port
through which the packet should
be forward.
8.18
19. Note
A switch in a datagram network uses a
routing table that is based on the
destination address.
The destination address in the header of
a packet in a datagram network
remains the same during the entire
journey of the packet.
8.19
20. Note
Efficiency :it is better than circuit switched network,
because resources can be allocated to other packets
from other resources if there is a delay before another
packet can be sent.
Delay is greater than a virtual circuit network, each
packet may experience a wait at a switch before it is
forward.
The delay of the packets is not uniform, because it
doesn’t travel through the same switches
8.20
21. Figure 8.9 Delay in a datagram network
Total delay= 3 Transmission (3T) + 3 propagation (3t)+w1 + w2
t
8.21
22. Note
Switching in the Internet is done by
using the datagram approach
to packet switching at
the network layer.
8.22
23. 8-3 VIRTUAL-CIRCUIT NETWORKS
A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuitswitched network and a datagram network. It has
some characteristics of both.
3 steps : setup, data transfer, and tear down
Resources can be allocated during the setup phase, or
on demand as in datagram network.
data are packetized , each packet has an address, address
has a local jurisdiction( defines what should be the next
switch and the channel on which the packet is being carried.
all packet follow the same path established during setup
V.C.N is implemented in the data link layer.
circuit switched implemented in the physical layer.
Datagram are implemented at the network layer.
8.23
24. Figure 8.10 Virtual-circuit network
The source or destination can be computer , packet switch, bridge, ect.
8.24
25. Addressing
A virtual-circuit network has two types of addressing:
Global Addressing
Source or destination has An address which is unique in the
scope of network, it is used to create the virtual-circuit
identifier
Local Addressing (Virtual – Circuit identifier)
It is a small no. that has only switch scope, its used by the frame
between two switches. When a frame arrives at a switch, it has a
VCI, when it leaves it has a different VCI
8.25
27. 3 phases
Setup , data transfer, tear down
Setup : the source and destination uses their global
address to help switches make table entries for the
connection, it has two phases:
1- setup request
2- setup acknowledgment
Data transfer : to transfer a frame from A to B, all
switches have a table entry for this virtual circuit
Tear down : the source and destination inform the
switches to delete the corresponding entry.
8.27
30. Figure 8.14 Setup request in a virtual-circuit network
Outgoing VCI will be determined during acknowledgment step
* Source A sends a setup frame to switch 1
8.30
31. Figure 8.15 Setup acknowledgment in a virtual-circuit network
The Ack frame completes the entries in the switching tables
The Ack carries the global addresses (S&D) so the switch know which
entry in the table is to be completed
8.31
32. Teardown phase:
After sending all frames, source A sends a
teardown request. Destination B respond
with a teardown confirmation frame. All
switches delete the corresponding entry
from their tables.
In virtual-circuit switching, all packets
belonging to the same source and
destination travel the same path;
but the packets may arrive at the destination
with different delays
if resource allocation is on demand.
8.32
33. Teardown phase:
After sending all frames, source A sends a teardown request.
Destination B respond with a teardown confirmation frame.
All switches delete the corresponding entry from their tables.
8.33
35. Note
Switching at the data link layer in a
switched WAN is normally
implemented by using
virtual-circuit techniques.
8.35
36. 8-4 STRUCTURE OF A SWITCH
We use switches in circuit-switched and packetswitched networks. In this section, we discuss the
structures of the switches used in each type of
network.
Topics discussed in this section:
Structure of Circuit Switches : it uses 2 technologies
1- space division switch
2- Time division switch.
8.36
37. Note
Space division Switch: paths in the circuit are separated
from one another spatially.
Crossbar switch: it connects n inputs to m outputs in a grid
using electronic micro switches ( transistors) at each
crosspoint ( ex 1000 I/p to 1000 o/p requires 1000000 switch
Which is impractical.
Multistage switch : combines crossbar switches in several
stages ( multiple paths inside the switch to dectrese the no.
of crosspoints.
8.37
41. Example 8.3
Design a three-stage, 200 × 200 switch (N = 200) with
k = 4 and n = 20.
Solution
In the first stage we have N/n or 10 crossbars, each of size
20 × 4. In the second stage, we have 4 crossbars, each of
size 10 × 10. In the third stage, we have 10 crossbars,
each of size 4 × 20. The total number of crosspoints is
2kN + k(N/n)2, or 2000 crosspoints. This is 5 percent of
the number of crosspoints in a single-stage switch (200 ×
200 = 40,000).
8.41
42. Multistage Drawback
Blocking during periods of heavy traffic.
Blocking refers to times when one input cannot be connected to an output because
there is no path available between them –all possible intermediate switches are
occupied
Note
According to the Clos criterion:
condition for nonblocking
n = (N/2)1/2
k > 2n – 1
Crosspoints (clos) ≥ 4N [(2N)1/2 – 1]
Crosspoints
8.42
= 2kN + k(N/n)2
43. Example 8.4
Redesign the previous three-stage, 200 × 200 switch,
using the Clos criteria with a minimum number of
crosspoints.
Solution
We let n = (200/2)1/2, or n = 10. We calculate k = 2n − 1 =
19. In the first stage, we have 200/10, or 20, crossbars,
each with 10 × 19 crosspoints. In the second stage, we
have 19 crossbars, each with 10 × 10 crosspoints. In the
third stage, we have 20 crossbars each with 19 × 10
crosspoints. The total number of crosspoints is 20(10 ×
19) + 19(10 × 10) + 20(19 ×10) = 9500.
8.43
44. Time Division Switch
Uses time division multiplexing (TDM) inside a switch. It
uses the technology of TSI(time-slot interchange)
8.44
45. Figure 8.19 Time-slot interchange
Time Division Switch
Uses time division multiplexing (TDM) inside a switch. It
uses the technology of TSI(time-slot interchange)
8.45
46. Figure 8.20 Time-space-time switch
Combination takes the advantages of both( instantaneous & nocrossbar
8.46
48. Figure 8.22 Input port
Bits are constructed from the received signal , packet is decapsulated
from the frame , errors are detected and corrected
8.48
49. Figure 8.23 Output port
Outgoing packets are queued, then the packet is encapsulated in a frame ,
the physical layer functions are applied to the frame to create the signal to
be sent on the line
Routing processor performs the function of the network layer, the destination
address is used to find the address of the next hop and, at the same time, the
output port number from which the packet is sent out.
8.49
50. Switching fabrics
Outgoing packets are queued, then the packet is encapsulated in a frame ,
the physical layer functions are applied to the frame to create the signal to
be sent on the line
Routing processor performs the function of the network layer, the destination
address is used to find the address of the next hop and, at the same time, the
output port number from which the packet is sent out.
8.50