Describe how words combine to form sentences and rules that govern how these units combine with each other.
Explain how to analyze and categorize sentences into their ‘constituents’ (component parts), meaning, purposes and voices.
Briefly discuss Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories.
Briefly explore how we acquire vocabulary and determine vocabulary in classroom contexts;
Define the notion of word and briefly discuss morphology and pieces of words, ‘morphemes;
Explain the difference between content words and function words; Examine how words can be assigned to ‘word classes’ (parts of speech);
identify types of morphemes, including roots, stems and the different types of affixes;
Examine how words are created.
Define ‘pragmatics’ and discourse or discourse analysis;
Explore aspects of meaning not predictable from the linguistic structure;
Discuss how humans cooperate with one another when they talk.
Describe turn-talking and politeness in conversation
What is sentence?
Sentence is a group of words, minimal has subject and predicate, which expresses a thought in written or spoken form.
Types of Sentences
1. Types of Sentences according to their purpose.
2. Types of Sentences according to their syntax
3. Types of Sentences according to their form
4. Types of Sentences according to completeness
5. Types of Sentences according to what kind of category occurs in the predicate position of the sentence.
Types of Sentences according to their purpose
A declarative sentence makes a statement. Since we usually make statements that declare something, most of your sentences are declarative. All declarative sentences are ended with a period.
Examples:
The dodgers won the first inning.
The tallest animal in the world is a giraffe.
Briefly explore how we acquire vocabulary and determine vocabulary in classroom contexts;
Define the notion of word and briefly discuss morphology and pieces of words, ‘morphemes;
Explain the difference between content words and function words; Examine how words can be assigned to ‘word classes’ (parts of speech);
identify types of morphemes, including roots, stems and the different types of affixes;
Examine how words are created.
Define ‘pragmatics’ and discourse or discourse analysis;
Explore aspects of meaning not predictable from the linguistic structure;
Discuss how humans cooperate with one another when they talk.
Describe turn-talking and politeness in conversation
What is sentence?
Sentence is a group of words, minimal has subject and predicate, which expresses a thought in written or spoken form.
Types of Sentences
1. Types of Sentences according to their purpose.
2. Types of Sentences according to their syntax
3. Types of Sentences according to their form
4. Types of Sentences according to completeness
5. Types of Sentences according to what kind of category occurs in the predicate position of the sentence.
Types of Sentences according to their purpose
A declarative sentence makes a statement. Since we usually make statements that declare something, most of your sentences are declarative. All declarative sentences are ended with a period.
Examples:
The dodgers won the first inning.
The tallest animal in the world is a giraffe.
The presentation explains topics on study of language, applications on natural language processing, levels of language analysis, representation and understanding, linguistic background and elements of a simple noun phrase
Business Writing WorkshopDeveloping Powerful SentencesBu.docxjasoninnes20
Business Writing Workshop
Developing Powerful Sentences
Business Writing Workshop
Developing Powerful Sentences
Introduction
This course has discussed how to capture your ideas, organize them into an effective document, and use those ideas to tell a powerful story. The last important element in successful writing is your mechanical skill: how well you construct and use clear, logical sentences.
A disciplined writer has the ability to write well-crafted sentences with variety and clarity. This session will discuss basic sentence construction, including sentences structure, clauses, and phrases. It will also describe how to troubleshoot your sentences: to recognize and apply techniques for improving your sentences so you say what you mean.
When you complete this session, you will be able to do the following:
· Define the terms “phrase” and “clause” and explain how each is used in sentences.
· Name, define, and give examples of the four types of sentences.
· Define and give examples of dependent and independent clauses.
· Name and give examples of the three types of phrases.
· Uses phrases and clauses as nouns and modifiers in sentences.
· Analyze and rewrite sentences with problems in construction.
· Name symptoms that indicate problems with sentence structure.
Activity
Here are some words in disarray. Use the space below to arrange these words into a logical sentence.
Use only the words that are here and use all of them!
Him stick with the the before chased had big the attacked boy dog that
The Structure of the Sentence
Definition: Sentence
The sentence combines words to express a complete thought. The sentence is the basic structure of written English.
Sentences have two required elements: the subject and the predicate.
1. The subject is the actor or the object of action in the sentence. The subject tells what or whom the sentence is writing about.
Example: The chairman reviewed the report.
2. The predicate is the action or activity of the sentence. The predicate normally tells what the subject is doing or what is happening to the sentence.
Examples: The chairman reviewed the report.
The report was reviewed by the chairman.
In many sentences, the verb requires an object or a complement to complete the thought. The type of verb determines whether the word that completes the sentence is a noun or a modifier.
Example: The chairman reviewed the report.
This answer is incomplete.
Here are some examples of simple sentences.
The managersattended the meeting.
subject predicate direct object
The meetingwas held at 4:00.
subject predicate
Margaretdid not have the information for her report.
subject predicate
Paulpresented a report.
s p
The reportwas long.
s p
Paulhad told me the results.
s p
Weadjourned the meeting at 5:45 without a decision.
s p
Modifiers
Many sentences also contain modifiers. Modifier ...
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4codybug134
This presentation was designed for a learning support class at a community college. It covers the basics like nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
This is my group assignment for Introduction to Linguistics subject. Our group members are:
1. Machsuna Indriastuti
2. Nur Laila Rahmawati
3. Nur Afifah Firdaus Masykuri
4. Nanda Dwiana Pangestuti
Please don't remove our credit!
CH 3_The Linguistics of Second Language Acquisition.pptxVATHVARY
Define what language is;
Examine the early linguistic approaches to SLA: Contrastive Analysis , Error Analysis Interlanguage , Morpheme Order Studies, and Monitor Model;
Bring the internal focus with up-to-date discussion of Universal Grammar (UG): what constitutes the language faculty of the mind;
Discuss external focus: the functions of language that emerge in the course of second language acquisition Systemic Linguistics, Functional Typology , Function-to- Form Mapping , and Information Organization.
Applied the learned knowledge in the language classroom.
Applied Linguistics-21st century discipline.pptxVATHVARY
Define what applied linguistics is;
Discuss the history and development of the discipline and identify linkages between the discipline with the other ones, including linguistics, psychology, socio-linguistics, etc.
Describe the field of applied linguistics as a twenty-first century discipline and its future trends.
Chapter 1_An Overview of Applied Linguistics.pptVATHVARY
Describe the scope and definition of applied linguistics.
Identify the different subfields within applied linguistics.
Discuss the historical development and key figures in applied linguistics.
Analyze the methodologies used in applied linguistics research.
Apply knowledge of applied linguistics to real-world language issues.
The presentation explains topics on study of language, applications on natural language processing, levels of language analysis, representation and understanding, linguistic background and elements of a simple noun phrase
Business Writing WorkshopDeveloping Powerful SentencesBu.docxjasoninnes20
Business Writing Workshop
Developing Powerful Sentences
Business Writing Workshop
Developing Powerful Sentences
Introduction
This course has discussed how to capture your ideas, organize them into an effective document, and use those ideas to tell a powerful story. The last important element in successful writing is your mechanical skill: how well you construct and use clear, logical sentences.
A disciplined writer has the ability to write well-crafted sentences with variety and clarity. This session will discuss basic sentence construction, including sentences structure, clauses, and phrases. It will also describe how to troubleshoot your sentences: to recognize and apply techniques for improving your sentences so you say what you mean.
When you complete this session, you will be able to do the following:
· Define the terms “phrase” and “clause” and explain how each is used in sentences.
· Name, define, and give examples of the four types of sentences.
· Define and give examples of dependent and independent clauses.
· Name and give examples of the three types of phrases.
· Uses phrases and clauses as nouns and modifiers in sentences.
· Analyze and rewrite sentences with problems in construction.
· Name symptoms that indicate problems with sentence structure.
Activity
Here are some words in disarray. Use the space below to arrange these words into a logical sentence.
Use only the words that are here and use all of them!
Him stick with the the before chased had big the attacked boy dog that
The Structure of the Sentence
Definition: Sentence
The sentence combines words to express a complete thought. The sentence is the basic structure of written English.
Sentences have two required elements: the subject and the predicate.
1. The subject is the actor or the object of action in the sentence. The subject tells what or whom the sentence is writing about.
Example: The chairman reviewed the report.
2. The predicate is the action or activity of the sentence. The predicate normally tells what the subject is doing or what is happening to the sentence.
Examples: The chairman reviewed the report.
The report was reviewed by the chairman.
In many sentences, the verb requires an object or a complement to complete the thought. The type of verb determines whether the word that completes the sentence is a noun or a modifier.
Example: The chairman reviewed the report.
This answer is incomplete.
Here are some examples of simple sentences.
The managersattended the meeting.
subject predicate direct object
The meetingwas held at 4:00.
subject predicate
Margaretdid not have the information for her report.
subject predicate
Paulpresented a report.
s p
The reportwas long.
s p
Paulhad told me the results.
s p
Weadjourned the meeting at 5:45 without a decision.
s p
Modifiers
Many sentences also contain modifiers. Modifier ...
Learning Support English Course Chapters 1-4codybug134
This presentation was designed for a learning support class at a community college. It covers the basics like nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
This is my group assignment for Introduction to Linguistics subject. Our group members are:
1. Machsuna Indriastuti
2. Nur Laila Rahmawati
3. Nur Afifah Firdaus Masykuri
4. Nanda Dwiana Pangestuti
Please don't remove our credit!
CH 3_The Linguistics of Second Language Acquisition.pptxVATHVARY
Define what language is;
Examine the early linguistic approaches to SLA: Contrastive Analysis , Error Analysis Interlanguage , Morpheme Order Studies, and Monitor Model;
Bring the internal focus with up-to-date discussion of Universal Grammar (UG): what constitutes the language faculty of the mind;
Discuss external focus: the functions of language that emerge in the course of second language acquisition Systemic Linguistics, Functional Typology , Function-to- Form Mapping , and Information Organization.
Applied the learned knowledge in the language classroom.
Applied Linguistics-21st century discipline.pptxVATHVARY
Define what applied linguistics is;
Discuss the history and development of the discipline and identify linkages between the discipline with the other ones, including linguistics, psychology, socio-linguistics, etc.
Describe the field of applied linguistics as a twenty-first century discipline and its future trends.
Chapter 1_An Overview of Applied Linguistics.pptVATHVARY
Describe the scope and definition of applied linguistics.
Identify the different subfields within applied linguistics.
Discuss the historical development and key figures in applied linguistics.
Analyze the methodologies used in applied linguistics research.
Apply knowledge of applied linguistics to real-world language issues.
Define motivation
and compare the behavioural
humanistic, cognitive, and social
perspectives on motivation.
Discuss the important
processes in motivation to achieve.
Explain how
relationships and sociocultural contexts
can support or undercut motivation.
Recommend how to
help students with achievement
difficulties.
CH 12 Planning, Instruction, and Technology.pptVATHVARY
Explain what is involved in
classroom planning.
Identify important forms of
teacher-centered instruction.
Discuss important forms of
learner-centered instruction.
Summarise how to effectively
use technology to help children learn.
CH 3 Lesson Plan for Young Learners-VARY.pptxVATHVARY
Discuss definitions , characteristics and principles of teaching English to young learners;
Define what the lesson is;
Identify the key elements of lesson plan;
Describe lesson goals and objectives, procedures and evaluation of the lesson;
Discuss some effective techniques and activities in teaching YL’s lesson.
Define the term'speaking'.
Create materials and speaking activities for different level of learners based on the following task and activity types: information gap and jigsaw activities, picture-based activities, storytelling, games, extemporaneous speaking, role-plays and simulations, etc.
Apply the learned strategies and techniques in the classroom and beyond.
CH_16_Making successful presentations at work.pptxVATHVARY
Describe conditions to consider when planning a presentation.
Describe the types of presentations that are typical in a business environment.
Discuss the guidelines for making an informal briefing at work.
Describe parts of a formal presentation and evaluate them based on various factors.
CH 7_Behaviorial And Cogntive Approaches.pptxVATHVARY
Define learning and
describe five approaches to studying it.
Compare classical
conditioning and operant conditioning.
Apply behavior
analysis to education.
Summarize social
cognitive approaches to learning.
CH 10 Social Constructivist Approaches.pptVATHVARY
Compare the social
constructivist approach with other
constructivist approaches.
Explain how teachers
and peers can jointly contribute to
children’s learning.
Discuss effective
decisions in structuring small-group work.
Chapter 4 Individual Variations, by John Santrock.pptVATHVARY
Discuss what intelligence is,
how it is measured, theories of multiple intelligences, the neuroscience of intelligence,
and some controversies and issues about its use by educators.
Describe learning and
thinking styles.
Characterize the nature of
personality and temperament.
CH 14_Writing Effective Short Reports.pptxVATHVARY
14.1 Why Short Reports Are Important
14.2 Periodic Reports
14.3 Sales Reports
14.4 Progress Reports
14.5 Employee Activity/Performance Reports
14.6 Trip/Travel Reports
14.7 Test Reports
14.8 Incident Reports
Conclusion: Some Final Thoughts on Short Reports
CH 3 Social contexts and Socioemotional development.pptxVATHVARY
Describe two contemporary
perspectives on socioemotional development.
Discuss how the
social contexts of families, peers, and
schools are linked with socioemotional
development.
Explain these aspects of
children’s socioemotional development:
self-esteem, identity, moral development,
and emotional development.
CH 2 Cognitive and Language Development.pptVATHVARY
Define development and
explain the main processes, periods, and
issues in development, as well as links
between development and education.
Discuss the development of
the brain and compare the cognitive
developmental theories of Jean Piaget and
Lev Vygotsky.
Identify the key features of
language, biological and environmental
influences on language, and the typical growth
of the child’s language.
Learning Objectives
13.1 Describe the types of situations for which
you might need to write a business
proposal.
13.2 Differentiate between various types of
proposals in a business environment and
describe how this impacts tone, style,
organization, and approach.
13.3 Summarize the eight guidelines for writing
a successful proposal.
13.4 Apply the guidelines for writing proposals
to draft an effective internal proposal.
13.5 Apply the guidelines for writing proposals
to create an effective sales proposal.
CH 1 Educational Psychology_A Tool for Efffective Teaching.pptVATHVARY
Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology.
Exploring Educational Psychology
Historical Background
Teaching: Art and Science
Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher.
Effective Teaching
Professional Knowledge and Skills
Commitment, Motivation, and Caring
Why Study Educational Psychology?
### Summary
This section explores how project management can effectively facilitate change and innovation within organizations. It highlights the complexity of managing change and the importance of making decisions at various levels. Project management, initially developed for large-scale projects, is presented as a valuable methodology adaptable to smaller-scale initiatives within Local Training Organizations (LTOs). The section also emphasizes that project management principles offer broader management lessons.
Three case studies illustrate different applications:
1. Designing a new academic writing course at a US university.
2. Developing e-learning materials for a not-for-profit LTO in Poland.
3. Reorganizing a computer lab at a Middle Eastern university.
These examples demonstrate the versatility of project management in diverse educational and organizational contexts.
CH 9 Summarizing at Work 12th edition.pptxVATHVARY
Identify what a good summary is;
Compare executive summary and evaluative summary;
Examine abstract and its two types including informative abstract and descriptive abstract
Discuss the news release.
CH 3 Human resource management_ELT Management.pptxVATHVARY
### Learning Objectives for Human Resource Management in Language Teaching Organizations (LTOs)
1. **Identify HRM Challenges in LTOs**: Students will be able to describe common human resource management issues faced by Language Teaching Organizations, including cultural adaptation, staff motivation, and internal conflicts.
2. **Analyze Staff Motivation Factors**: Students will learn to analyze the factors that motivate staff within LTOs, understanding how organizational culture and treatment within the workplace impact employee morale and performance.
3. **Evaluate Performance and Development Strategies**: Students will be able to evaluate various methods for assessing staff performance and facilitating professional development, ensuring that employees have opportunities for growth and advancement.
4. **Understand Effective Staffing Practices**: Students will learn about effective staffing practices, including hiring and firing procedures, and how to comply with local labor laws to maintain a stable and compliant workforce.
5. **Address Fundamental HRM Questions**: Students will be able to answer key HRM questions, such as why employees choose to work for an organization, why they apply for jobs, and why they decide to leave, using these insights to improve HR practices within LTOs.
CH 2 Organizational Behaviour and Management_LTOs.pptxVATHVARY
Summary: Introduction to Language Teaching Organizations (LTOs)
Language Teaching Organizations (LTOs) encompass a wide range of institutions varying in size, purpose, and structure. As defined by Dawson (1986), organizations share common characteristics despite their diverse forms. The following examples illustrate this diversity in LTOs:
Small Private Language School in Europe: Focused on teaching English and other languages to middle-class residents, this school is staffed by its founder and a small team.
English Language Support Unit in a Middle Eastern University: A non-faculty department offering academically focused English classes to incoming students.
School Supporting Refugee Resettlement in the US: Funded by federal and state governments, this school provides English and vocational courses.
English School in Japan: Part of a large nationwide chain, employing a significant number of teachers and administrative staff.
Intensive English Program (IEP) in the US: An outsourced business serving non-native English speakers on a university campus, unaffiliated with the university.
British Council Teaching Centre in a Provincial City: Semi-autonomous, but part of a global organization with managerial oversight from the capital.
Language School in a European Capital: Established 20 years ago, now employing over 50 teachers across five branches.
These examples demonstrate that despite their varying contexts and operational structures, all these institutions fit the definition of an organization.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. CHAPTER 6:
THE SENTENCE
SYSTEM
MR.VATH VARY • Tel: 017 471 117
• Email: varyvath@gmail.com
Course:
Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers
AGA INSTITUTE
2. 1-2
Learning Outcomes
• Focus on how words combine to form
sentences and rules that govern how these
units combine with each other.
• Explain how to analyze and categorize
sentences into their ‘constituents’
(component parts), meaning, purposes
and voices.
• Briefly discuss Parts of Speech or Lexical
Categories, phrases and clauses.
1-2
MR. VATH VARY
4. 1-4
Introduction
1-4
MR. VATH VARY
Task: Reflection
1. Why do you think
the Spanish tutor
refuses to give the
graduate student
the grammar rules
when she asks for
them?
2. Would knowing
the grammar rules
help this student?
5. 1-5
Introduction
1-5
MR. VATH VARY
Prescriptive rules Descriptive rules
Grammar refers to all of the rules
that govern a language.
• Refers to what
constitutes “correct” and
“incorrect” language
• appear in grammar
books and style guides
• Don’t use double
negatives:
• I didn’t take none
• Refers to how language
is actually used by
speakers of a language
and is concerned with
the rules that govern its
use
• Do not appear in
grammar books and
style guides
6. 1-6
Introduction
1-6
MR. VATH VARY
• When most
teachers think
of the word
grammar they
often think of
prescriptive
grammar
rules.
• We also believe
that there are
additional key
concepts that are
essential for
teachers who work
with L2 learners,
such as how words
behave
grammatically in
sentences
• The systematic ways
in which words
combine to create
well-formed
phrases, clauses,
and sentences, and
the systematic ways
in which clauses and
sentences are
combined to create
more complex
sentences.
• The purpose of this chapter:
• is to help all teachers (whether you are an NS teacher or an NNEST or
whether you have studied a foreign language or not) develop both your
conscious knowledge of English grammar and your confidence level in
explaining English sentence structure in the classroom.
• Is to introduce to you some basic components of syntax.
7. 1-7
What is Syntax?
1-7
MR. VATH VARY
The word “syntax” comes
originally from Greek and
literally means “a putting
together” or
“arrangement.” (Yule, 2020)
Syntax is the level of
grammar that refers to
“the arrangement of
words and morphemes in
the construction of
sentences”
8. 1-8
Subconscious Knowledge
1-8
MR. VATH VARY
• In the1950s , Chomsky viewed syntax as the study of
how we use our subconscious or tacit knowledge to
construct a sentence.
• In Chomsky’s view language learning is motivated by an
internal capacity to acquire language, a subconscious or
deep structure knowledge about one’s native language.
• He emphasized competence (linguistic
competence) as subconscious knowledge
because it is based on what one knows
subconsciously without any attempt to acquire the
information consciously.
• While others focused on performance—describing
what the speaker actually says (also known as
surface structure).
9. 1-9
Subconscious Knowledge can be characterized:
1-9
MR. VATH VARY
• Adult L1 speakers have a subconscious
knowledge about the completeness of
sentences.
• Examples:
1. Bill is angry.
2. *His office crowded.
• Adult speakers can also recognize
when a sentence is ambiguous.
• Ex. Mary owns large cars and houses.
• This sentence is ambiguous because
it can mean that Mary owns large cars and
houses of any size or that Mary owns large cars
and large houses.
Completeness
Ambiguity
10. 1-10
There are two types of ambiguity.
1-10
MR. VATH VARY
• Structural ambiguity:The constituents
of a sentence can be organized in
multiple ways.
• Lexical ambiguity:Words have more
than one meaning
• You lost me can have at least three
interpretations:
a) a request to repeat information because
you are confused,
b) a sarcastic remark to someone who said
something obvious, and
c) a description of a past event in which you
were literally lost
Two Types of
ambiguity
Example:
11. 1-11
Word Order
1-11
• L1 speakers also have a subconscious knowledge of
linear word order, which is the sequence that
different types of words follow in a sentence.
• Bill
supermarket
the took to
car corner
his.
• Bill took his
car to the
corner
supermarket
• Bill took the
car to his
corner
supermarket
MR. VATH VARY
• All L1 speakers know that this string of
words does not form a sentence and does
not sound correct to them.
12. 1-12
Word Order
1-12
Adult L1 speakers also have a detailed
subconscious knowledge of word order within
phrases—meaningful combinations of words
within a sentence.
• The man
went
home
……
• Insert the following
words in the correct
order to describe or
modify man —tall,
twenty-eight-year-old,
Swedish, and blonde
• Most native
speakers will
say: The tall,
blond, twenty-
eight-year-old
Swedish man.
MR. VATH VARY
14. 1-14
Sentence Classification
and Construction
1-14
MR. VATH VARY
• Sentence construction is
not just a series of
randomly combined
morphemes but is based
on the application of rules
that govern how units are
combined.
• There are two obligatory units in
a sentence—a subject and a
predicate.
• Ex. The customer looked at
the new car.
• In order for a sentence to
be considered complete,
it must have two
constituents.Constituents
are grammatical units that
are combined to create
sentences.
15. 1-15
Sentence Classification
and Construction
1-15
MR. VATH VARY
Constituents
Sentences can be
classified on the
basis of how many
subjects and verbs
they contain.
• Constituents can
be individual
words, phrases,
and clauses (Shin
and Park-Johnson,
2020).
Meaning
Sentences can
be categorized
according to
their
meaning—
declarative,
interrogative,
imperative,
and
exclamatory.
Purpose
Parts of
Speech or
Lexical
Categories
voice
Sentences
can also be
categorized
either in the
active or
passive
voice.
16. 1-16
Constituents
1-16
MR. VATH VARY
A simple sentence contains one independent
clause and no dependent clauses.
Forms:
1. S V-simple subject with simple verb
2. SS V-Compound subject with simple verb
3. S VV-simple subject and compound verb
4. SS VV-compound subject and compound verb
The Simple
Sentences
A compound sentence contains a least two
simple sentences.
Forms:
1. Independent clause +, coordinator + independent
clause.
2. Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, +
independent clause.
3. Independent clause; independent clause.
The Compound
Sentences
17. 1-17
Constituents
1-17
MR. VATH VARY
• A complex sentence has one independent
clause and one (or more) dependent
clause(s).
Form:
Complex sentence = 1 independent clause + 1
(or more) dependent clause.
Complex
sentences
• A compound-complex sentence has at
least three clauses. It is a combination of
two or more independent clauses and at
least one dependent clause.
Form:
Compound complex Sentence = 2(or more)
Independent Clauses + 1 (or more) dependent
clause.
Compound-
complex
sentences
18. 1-18
Constituents
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MR. VATH VARY
Clauses
2 Types of
clause:
Independe
nt Clause
• IC is a complete sentence. It contains a
subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought. It can stand alone as a
sentence by itself.
Form:
subject + verb (+ complement).
Dependent
Clause
DC has a subject and a verb begins with a
subordinator such as when, while, if, that,or who. It
does not express a complete thought and cannot
stand alone as a sentence by itself.
Form:
… subordinator + subject + verb (+ complement)…
• A clause is group of words that contains (at least) a subject
and a verb, which is used as a sentence or as part of a
sentence. Every clause has a subject and a verb. Subjects
are typically noun phrases. Predicates are typically verb
phrases.
• However, not every clause expresses a complete thought.
19. 1-19
Constituents
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MR. VATH VARY
Clauses
3 Types of
dependent
clause:
The noun
clause
• Scientists believe that the earth’s temperature is
rising.
• No one knows if the experiments will succeed (or not).
• I will tell you what happened at the rink.
Complementizer clauses are dependent
clauses that function as NPs.
The Relative
or Adjective
clause:
• Holiday resorts which are crowded are not pleasant.
• The men who are not married are called bachelors.
• They are playing music that I like to hear.
The adverb
clause
• He came after the night had fallen.
• We went to the beach because it was a sunny day.
• We must stop skating when the music stops.
• In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more
important than the other one.The more important
idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less
important idea is placed in the dependent clause.
• A subordinate clause, like a word or a phrase,
acts as a single part of speech such as an
adjective, a noun, or adverb and by itself is not a
complete sentence.
20. 1-20
The Meaning of
Sentences
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Clauses
Declarative
sentence
makes a statement and ends with a period. It can be
affirmative or negative.
• She can pay the bill.
• Her car is not red.
Imperative
sentence
gives a command or makes a request. Most imperative
sentences end with a period. A strong command ends with
an exclamation point.
• Shut the door.
• Stop what you’re doing and listen! [strong command]
Interrogativ
e sentence
asks a question and ends with a question mark.
• Who took the car home?
• Is this her car?
• She’s going, isn’t she?
Exclamator
y sentence
shows excitement or expresses strong feeling such as
anger or surprise and ends with an exclamation point.
• Oh, if I had only known!
• What a surprise it is to see you here!
• Another way that sentences can be categorized is on the
basis of their meaning.
21. 1-21
Voice
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Voices
Active
Subject + verb + object.
• Bill ate the pie
Passive
Subject + be + past participle (by +
agent).
• The pie was eaten by Bill.
• English sentences are either in the active
or passive voice.
• Voice is a reference to the relationship a verb
has with its subject and object.
• All verbs can have an active voice, but only
those verbs in English that take an object can
have a passive voice.
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Lexical categories
• Open class ; content
denotes meaning and
constitutes the major
part of the vocabulary
(e.g., nouns, verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs)
• New words are often
added to the open
class
Functional Categories
• Closed class;
function provides
information about the
grammatical
relationships between
words in a sentence
• Closed-class words—
auxiliary verbs,
complementizers,conjunctions,
determiners,intensifiers,
prepositions,pronouns,and
quantifiers are fairly rigidly
established and additions
are made very rarely.
Parts of Speech or Lexical Categories
26. 1-26
Phrases
• Phrases are combinations of words that create syntactic
units. Phrases are units of language (constituents) that are
just above the level of words. Phrases can consist of a
single word or many words.
• Ex:
• Ella found my backpack.
• The tall woman in the green sweatshirt from the cafe
found my backpack.
Five types of phrases: