This document discusses hypothesis, its definition, characteristics, and the steps of hypothesis testing. A hypothesis is an educated guess or claim about a population that is tentatively accepted to guide further investigation. Important characteristics of a hypothesis include being clear, testable, limited in scope, consistent with known facts, and able to be tested within a reasonable time. The steps of hypothesis testing are specifying the null hypothesis, significance level, computing the p-value, and comparing it to the significance level to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis. Limitations of hypothesis testing include only providing evidence for or against the null hypothesis and the ability to detect even small differences as sample sizes increase.
Hypothesis Testing. Inferential Statistics pt. 2John Labrador
A hypothesis test is a statistical test that is used to determine whether there is enough evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition is true for the entire population. A hypothesis test examines two opposing hypotheses about a population: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
THIS POWERPOINT EXPLAINS ABOUT HYPOTHESIS AND ITS TYPES, ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS,TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE AND PROCEDURE FOR TESTING A HYPOTHESIS, TYPE I AND TYPE ii ERROR
Hypothesis Testing. Inferential Statistics pt. 2John Labrador
A hypothesis test is a statistical test that is used to determine whether there is enough evidence in a sample of data to infer that a certain condition is true for the entire population. A hypothesis test examines two opposing hypotheses about a population: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
THIS POWERPOINT EXPLAINS ABOUT HYPOTHESIS AND ITS TYPES, ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS,TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE AND PROCEDURE FOR TESTING A HYPOTHESIS, TYPE I AND TYPE ii ERROR
D. G. Mayo (Virginia Tech) "Error Statistical Control: Forfeit at your Peril" presented May 23 at the session on "The Philosophy of Statistics: Bayesianism, Frequentism and the Nature of Inference," 2015 APS Annual Convention in NYC.
D. Mayo: Replication Research Under an Error Statistical Philosophy jemille6
D. Mayo (Virginia Tech) slides from her talk June 3 at the "Preconference Workshop on Replication in the Sciences" at the 2015 Society for Philosophy and Psychology meeting.
Running head PROJECT PHASE 4-INFECTIOUS DISEASES1PROJECT PHASE.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PROJECT PHASE 4-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1
PROJECT PHASE 4 – INFECTIOUS DISEASES 13
Project Phase 4 – Infectious Diseases
Author Note
This paper is being submitted on
Project Phase 4 – Infectious Diseases
Introduction:
As a healthcare professional, you will work to improve and maintain the health of individuals, families, and communities in various settings. Basic statistical analysis can be used to gain an understanding of current problems. Understanding the current situation is the first step in discovering where an opportunity for improvement exists. This course project will assist you in applying basic statistical principles to a fictional scenario in order to impact the health and wellbeing of the clients being served.
This assignment will be completed in phases throughout the quarter. As you gain additional knowledge through the didactic portion of this course, you will be able to apply your new knowledge to this project. You will receive formative feedback from your instructor on each submission. The final project will be due on week 5.
Scenario:
You are currently working at NCLEX Memorial Hospital in the Infectious Diseases Unit. Over the past few days, you have noticed an increase in patients admitted with a particular infectious disease. You believe that the ages of these patients play a critical role in the method used to treat the patients. You decide to speak to your manager and together you work to use statistical analysis to look more closely at the ages of these patients. You do some research and put together a spreadsheet of the data that contains the following information:
· Client number
· Infection Disease Status
· Age of the patient
You need the preliminary findings immediately so that you can start treating these patients. So, let’s get to work!!!!
Background information on the Data:
The data set consists of 60 patients that have the infectious disease with ages ranging from 35 years of age to 76 years of age for NCLEX Memorial Hospital. Remember this assignment will be completed over the duration of the course.
To begin let’s learn what infectious disease is. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, which are bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread directly or indirectly, through one person to another (WHO, 2017).
This scenario will aim to improve the quality of healthcare services that are provided to individuals, families, and communities at different levels of age. Therefore, the project utilized at NCLEX Memorial Hospital, over the past few days has seen a larger level of infectious disease occurrences. The data set composed was for sixty patients ranging in age from thirty-five to seventy-six.
1)
a) Qualitative infectious: Disease
b) Quantitative: Age
2) Age is a constant variable as it may take any value.
3) A variable is any quantity that can be measured and whose value differs through the
Population and here we se ...
D. G. Mayo (Virginia Tech) "Error Statistical Control: Forfeit at your Peril" presented May 23 at the session on "The Philosophy of Statistics: Bayesianism, Frequentism and the Nature of Inference," 2015 APS Annual Convention in NYC.
D. Mayo: Replication Research Under an Error Statistical Philosophy jemille6
D. Mayo (Virginia Tech) slides from her talk June 3 at the "Preconference Workshop on Replication in the Sciences" at the 2015 Society for Philosophy and Psychology meeting.
Running head PROJECT PHASE 4-INFECTIOUS DISEASES1PROJECT PHASE.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PROJECT PHASE 4-INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1
PROJECT PHASE 4 – INFECTIOUS DISEASES 13
Project Phase 4 – Infectious Diseases
Author Note
This paper is being submitted on
Project Phase 4 – Infectious Diseases
Introduction:
As a healthcare professional, you will work to improve and maintain the health of individuals, families, and communities in various settings. Basic statistical analysis can be used to gain an understanding of current problems. Understanding the current situation is the first step in discovering where an opportunity for improvement exists. This course project will assist you in applying basic statistical principles to a fictional scenario in order to impact the health and wellbeing of the clients being served.
This assignment will be completed in phases throughout the quarter. As you gain additional knowledge through the didactic portion of this course, you will be able to apply your new knowledge to this project. You will receive formative feedback from your instructor on each submission. The final project will be due on week 5.
Scenario:
You are currently working at NCLEX Memorial Hospital in the Infectious Diseases Unit. Over the past few days, you have noticed an increase in patients admitted with a particular infectious disease. You believe that the ages of these patients play a critical role in the method used to treat the patients. You decide to speak to your manager and together you work to use statistical analysis to look more closely at the ages of these patients. You do some research and put together a spreadsheet of the data that contains the following information:
· Client number
· Infection Disease Status
· Age of the patient
You need the preliminary findings immediately so that you can start treating these patients. So, let’s get to work!!!!
Background information on the Data:
The data set consists of 60 patients that have the infectious disease with ages ranging from 35 years of age to 76 years of age for NCLEX Memorial Hospital. Remember this assignment will be completed over the duration of the course.
To begin let’s learn what infectious disease is. Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, which are bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread directly or indirectly, through one person to another (WHO, 2017).
This scenario will aim to improve the quality of healthcare services that are provided to individuals, families, and communities at different levels of age. Therefore, the project utilized at NCLEX Memorial Hospital, over the past few days has seen a larger level of infectious disease occurrences. The data set composed was for sixty patients ranging in age from thirty-five to seventy-six.
1)
a) Qualitative infectious: Disease
b) Quantitative: Age
2) Age is a constant variable as it may take any value.
3) A variable is any quantity that can be measured and whose value differs through the
Population and here we se ...
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
ch 2 hypothesis
1. 2
Hypothesis
Hypothesis is
• An educated guess
• A claim or statement about a property of a population
Definition
[What is hypothesis? (BSMMU, January, 2009)]
Hypothesis is a conclusion drawn before all the facts are
established and tentatively accepted as a basis for further
investigation.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
[What are the important features of a research hypothesis?
(BSMMU, 2009)]
A hypothesis must possess the following characteristics:
1. Hypothesis should be clear and precise.
2. Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. A hypothesis
“is testable if other inferences can be made from it which, in
turn, can be confirmed or disproved by observation.”
3. Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, if it
happens to be a relational hypothesis
4. Hypothesis should be limited in scope and must be specific.
A researcher must remember that narrower hypotheses are
generally more testable and he should develop such
hypotheses
5. Researchers should state hypothesis as far as possible in
most simple terms.
2. Reserch Methodology-7
6. Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts i e.,
it must be consistent with a substantial body of established
facts. In other words, it should be one which judges accept
as being the most likely
7. Hypothesis should be amenable to testing within a
reasonable time. One should not use even an excellent
hypothesis, if the same cannot be tested in reasonable time
for one cannot spend a life-time collecting data to test it
8. Hypothesis must explain the facts that gave rise to the need
for explanation. This means that by using the hypothesis plus
other known and accepted generalizations, one should be
able to deduce the original problem condition. Thus
hypothesis must actually explain what it claims to explain; it
should have empirical reference.
Steps of Hypothesis Testing
[Discuss the steps of hypothesis testing. (BSMMU, January, 2009)]
1. The first step is to specify the null hypothesis. A typical null
hypothesis is equivalent to μ1 = μ2.
2. The second step is to specify the α level which is also known
as the significance level. Typical values are 0.05 and 0.01.
3. The third step is to compute the probability value (also
known as the p value).
4. Finally, compare the probability value with the α level. If the
probability value is lower then you reject the null hypothesis.
Keep in mind that rejecting the null hypothesis is not an all-
or-none decision. The lower the probability value, the more
3. Reserch Methodology-8
confidence you can have that the null hypothesis is false.
However, if your probability value is higher than the
conventional α level of 0.05, most scientists will consider
your findings inconclusive. Failure to reject the null
hypothesis does not constitute support for the null
hypothesis. It just means you do not have sufficiently strong
data to reject it.
Limitations of null hypothesis tests
Hypothesis tests do not relate to the main question of
interest (whether or not there is a true difference in the
population), and only provide degrees of evidence in favor or
against there being no true difference.
Another limitation is that there will always be a difference of
some magnitude between the two groups, even if this is of
no relevance. Consider a cohort study where 1 million non-
diseased individuals are followed up to see whether or not
exposure to substance x is associated with disease. It may be
that in this whole population of 1 million animals, 10.0% of
exposed individuals develop the disease and that 9.9% of
unexposed individuals develop the disease. Of course, this
difference is not of any biological relevance, and yet there is
a difference there (as this is a whole population rather than a
sample, we would not conduct a hypothesis test). As the size
of any sample increases, the ability to detect a true
difference increases. As there will be a 'true difference'
(however small) in most populations, this means that
hypothesis tests on large sample sizes will tend to give low
p-values (indeed, some statisticians view hypothesis testing
as a method of determining whether or not the sample size
is sufficient to detect a difference). This problem can be
4. Reserch Methodology-9
reduced by ensuring that the appropriate measure of effect
is always presented along with the hypothesis test p-value. In
the example above, the incidence risk of disease amongst
exposed individuals was 0.100, and that amongst unexposed
was 0.099, giving a risk ratio of 0.100/0.099 = 1.01. Therefore,
regardless of the result of hypothesis testing, there is very
little association between exposure and disease in this case.
Disadvantages of Hypothesis Testing
1. Dependent on concentrations tested.
2. Statistical power is influenced by variability.
3. Inability to calculate confidence intervals.
4. Confounded by poorly behaved data.
5. Frequently need to use non-parametric statistical methods.