First session of Constitution class, "We The People." September-November 2013. Class title "Rights of Englishmen." This class begins with Magna Carta and concludes with the Revolutionary War and the writing of state constitutions. A provocative section quotes from material in Stephen Webb, "1676;The End of American Independence."Class outlines and suggested viewing and reading are posted in my documents section.
Chapter 2 I. History of Corrections Many students wonder.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 2
I. History of Corrections
Many students wonder why they need to know and understand
the “history” of anything before they delve into learning how
things are now. In the field of corrections, understanding the
“History” of corrections means understanding corrections “Now”
and in the “Future”. As in other fields, corrections is a cyclical
field of study, many ideas and issues from the past reemerge
as ideas and issues of the future. Please pay attention to the
evolution of corrections as it emerges in the next two lectures,
you will be amazed at the similarity of ideas, issues and
solutions to those of today.
A. Middle Ages to the American Revolution:
1. Legal Codes and Law – The earliest known (written)
legal codes appear to be the Sumerian Law of
Mesopotamia (3100 B.C.) and the Code of Hammurabi
(1759 B.C.). Both of these codes described criminal
offenses against the people and affixed penalties. The
Draconian Code not only defined crimes and penalties,
but also set up legal procedures for determining guilt
and affixing penalty. The Roman Law of the Twelve
Tables and the Emperor Justinian Code laid the
groundwork for early European law.
2. However, legal sanctions familiar to us today did not
appear in Europe until the Middle Ages. Before that
time, responses to crime were handled privately
between families. Lex talionis (an eye for an eye) and
wergild were common methods of avenging and/or
forgiving crimes between families. The concept of Lex
talionis allowed the family of the victim to seek revenge
against the family of the offender – it was otherwise
known as a “blood feud”, which in many cases went on
for generations after the initial offense. Wergild evolved
as a payment system between the families of the victim
and the offender in which the offender’s family pays a
monetary sum to the victim’s family as atonement for the
crimes of the clan.
3. As societies developed, the concepts of lex talionis and
wergild were rolled over into the emerging legal
systems: Secular Law and Benefit of Clergy. Secular
Law (otherwise known as English common law) was the
law of the common man, usually applied in some form
by the ruling class (landowner, king, conquering entity,
etc.). It encompassed little legal process and embraced
harsh punishments. The legal principal of the time was
that you were “guilty until you proved yourself innocent”.
Torture was used regularly to prompt confessions from
the “guilty”, and there was no legal process through
which you could prove your “innocence”. Benefit of
Clergy (otherwise known as Church law) emerged as a
separate legal system operated within the powers and
protection of the church. Benefit of Clergy
encompassed a legal procedure that allowed both sides
of a criminal case to be presented within the parameters
of the church. The punishments attached to a finding of
guilt were substantially less harsh than those embodied
i ...
Virginia Slave LawsPrinter Friendly Version (PDF) Virginia S.docxdickonsondorris
Virginia Slave Laws
Printer Friendly Version (PDF): Virginia Slave Laws.pdf
Context: When the colony of Virginia began, most labor on the tobacco plantations that drove its economy was done by English or Irish indentured servants. These servants sold themselves for periods of time, usually seven years, in exchange for debt relief or passage to the New World. However, with the poor conditions in the newly-settled areas, life expectancy for servants was very short—often two or three years. So even after the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in 1619, few Virginian planters were willing to pay the higher price for their “lifetime” of labor. Slaves and servants, therefore, most often received equal treatment, sharing the same harsh punishments (such as whipping for running away), but also opportunity for eventual freedom. Conversion to Christianity could mean the emancipation of a slave, there was frequent social interaction between the two groups, including intermarriage, and a general sense of shared status. But as conditions improved by the 1650s and life expectancies grew, investment in African laborers enslaved for life became more valued. As a result, the Virginia House of Burgesses (the colony’s government body) began to differentiate the status of European and African laborers by law.
December 1662
Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a Negro woman should be slave or free, be it therefore enacted and declared by this present Grand Assembly, that all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother; and that if any Christian shall commit fornication with a Negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former act.
September 1667
Whereas some doubts have risen whether children that are slaves by birth, and by the charity and piety of their owners made partakers of the blessed sacrament of baptism, should by virtue of their baptism be made free, it is enacted and declared by this Grand Assembly, and the authority thereof, that the conferring of baptism does not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedom; that diverse masters, freed from this doubt may more carefully endeavor the propagation of Christianity by permitting children, through slaves, or those of greater growth if capable, to be admitted to that sacrament.
September 1668
Whereas it has been questioned whether servants running away may be punished with corporal punishment by their master or magistrate, since the act already made gives the master satisfaction by prolonging their time by service, it is declared and enacted by this Assembly that moderate corporal punishment inflicted by master or magistrate upon a runaway servant shall not deprivate the master of the satisfaction allowed by the law, the one being as necessary to reclaim them from persisting in that idle course as the other is just to repair the damages sustain ...
First session of Constitution class, "We The People." September-November 2013. Class title "Rights of Englishmen." This class begins with Magna Carta and concludes with the Revolutionary War and the writing of state constitutions. A provocative section quotes from material in Stephen Webb, "1676;The End of American Independence."Class outlines and suggested viewing and reading are posted in my documents section.
Chapter 2 I. History of Corrections Many students wonder.docxcravennichole326
Chapter 2
I. History of Corrections
Many students wonder why they need to know and understand
the “history” of anything before they delve into learning how
things are now. In the field of corrections, understanding the
“History” of corrections means understanding corrections “Now”
and in the “Future”. As in other fields, corrections is a cyclical
field of study, many ideas and issues from the past reemerge
as ideas and issues of the future. Please pay attention to the
evolution of corrections as it emerges in the next two lectures,
you will be amazed at the similarity of ideas, issues and
solutions to those of today.
A. Middle Ages to the American Revolution:
1. Legal Codes and Law – The earliest known (written)
legal codes appear to be the Sumerian Law of
Mesopotamia (3100 B.C.) and the Code of Hammurabi
(1759 B.C.). Both of these codes described criminal
offenses against the people and affixed penalties. The
Draconian Code not only defined crimes and penalties,
but also set up legal procedures for determining guilt
and affixing penalty. The Roman Law of the Twelve
Tables and the Emperor Justinian Code laid the
groundwork for early European law.
2. However, legal sanctions familiar to us today did not
appear in Europe until the Middle Ages. Before that
time, responses to crime were handled privately
between families. Lex talionis (an eye for an eye) and
wergild were common methods of avenging and/or
forgiving crimes between families. The concept of Lex
talionis allowed the family of the victim to seek revenge
against the family of the offender – it was otherwise
known as a “blood feud”, which in many cases went on
for generations after the initial offense. Wergild evolved
as a payment system between the families of the victim
and the offender in which the offender’s family pays a
monetary sum to the victim’s family as atonement for the
crimes of the clan.
3. As societies developed, the concepts of lex talionis and
wergild were rolled over into the emerging legal
systems: Secular Law and Benefit of Clergy. Secular
Law (otherwise known as English common law) was the
law of the common man, usually applied in some form
by the ruling class (landowner, king, conquering entity,
etc.). It encompassed little legal process and embraced
harsh punishments. The legal principal of the time was
that you were “guilty until you proved yourself innocent”.
Torture was used regularly to prompt confessions from
the “guilty”, and there was no legal process through
which you could prove your “innocence”. Benefit of
Clergy (otherwise known as Church law) emerged as a
separate legal system operated within the powers and
protection of the church. Benefit of Clergy
encompassed a legal procedure that allowed both sides
of a criminal case to be presented within the parameters
of the church. The punishments attached to a finding of
guilt were substantially less harsh than those embodied
i ...
Virginia Slave LawsPrinter Friendly Version (PDF) Virginia S.docxdickonsondorris
Virginia Slave Laws
Printer Friendly Version (PDF): Virginia Slave Laws.pdf
Context: When the colony of Virginia began, most labor on the tobacco plantations that drove its economy was done by English or Irish indentured servants. These servants sold themselves for periods of time, usually seven years, in exchange for debt relief or passage to the New World. However, with the poor conditions in the newly-settled areas, life expectancy for servants was very short—often two or three years. So even after the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in 1619, few Virginian planters were willing to pay the higher price for their “lifetime” of labor. Slaves and servants, therefore, most often received equal treatment, sharing the same harsh punishments (such as whipping for running away), but also opportunity for eventual freedom. Conversion to Christianity could mean the emancipation of a slave, there was frequent social interaction between the two groups, including intermarriage, and a general sense of shared status. But as conditions improved by the 1650s and life expectancies grew, investment in African laborers enslaved for life became more valued. As a result, the Virginia House of Burgesses (the colony’s government body) began to differentiate the status of European and African laborers by law.
December 1662
Whereas some doubts have arisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a Negro woman should be slave or free, be it therefore enacted and declared by this present Grand Assembly, that all children born in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother; and that if any Christian shall commit fornication with a Negro man or woman, he or she so offending shall pay double the fines imposed by the former act.
September 1667
Whereas some doubts have risen whether children that are slaves by birth, and by the charity and piety of their owners made partakers of the blessed sacrament of baptism, should by virtue of their baptism be made free, it is enacted and declared by this Grand Assembly, and the authority thereof, that the conferring of baptism does not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedom; that diverse masters, freed from this doubt may more carefully endeavor the propagation of Christianity by permitting children, through slaves, or those of greater growth if capable, to be admitted to that sacrament.
September 1668
Whereas it has been questioned whether servants running away may be punished with corporal punishment by their master or magistrate, since the act already made gives the master satisfaction by prolonging their time by service, it is declared and enacted by this Assembly that moderate corporal punishment inflicted by master or magistrate upon a runaway servant shall not deprivate the master of the satisfaction allowed by the law, the one being as necessary to reclaim them from persisting in that idle course as the other is just to repair the damages sustain ...
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The first carved laws in a society: -criminal (theft/violence) -civil (deeds/personal injury) Punishments followed the theory of lex talionis an eye for eye -execution -amputations -fines -no imprisonment -social status considered
Mosaic Law: Hebrews Moses tablets -tied to religion -uniform standard -lex talionis -punishment fit crime Roman Law- -Twelve Tables-rights of Roman citizens -death penalty and compensation -early imprisonment -exile replaced execution
Medieval-feudalism: -Lords/citizens/serfs -evolved from assemblies of free men in courts To -enforcement of royal rights (landholders) -Baron presided over disputes -between vassals -sought advice of other vassals (peers) -away from capital punishment-mutilation-exhibitory
17 th & 18 Th Centuries Banishment Transportation 1700’s: -American colonies (lack of labor) Transportation Act of 1718 -replaced execution/punishment of its own -50,000 transported before 1775 -1788-1868-160,000 -Australia
Houses of Corrections (Bridewell House): -vagrants/beggars -unruly wives/children -hard work Masion de Force: -work not deterrent -learned trade
Early America: -various housing units-crimes/debts -1785-Castle Island -1 st state prison in US -housed people convicted
Pennsylvania System: -separate/ and silent -insanity and costly Auburn System: -congregate and silent -enforced with flogging Elmira Reformatory: -prepare for return to society
American West: -1880-Folsom-overcowded -Washington Territory -leased prisoners to industry Yuma Territorial prison: -electricity/circulated heat/library
Medical model (1930s): -offenders sick versus bad -exam/diagnose/treatment -personal histories/reception and diagnostic centers -Professional staff -Treatment programs -Community corrections
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