The document discusses the social construction of childhood and the evolution of conceptualizations of childhood over time. It notes that childhood, as understood today, is a relatively recent development dating back only a few hundred years. Prior to this, children were often seen as miniature adults or as non-human. The treatment of children in the past would be seen as criminal today. Two contrasting views of childhood emerged in the late 17th/18th century - the innocent child and the depraved child. The concept of delinquency also developed over this period as the notion of childhood took shape.

1. The “Creation” of Childhood and Delinquency Early Conceptualizations of Childhood

2. “ The history of childhood is a nightmare from which we have only recently begun to awake. The further back in history one goes, the lower the level of child care, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten, terrorized, and sexually abused.” Lloyd DeMause., 1974:1

9. Changing Images of Childhood

16. The “Invention” of Delinquency

25. What is Juvenile Delinquency? Delinquency as Deviance

28. Delinquency as a Violation of Social Norms Dimensions of Norms

30. Institutional Definitions of Delinquency

34. Gathering Data on Delinquency Official Statistics And Unofficial Information

42. Juvenile Arrests for Murder

51. Self-Reported Delinquent Activity—2000 Category One offense > 1 offense Total Serious fgt. 7 5 12 Gang fight 11 9 20 Hurt some-one badly 7 5 12 Stole < $50 12 18 30 B & E 10 12 22 Dam. school property 7 6 13

53. Delinquency Rates by Gender 1990-2000 MALE FEMALE Arrests < 3% >25% Serious/Violent Crime Arrests <23% >28%

59. The proportion of children under age 18 living in two-parent households declined between 1970 and 2002, regardless of race

60. The proportion of juvenile victimizations occurring outdoors remained relatively constant between 3 and 10 p.m.

61. The growth and decline in violent crime by juveniles between 1980 and 2003 are documented by both victim reports and arrests

62. Between 1994 and 2002, the number of murders involving a juvenile offender fell 65%, to its lowest level since 1984

80. History and Development of the Juvenile Court Issues of Due Process Issues of Legislative Changes

86. The Legal Reform Years: The Juvenile Court After Gault The court’s ruling in Gault and other cases not only increased procedural formality in juvenile court cases, but also shifted the traditional focus from the “whole child” to the child’s act. From there, it was a short step to offense-based sentencing and punitive orientation.

87. The Legal Reform Years: The Juvenile Court After Gault Juvenile court procedures are still characterized by an informality that most people would find unacceptable if it were applied to adults in criminal court.

92. Adult/Juvenile Comparison ADULTS JUVENILES Comprehension of Miranda rights 23% --inadequate understanding 55% --inadequate understanding Understanding the Words 37% --did not understand words 63% --did not understand words Right to Counsel 15% --did not understand right 45% --did not understand right Knowing Extent of Rights -- 62% --thought punished if silent

102. Send to Adult Prisons for Serious Property Crimes STRONGLY AGREE 6% SOMEWHAT AGREE 9% NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE 2% SOMEWHAT DISAGREE 22% STRONGLY DISAGREE 61%

103. Send to Adult Prisons for Selling Large Amount of Drugs STRONGLY AGREE 14% SOMEWHAT AGREE 17% NEITHER AGREE OR DISAGREE 2% SOMEWHAT DISAGREE 22% STRONGLY DISAGREE 46%

104. Send to Adult Prisons for Serious Violent Crimes STRONGLY AGREE 23% SOMEWHAT AGREE 21% NEITHER AGREE OR DISAGREE 3% SOMEWHAT DISAGREE 22% STRONGLY DISAGREE 34%

106. Group Presentations What do we learn from the media?

107. Explanations for Delinquency A Brief Introduction to Sociological Theory

134. INDIVIDUAL VIEWS OF DELINQUENCY Biology Rational Choice Modern Individualism

143. % Adopted Juveniles with Criminal Record Biological and adoptive parents NO CRIMINAL RECORD 13.5% BIOLOGICAL parents had criminal record 20% ADOPTIVE parents had criminal record 15% Biological and adoptive parents BOTH HAD CRIMINAL RECORDS 25%

149. Structural Explanations for Delinquency

151. Structural Theories I: Strain Theory

152. Strain Theory Delinquency Economic Inequality

155. Social Structure and Anomie Merton’s theory of “anomie” stressed two structural conditions: The interaction of these conditions produce five adaptive responses:

156. Strain—Modes of Adaption Conformity Accepts cultural goal Accepts institution Highly unlikely JD Ritualism Rejects cultural goal Accepts institution Unlikely JD Innovation Accepts cultural goal Rejects institution Most likely JD Retreatism Rejects cultural goal Rejects institution Likely JD Rebellion Rejects cultural goal Rejects institution Likely JD

161. Structural Theories II: Cultural Deviance Theories

162. Cultural Deviance Theories Cultural Orientation Delinquency

166. Social Process Theories for Delinquency

170. Social Process Theories I: Social Learning Theories

175. Social Process Theories II: Social Control Theories

179. The Social Bond

180. Societal Reaction Theories for Delinquency

183. Societal Reaction Theory Labeling Theory

189. Societal Reaction Theory: Conflict Theory

195. Social Correlates of Delinquency Gender

197. Nature and Extent of Male and Female Delinquency

198. Mr. Streetman Jason 1102 - 280 Bypass Phenix City AL 36867 Charles Bradshaw Fall, 1999 Nature and Extent of Male and Female Delinquency

199. Nature and Extent of Male and Female Delinquency

205. Social Correlates of Delinquency The Family

221. Social Correlates of Delinquency The School

226. Testing the Theories: Thornberry et al. Study Hypotheses Strain Theory: Criminal behavior of dropouts should decline more sharply than that of graduates after leaving school, and rates for dropouts should converge quickly with those of graduates Control Theory: Natural decline during post-high school years should be more gradual for dropouts than graduates, and will not converge with decline for graduates Method Sample: 10% sample of Philadelphia Birth Cohort Study (N=567 boys) Variables: Dropping Out, Criminal Involvement (arrests), Race, Father’s Occupation, Marital Status, Employment Status

227. Testing the Theories: Thornberry et al. Study Findings

228. Social Correlates of Delinquency Social Class

231. Study by Empey and Erikson (cont.) Overall Findings

232. Study by Empey and Erikson (cont.) Findings for Specific Offenses

239. Social Correlates and Delinquency Juvenile Gangs

248. Extensiveness of Gangs Extensiveness of Gangs

250. Social Correlates of Delinquency Drug Use

253. Trends in Drug Use: ISR Statistics

254. Trends in Drug Use: NHS Statistics

255. Drug Use and Crime: Three Models Drug Use Crime Crime Drug Use Drug Use Crime Other Factors

256. Drug Use: A Career Model Drug Availability Life Structure

257. Career Patterns of Heroin Use

258. The Juvenile Justice System An Overview

260. Factors in the Development of the Juvenile Court Industrialization and Urbanization Child Saving Movement Development of Juvenile Institutions

269. Official Reaction to Juvenile Delinquency Components of the Juvenile Justice System I: The Police