Ch. 13 Sec. 2 Growth of Cities
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Cities were unprepared for the rapid population growth caused by the Industrial Revolution. While the middle class expanded and goods improved lives, workers faced dangerous conditions and health issues from pollution. Unions formed to improve wages and conditions. The British government passed acts limiting child labor and mandating schooling and shorter hours for women and children to address the negative effects on workers.
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Germany's Schlieffen Plan to quickly defeat France by invading through Belgium backfired when Belgium resisted and Britain joined the war in support of the Allies. This led to stalemate as massive casualties mounted on both sides without major gains, resulting in trench warfare with both sides developing new weapons like tanks, poison gas, zeppelins and airplanes. The war became a total war effort by all countries as it dragged on for years until the US entry in 1917 and a German-supported Bolshevik revolution in Russia reduced enemies for Germany, leading to the Treaty of Versailles ending the war that blamed and punished Germany.
Ch. 17 Sec. 3 and 4 After the War
After World War 1, several dictators rose to power in Russia, Germany, and Italy. In Russia, Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks and became dictator after the execution of Czar Nicholas II. In Germany, Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party and declared himself dictator after gaining power. In Italy, Benito Mussolini led the Fascist party and was appointed leader after marching on Rome. These dictators consolidated their control and rebuilt their militaries, undermining the peace efforts of the League of Nations and other post-WW1 agreements.
Ch. 17 Sec. 5 The Great Depression
The Great Depression was caused by the financial devastation of World War I, with the US loaning money to allies who did not repay, the failure of the Federal Reserve to control interest rates, and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raising prices of foreign goods and reducing US exports. This led to about 1/3 of the workforce becoming unemployed even as Hoover and later FDR created numerous government programs to stimulate the economy and help the unemployed in the face of the crisis.
Russian Revolution
The document summarizes Russian history from Catherine the Great's rule in the late 18th century through the reign of Nicholas II in the early 20th century. It describes Russia's harsh climate and serf-based agricultural system. It notes key events like Catherine expanding Russia's territory, Alexander II abolishing serfdom but not providing land for freed serfs, and Alexander III and Nicholas II cracking down on dissent through censorship, persecution, and pogroms against threatening groups. Napoleon's 1812 invasion of Russia is also summarized, where the Russian winter and scorched earth tactics helped defeat the French armies.
Ch. 14 Vocabulary
This document lists 10 vocabulary terms: socialism, proletariat, bourgeoisie, communism, Corn Laws, Parliament Bill of 1911, anti-Semitism, pasteurization, romanticism, and realism. These terms relate to political and economic systems, social classes, laws and government, science, and artistic movements from history.
Ch. 14 Sec. 1 "Reform in Western Culture"
This document summarizes various social reforms that occurred in Western culture between the 19th and early 20th centuries. It discusses the rise of socialism and Marxism, which advocated for public ownership and a classless society. It also outlines women's suffrage and temperance movements that aimed to give women the right to vote and reduce alcohol consumption. Finally, it provides details on reforms in Britain that expanded voting rights and increased the power of the House of Commons, as well as rising anti-Semitism in Europe during the Dreyfus Affair in France.
Ch. 14 Sec. 2 "Changes in Culture and Education"
Romanticism emphasized emotion over reason and often depicted peaceful rural scenes, while Realism sought to portray life realistically, including the negative aspects of industrialization in works by Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace. Education reforms occurred across Europe in the 1800s, with Britain establishing Sunday schools and building public schools, Germany requiring primary education for all children, and France's Jules Ferry forming a system mandating attendance until age 15 under one of Europe's finest systems.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur proving spontaneous generation is false and pioneering pasteurization, and Darwin developing the theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 14 Sec. 3 Science and Technology
This document summarizes the contributions of several important scientists from the 19th century including James Maxwell, Louis Pasteur, and Charles Darwin, and highlights several technological advancements such as the railroad, steamship, internal combustion engine, airplane, telegraph, and telephone. Key scientific discoveries included Maxwell's work in physics and astronomy, Pasteur's disproving of spontaneous generation and development of pasteurization, and Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Major technologies that transformed transportation and communication during this period were also outlined.
Ch. 15 Vocabulary
This document lists 12 key terms related to European colonialism and imperialism in Africa in the 19th century. It includes names of important explorers like David Livingstone and missionaries like Robert Moffat, as well as political events like the Berlin Conference that divided Africa among European powers and technological factors like the Maxim gun that enabled European military domination.
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Ch. 13 Sec. 2 Growth of Cities
- 1. Growth of Cities • Cities were unprepared for the rapid growth
- 3. • Positive results of the Industrial Revolution 1. Middle class dramatically increased 2. Mass produced goods improved the lives of the rich and poor 3. Middle class could move into the upper class
- 5. Upper Middle Class Lower Middle Class Poor Workers
- 6. • Negative results of the Industrial Revolution 1. Workers endured dangerous working conditions 2. Health problems due to pollution
- 8. Unions formed to try to improve the workers wages and working conditions
- 9. Britain tries to help the workers: 1833 Factory Act – put limits on child labor and required children to attend school 3 hours a day
- 12. Mines Act – barred women and boys under the age of 10 from working in the mines
- 14. Ten Hour Bill – women and children could only work 10 hours
- 15. Religious Transformation John Wesley • One of the greatest preachers in Britain • Methodist
- 16. George Whitefield • Another influential preacher • Had an international ministry • Played a key role in the Great Awakening in the colonies
- 17. Slavery and Slave Trade
- 18. In Britain • Quakers were the first religious group to combat slavery
- 19. John Newton • Wrote the hymn “Amazing Grace” • Former slave-ship captain • Became outspoken critic of slavery
- 20. John Newton
- 21. William Wilberforce • Member of Parliament • Lead the effort to abolish slavery in the British empire • Supported the Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade
- 23. In America • William Lloyd Garrison – Editor of the newspaper The Liberator – A famous abolitionist
- 24. • Frederick Douglas – Former slave – Famous abolitionist
- 25. France • Napoleon revived slavery when he became the First Consul • Ended in 1804
- 26. Muslim World • Several million live in slavery TODAY!
Editor's Notes
- Pollution from industry; terrible labor conditions; lived in filthy and crowded housing Adequate housing, roads and sanitation did not keep pace Disease spread quickly by human contact or impure water
- Average worker gradually increased wages
- Upper – industrialists and wealthy investors Merchants and small business owners Poor workers
- Inventors tended to make machines that maximized production rather than worker safety Greed – housing providers crammed small apartments that lacked proper sanitation Factories dumped their waste into rivers and polluted the water supply Employers would replace their employees when they became ill or injured b/c there were so many willing to work
- Under 9 could not work in textile mill; from 9-13 could not work more than 8 hours a day
- While these efforts were well intended, in some cases they restricted the opportunities of women and children to work in order to meet their financial needs Reform was necessary, but legislation alone could not fix every problem
- Preached around 42,000 sermons
- Preached in Britain, Wales and American colonies Preached to as many as 20,00 at one time and often 13 times a week
- Played a key role in encouraging a promising member of Parliament to remain in politics
- Formed by Quakers and Anglicans because they didn’t have a voice in Parliament One month after his death Parliament passed a bill that effectively ended slavery in the British empire