The document discusses major learning theories and principles for effective reading instruction. It covers behaviorism, constructivism, sociocultural theory, information processing theory, and transactional theory. It also outlines the four cueing systems that help readers: phonological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. Finally, it discusses scaffolding reading and writing through modeled, shared, interactive, guided, and independent activities, as well as organizing literacy instruction through basal programs, literature units, literature circles, and workshop models.