This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structure of anatomy, including microscopic and developmental anatomy, and the function of physiology. It also describes the levels of structural organization in the body from chemical to organismal. Several organ systems are introduced, and it explains how organ systems work interdependently. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms involving receptors, control centers, and effectors are also summarized.

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Elaine N. Marieb
The Human Body:
An Orientation

2. REQUIRED TEXTBOOK
• Anatomy &
Physiology, 4th edition
• Marieb
• BIO 2113/2114
• Janyce
House, Instructor

3. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the structure of body parts
– Gross or macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
• Physiology – the function of body parts

4. Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology –
• Histology –

5. Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific organ
systems
– Renal –
– Neurophysiology –
– Cardiovascular –
• Focuses on the functions of the body, often at
the cellular or molecular level

6. Physiology
• Understanding physiology:
• Physics
• Pathophysiology – abnormal or disease body
function

7. Principle of Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its
specific form

8. Levels of Structural Organization
• Chemical –
• Cellular –
• Tissue –
• Organ –
• Organ system –
• Organismal –

9. Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
Smooth form molecules
muscle
tissue
Heart
3 Tissue level
Cardiovascular
Tissues consist of
system Blood
similar types of cells
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth Blood
muscle vessel
tissue (organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective The human organism is made
tissue up of many organ systems
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of different 5 Organ system level
types of tissues Organ systems consist of different organs that
work together closely
Figure 1.1

10. Bio. 2113 - Organ Systems of the Body
- p. 6
• Integumentary system
• Skeletal system
• Muscular System
• Nervous System

11. Bio. 2114 - Organ Systems of the Body
- p. 6 &7
• Endocrine System
• Cardiovascular System
• Lymphatic System/Immunity
• Respiratory System
• Digestive System
• Urinary System
• Male and Female Reproductive Systems

12. Organ Systems Interrelationships
• The integumentary system protects the body
from the external environment
• Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact
with the external environment, take in
nutrients and oxygen

13. Organ Systems Interrelationships
• Nutrients and oxygen
are distributed by
the blood
• Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by the
urinary and
respiratory systems
Figure 1.2

14. Necessary Life Functions I
• Maintaining boundaries – the internal environment
remains distinct from the external
– Cellular level –
– Organismal level –
• Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and
contractility
• Responsiveness –
• Digestion –

15. Necessary Life Functions II
• Metabolism –
• Excretion –
• Reproduction –
– Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter
cells
– Organismal – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
• Growth –

16. Survival Needs
• Nutrients –
• Oxygen –
• Water –
• Maintaining normal body temperature –
• Atmospheric pressure –

17. HOMEOSTASIS
• STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
• COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE BODY
(NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS)

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
• CONTROL MECHANISMS FOR HOMEOSTASIS:
– Receptor – changes (stimuli)
– Control center – determines the set point at which
the variable is maintained
– Effector – responds to the stimulus

19. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
3 Input: Control
center 4 Output:
Information Information sent
sent along along efferent
afferent pathway to
pathway to
Receptor (sensor) Effector
Change
2 detected
by receptor
5 Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
1 Stimulus: magnitude of
Produces stimulus and
change returns
in variable variable to
homeostasis
Variable (in homeostasis)
Figure 1.4

20. Negative Feedback
• In negative feedback systems, the output
shuts off the original stimulus
• Examples: Regulation of blood glucose levels;
body temperature