This chapter describes different physical and logical network topologies. It discusses simple topologies like bus, ring, and star as well as hybrid combinations. It also covers enterprise-wide topologies and wide area network topologies. The chapter then summarizes logical transmission methods for different network types, including Ethernet, Token Ring, LocalTalk, FDDI, and ATM.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IEEE 802.11n Based Wireless Backhaul Enabled by Dual Channel IPT (DCH-IPT) Fo...CSCJournals
Wireless backhaul has received much attention as an enabler of future broadband mobile communication systems because it can reduce deployment cost of pico-cells, an essential part of high capacity system. A high throughput with a minimum delay network is highly appreciated to sustain the increasing proliferation in multimedia transmissions. In this paper, we propose a backhaul network using the Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) IEEE 802.11n standard in conjunction with the Dual Channel Intermittent Periodic Transmit IPT (DCH-IPT) packets forwarding protocol. By using these two techniques (IEEE 802.11n + DCH-IPT), wireless backhaul nodes can meet more demanding communication requirements such as higher throughput, lower average delay, and lower packet dropping rate than those achieved by the currently used backhaul. The current backhaul is based upon Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) IEEE 802.11a,b,g standards in conjunction with Single Channel Conventional (SCH-Conv) relaying protocol in which packets are transmitted continuously from source nodes using single channel. The proposed backhaul will accelerate introduction of picocell based mobile communication systems.
Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination - Dec 201...Eiko Seidel
Initial deployments of LTE networks are based on so-called homogeneous networks consisting of base stations providing basic coverage, called macro base stations. The concept of heterogeneous networks has recently attracted considerable attention to optimize performance particularly for unequal user or traffic distribution. Here, the layer of planned high-power macro eNBs is overlaid with layers of lower-power pico or femto eNBs that are deployed in a less well planed or even entirely uncoordinated manner. Such deployments can achieve significantly improved overall capacity and cell-edge performance and are often seen as the second phase in LTE network deployment.
This paper discusses the concept of heterogeneous networks as compared to homogeneous networks. It demonstrates the need for inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and outlines some ICIC methods that are feasible with release 8 /9 of the LTE standard. System-level simulation results illustrate the benefits of the various features discussed in the following.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IEEE 802.11n Based Wireless Backhaul Enabled by Dual Channel IPT (DCH-IPT) Fo...CSCJournals
Wireless backhaul has received much attention as an enabler of future broadband mobile communication systems because it can reduce deployment cost of pico-cells, an essential part of high capacity system. A high throughput with a minimum delay network is highly appreciated to sustain the increasing proliferation in multimedia transmissions. In this paper, we propose a backhaul network using the Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) IEEE 802.11n standard in conjunction with the Dual Channel Intermittent Periodic Transmit IPT (DCH-IPT) packets forwarding protocol. By using these two techniques (IEEE 802.11n + DCH-IPT), wireless backhaul nodes can meet more demanding communication requirements such as higher throughput, lower average delay, and lower packet dropping rate than those achieved by the currently used backhaul. The current backhaul is based upon Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) IEEE 802.11a,b,g standards in conjunction with Single Channel Conventional (SCH-Conv) relaying protocol in which packets are transmitted continuously from source nodes using single channel. The proposed backhaul will accelerate introduction of picocell based mobile communication systems.
Heterogeneous LTE Networks and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination - Dec 201...Eiko Seidel
Initial deployments of LTE networks are based on so-called homogeneous networks consisting of base stations providing basic coverage, called macro base stations. The concept of heterogeneous networks has recently attracted considerable attention to optimize performance particularly for unequal user or traffic distribution. Here, the layer of planned high-power macro eNBs is overlaid with layers of lower-power pico or femto eNBs that are deployed in a less well planed or even entirely uncoordinated manner. Such deployments can achieve significantly improved overall capacity and cell-edge performance and are often seen as the second phase in LTE network deployment.
This paper discusses the concept of heterogeneous networks as compared to homogeneous networks. It demonstrates the need for inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and outlines some ICIC methods that are feasible with release 8 /9 of the LTE standard. System-level simulation results illustrate the benefits of the various features discussed in the following.
Exploiting cooperative relay for high performance communications in mimo ad h...IEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT USING CBF ijwmn
Wireless mesh network has recently received a great deal of attention as a promising technology to provideubiquitous high bandwidth access for a large number of users. Such network may face a significant broadcast traffic that may consequently degrade the network reliability.
In this paper, we have focused interest to wireless mesh network based IEEE 802.11s and we have designed
a self-pruning method to control and reduce the broadcast traffic forwarding. Our scheme, namely Control of Broadcast Forwarding (CBF), defines two behaviours to manage the broadcasting operation. Routing
packets are managed differently from data broadcast messages to avoid afflicting the routing process.
The simulations results show that CBF ameliorates the network capacity by reducing considerably the
number of redundant packets, improving the end to end delay and providing high reachability and packet
delivery ration.
SECURING BGP BY HANDLING DYNAMIC NETWORK BEHAVIOR AND UNBALANCED DATASETSIJCNCJournal
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) provides crucial routing information for the Internet infrastructure. A problem with abnormal routing behavior affects the stability and connectivity of the global Internet. The biggest hurdles in detecting BGP attacks are extremely unbalanced data set category distribution and the dynamic nature of the network. This unbalanced class distribution and dynamic nature of the network results in the classifier's inferior performance. In this paper we proposed an efficient approach to properly managing these problems, the proposed approach tackles the unbalanced classification of datasets by turning the problem of binary classification into a problem of multiclass classification. This is achieved by splitting the majority-class samples evenly into multiple segments using Affinity Propagation, where the number of segments is chosen so that the number of samples in any segment closely matches the minority-class samples. Such sections of the dataset together with the minor class are then viewed as different classes and used to train the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). The RIPE and BCNET datasets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. When no feature selection is used, the proposed technique improves the F1 score by 1.9% compared to state-of-the-art techniques. With the Fischer feature selection algorithm, the proposed algorithm achieved the highest F1 score of 76.3%, which was a 1.7% improvement over the compared ones. Additionally, the MIQ feature selection technique improves the accuracy by 3.5%. For the BCNET dataset, the proposed technique improves the F1 score by 1.8% for the Fisher feature selection technique. The experimental findings support the substantial improvement in performance from previous approaches by the new technique.
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is a proactive type of routing protocol that uses Multipoint
Relay (MPR) set as the virtual backbone structure. The existing literature has identified various issues with
respect to its backbone structure and has accordingly proposed improvements. In this paper, the focus is on
improving the OLSR protocol by employing a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) based virtual backbone
structure that is dynamically adaptable to rapid topology changes. A new Dynamically Adaptable Improved
Optimized Link State Routing (DA-IOLSR) protocol is proposed that uses the local topology information to
adapt the virtual backbone to topology changes. This assumes significance especially in networks that
experience very high mobility. Changes in the network topology caused by node additions, node deletions
and node mobility are taken care of. Simulations are carried out to assess the performance of DA-IOLSR
protocol and OLSR protocol. Packet delivery achieved by both the protocols is examined under varying
mobility by using various combinations of node speed and pause time values. It is found that DA-IOLSR
protocol provides better packet delivery as compared to OLSR protocol, under varying mobility conditions.
Traffic engineering is one of the major issues that has to be addressed in Metro Ethernet networks for quality of service and efficient resource utilization. This paper aims at understanding the relevant issues and outlines novel algorithms for multipoint traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet. We present an algorithmic solution for traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet using optimal multiple spanning trees. This iterative approach distributes traffic across the network uniformly without overloading network resources. We also introduce a new traffic specification model for Metro Ethernet, which is a hybrid of two widely used traffic specification models, the pipe and hose models.
6RLR-ABC: 6LOWPAN ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH LOCAL REPAIR USING BIO INSPIRED ARTIF...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has successfully enabled the development of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). This network is equipped with lowcost, low-power, lightweight and varied functions devices. These devices are capable of amassing, storing, processing environmental information and conversing with neighbouring sensors. These requisites pose a new and interesting challenge for the development of IEEE 802.15.4 together with routing protocol. In this work, 6LoWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (6RLRABC) has been introduced. This protocol supports connection establishment between nodes in an energyefficient manner while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizing average endto-end delay. This protocol has been evaluated based on increasing generated traffic. The performance of the designed 6RLR-ABC routing protocol has been evaluated compared to 6LoWPAN Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) routing protocol. LOAD protocol has been chosen since it is the most relevant existed 6LoWPANrouting protocol. The simulation results show that the introduced 6RLR-ABC protocol achieves lower packet average end-to-end delay and lower energy consumption compared to LOAD protocol.Additionally,the packet delivery ratio of the designed protocol is much higher than LOAD protocol. The proposed 6RLR-ABC achieved about 39% higher packet delivery ratio and about 54.8% higher throughput while simultaneously offering lower average end-to-end delay and lower average energy consumption than LOAD protocol.
Multi-layer heterogeneous network layout including small cell base stations are considered to be the key to further enhancements of the spectral efficiency achieved in mobile communication networks. It has been recognized that inter-cell interference has become the limiting factor when trying to achieve not only high average user satisfaction, but a high degree of satisfaction for as many users as possible. Therefore, inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) lies in the focus of researchers defining next generation mobile communication standards, such as LTE-A.
Building upon [1], this paper provides an overview over the background calling for ICIC in heterogeneous LTE-A networks. It outlines techniques standardized in Rel. 10 of LTE-A, discusses them showing their benefits and limitations by means of system-level simulations and motivates the importance of self optimizing network (SON) procedures for ICIC in LTE-A.
The Avaya VENA Fabric Connect solution is based on the IEEE 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) protocol in conjunction with Avaya extensions that add Layer 3 routing capabilities to SPB functionality. The Fabric Connect solution has a range of features that can greatly simplify network operations and at the same time enhance the network’s ability to provide the appropriate level of service for business critical applications.
Simulation and Performance Analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular Net...ijsrd.com
In the development, standardization and implementation of LTE Networks based on Orthogonal Freq. Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), simulations are necessary to test as well as optimize algorithms and procedures before real time establishment. This can be done by both Physical Layer (Link-Level) and Network (System-Level) context. This paper proposes Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) which is capable of evaluating the performance of the Downlink Shared Channel of LTE networks and comparing it with available MatLab based LTE System Level Simulator performance.
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, and versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, and air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while enabling wireless and fixed-line networks to evolve to a fast, economical, packet-switched infrastructure. The last few years have seen tremendous advancements in Ethernet architecture, its features, switch/router system design, and its integration with optical technologies. This tutorial provides a clear conceptual overview of optical Ethernet technology advances, network architectures, and benefits for military and defense network planners, network architects, and system engineers.
A ULTRA-LOW POWER ROUTER DESIGN FOR NETWORK ON CHIPijaceeejournal
The design of more complex systems becomes an increasingly difficult task because of different issues
related to latency, design reuse, throughput and cost that has to be considered while designing. In
Real-time applications there are different communication needs among the cores. When NoCs (Networks
on chip) are the means to interconnect the cores, use of some techniques to optimize the
communication are indispensable. From the performance point of view, large buffer sizes ensure
performance during different applications execution. But unfortunately, these same buffers are the main
responsible for the router total power dissipation. Another aspect is that by sizing buffers for the worst case
latency incurs in extra dissipation for the mean case, which is much more frequent. Reconfigurable router
architecture for NOC is designed for processing elements communicate over a second
communication level using direct-links between another node elements. Several possibilities to use the
router as additional resources to enhance complexity of modules are presented. The reconfigurable router
is evaluated in terms of area, speed and latencies. The proposed router was described in VHDL and used
the ModelSim tool to simulate the code. Analyses the average power consumption, area, and frequency
results to a standard cell library using the Design Compiler tool. With the reconfigurable router it was
possible to reduce the congestion in the network, while at the same time reducing power dissipation and
improving energy.
INVESTIGATING MULTILAYER OMEGA-TYPE NETWORKS OPERATING WITH THE CUT-THROUGH T...IJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the complexity of data networks has motivated the development of more effective Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) as important factors in providing higher data transfer rates in various switching divisions. In this paper, semi-layer omega-class networks operating with a cut-through forwarding technique are chosen as test-bed subjects for detailed evaluation, and this network architecture is modelled, inspected, and simulated. The results are examined for relevant singlelayer omega networks operating with cut-through or ‘store and forward’ forwarding techniques. Two series of experiments are carried out: one concerns the case of uniform traffic, while the other is related to hotspot traffic. The results quantify the way in which this network outperforms the corresponding singlelayer network architectures for the same network size and buffer size. Furthermore, the effects of the dimensions of the switch elements and their corresponding reliability on the overall interconnection system are investigated, and the complexity and the relevant cost are examined. The data yielded by this investigation can be valuable to MIN engineers and can allow them to achieve more productive networks with lower overall implementation costs.
PATH SPLITTING FOR VIRTUAL NETWORK EMBEDDING IN ELASTIC OPTICAL NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
In elastic optical networks, a wavelength is divided into frequency slots (FS) and optical signals are
switched at multiple FS intervals. On the other hand, network virtualization manages network resources by
efficiently mapping virtual nodes and links to physical ones (virtual network embedding). In this paper, we
propose a dynamic virtual network embedding algorithm to decrease the rejection rate of virtual optical
network requests. We define four schemes for node mapping. For link mapping, the primary path, which is
the shortest path between the mapped nodes, is computed. If there are no available FSs, path splitting is
performed and FSs are assigned at links in primary and alternatives paths. By simulation, we evaluate the
effectiveness of path splitting for NSFNET and ARPA2. Numerical results show that path splitting is
effective in decreasing the rejection rate. Finally, LLNL scheme, which considers both node and link
resources, has the smallest rejection rate.
Address allocation for MANET merge and partition using cluster based routingsugandhasinghhooda
Network merges and partitions occur quite often in MANET wherein address auto-configuration is a critical
requirement. There are various approaches for address auto-configuration in MANETs which allocate address to
the nodes in a dynamic and distributed manner in which HOST ID and MANET ID are assigned on the basis of
their Base value. MANET merges and partitions employing Cluster Based Routing Protocol require a node to be
assigned as the Cluster Head (CH). This paper presents the Election Algorithm which assigns a node as the Cluster
Head on the basis of its weight. Through simulation using the NS-2, it has been shown that the Election Algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) significantly and decreases the packet delay to a great extent in comparison
to the existing AODV protocol.
Investigar los avances relacionados con el caso de corrupción del Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social IHSS y otros casos en los que la ciudadanía tenga un especial interés por su alto impacto social, debiendo rendir, dentro del término legal de veinte días, el informe correspondiente.
Exploiting cooperative relay for high performance communications in mimo ad h...IEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT USING CBF ijwmn
Wireless mesh network has recently received a great deal of attention as a promising technology to provideubiquitous high bandwidth access for a large number of users. Such network may face a significant broadcast traffic that may consequently degrade the network reliability.
In this paper, we have focused interest to wireless mesh network based IEEE 802.11s and we have designed
a self-pruning method to control and reduce the broadcast traffic forwarding. Our scheme, namely Control of Broadcast Forwarding (CBF), defines two behaviours to manage the broadcasting operation. Routing
packets are managed differently from data broadcast messages to avoid afflicting the routing process.
The simulations results show that CBF ameliorates the network capacity by reducing considerably the
number of redundant packets, improving the end to end delay and providing high reachability and packet
delivery ration.
SECURING BGP BY HANDLING DYNAMIC NETWORK BEHAVIOR AND UNBALANCED DATASETSIJCNCJournal
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) provides crucial routing information for the Internet infrastructure. A problem with abnormal routing behavior affects the stability and connectivity of the global Internet. The biggest hurdles in detecting BGP attacks are extremely unbalanced data set category distribution and the dynamic nature of the network. This unbalanced class distribution and dynamic nature of the network results in the classifier's inferior performance. In this paper we proposed an efficient approach to properly managing these problems, the proposed approach tackles the unbalanced classification of datasets by turning the problem of binary classification into a problem of multiclass classification. This is achieved by splitting the majority-class samples evenly into multiple segments using Affinity Propagation, where the number of segments is chosen so that the number of samples in any segment closely matches the minority-class samples. Such sections of the dataset together with the minor class are then viewed as different classes and used to train the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). The RIPE and BCNET datasets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. When no feature selection is used, the proposed technique improves the F1 score by 1.9% compared to state-of-the-art techniques. With the Fischer feature selection algorithm, the proposed algorithm achieved the highest F1 score of 76.3%, which was a 1.7% improvement over the compared ones. Additionally, the MIQ feature selection technique improves the accuracy by 3.5%. For the BCNET dataset, the proposed technique improves the F1 score by 1.8% for the Fisher feature selection technique. The experimental findings support the substantial improvement in performance from previous approaches by the new technique.
Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is a proactive type of routing protocol that uses Multipoint
Relay (MPR) set as the virtual backbone structure. The existing literature has identified various issues with
respect to its backbone structure and has accordingly proposed improvements. In this paper, the focus is on
improving the OLSR protocol by employing a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) based virtual backbone
structure that is dynamically adaptable to rapid topology changes. A new Dynamically Adaptable Improved
Optimized Link State Routing (DA-IOLSR) protocol is proposed that uses the local topology information to
adapt the virtual backbone to topology changes. This assumes significance especially in networks that
experience very high mobility. Changes in the network topology caused by node additions, node deletions
and node mobility are taken care of. Simulations are carried out to assess the performance of DA-IOLSR
protocol and OLSR protocol. Packet delivery achieved by both the protocols is examined under varying
mobility by using various combinations of node speed and pause time values. It is found that DA-IOLSR
protocol provides better packet delivery as compared to OLSR protocol, under varying mobility conditions.
Traffic engineering is one of the major issues that has to be addressed in Metro Ethernet networks for quality of service and efficient resource utilization. This paper aims at understanding the relevant issues and outlines novel algorithms for multipoint traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet. We present an algorithmic solution for traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet using optimal multiple spanning trees. This iterative approach distributes traffic across the network uniformly without overloading network resources. We also introduce a new traffic specification model for Metro Ethernet, which is a hybrid of two widely used traffic specification models, the pipe and hose models.
6RLR-ABC: 6LOWPAN ROUTING PROTOCOL WITH LOCAL REPAIR USING BIO INSPIRED ARTIF...IJCNCJournal
In recent years, Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) has successfully enabled the development of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN). This network is equipped with lowcost, low-power, lightweight and varied functions devices. These devices are capable of amassing, storing, processing environmental information and conversing with neighbouring sensors. These requisites pose a new and interesting challenge for the development of IEEE 802.15.4 together with routing protocol. In this work, 6LoWPAN Routing Protocol with Local Repair Using Bio Inspired Artificial Bee Colony (6RLRABC) has been introduced. This protocol supports connection establishment between nodes in an energyefficient manner while maintaining high packet delivery ratio and throughput and minimizing average endto-end delay. This protocol has been evaluated based on increasing generated traffic. The performance of the designed 6RLR-ABC routing protocol has been evaluated compared to 6LoWPAN Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (LOAD) routing protocol. LOAD protocol has been chosen since it is the most relevant existed 6LoWPANrouting protocol. The simulation results show that the introduced 6RLR-ABC protocol achieves lower packet average end-to-end delay and lower energy consumption compared to LOAD protocol.Additionally,the packet delivery ratio of the designed protocol is much higher than LOAD protocol. The proposed 6RLR-ABC achieved about 39% higher packet delivery ratio and about 54.8% higher throughput while simultaneously offering lower average end-to-end delay and lower average energy consumption than LOAD protocol.
Multi-layer heterogeneous network layout including small cell base stations are considered to be the key to further enhancements of the spectral efficiency achieved in mobile communication networks. It has been recognized that inter-cell interference has become the limiting factor when trying to achieve not only high average user satisfaction, but a high degree of satisfaction for as many users as possible. Therefore, inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) lies in the focus of researchers defining next generation mobile communication standards, such as LTE-A.
Building upon [1], this paper provides an overview over the background calling for ICIC in heterogeneous LTE-A networks. It outlines techniques standardized in Rel. 10 of LTE-A, discusses them showing their benefits and limitations by means of system-level simulations and motivates the importance of self optimizing network (SON) procedures for ICIC in LTE-A.
The Avaya VENA Fabric Connect solution is based on the IEEE 802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) protocol in conjunction with Avaya extensions that add Layer 3 routing capabilities to SPB functionality. The Fabric Connect solution has a range of features that can greatly simplify network operations and at the same time enhance the network’s ability to provide the appropriate level of service for business critical applications.
Simulation and Performance Analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Cellular Net...ijsrd.com
In the development, standardization and implementation of LTE Networks based on Orthogonal Freq. Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), simulations are necessary to test as well as optimize algorithms and procedures before real time establishment. This can be done by both Physical Layer (Link-Level) and Network (System-Level) context. This paper proposes Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) which is capable of evaluating the performance of the Downlink Shared Channel of LTE networks and comparing it with available MatLab based LTE System Level Simulator performance.
Ethernet technology has emerged as a cost-effective, mature, robust, high-speed, and versatile choice for MAN/WAN networking of critical defense establishments and military installations – for e.g., army, navy, and air force bases, mission commands, remote war centers, the Pentagon, and other security agencies. Intelligent Ethernet helps to achieve IP-centric service requirements, while enabling wireless and fixed-line networks to evolve to a fast, economical, packet-switched infrastructure. The last few years have seen tremendous advancements in Ethernet architecture, its features, switch/router system design, and its integration with optical technologies. This tutorial provides a clear conceptual overview of optical Ethernet technology advances, network architectures, and benefits for military and defense network planners, network architects, and system engineers.
A ULTRA-LOW POWER ROUTER DESIGN FOR NETWORK ON CHIPijaceeejournal
The design of more complex systems becomes an increasingly difficult task because of different issues
related to latency, design reuse, throughput and cost that has to be considered while designing. In
Real-time applications there are different communication needs among the cores. When NoCs (Networks
on chip) are the means to interconnect the cores, use of some techniques to optimize the
communication are indispensable. From the performance point of view, large buffer sizes ensure
performance during different applications execution. But unfortunately, these same buffers are the main
responsible for the router total power dissipation. Another aspect is that by sizing buffers for the worst case
latency incurs in extra dissipation for the mean case, which is much more frequent. Reconfigurable router
architecture for NOC is designed for processing elements communicate over a second
communication level using direct-links between another node elements. Several possibilities to use the
router as additional resources to enhance complexity of modules are presented. The reconfigurable router
is evaluated in terms of area, speed and latencies. The proposed router was described in VHDL and used
the ModelSim tool to simulate the code. Analyses the average power consumption, area, and frequency
results to a standard cell library using the Design Compiler tool. With the reconfigurable router it was
possible to reduce the congestion in the network, while at the same time reducing power dissipation and
improving energy.
INVESTIGATING MULTILAYER OMEGA-TYPE NETWORKS OPERATING WITH THE CUT-THROUGH T...IJCNCJournal
The continuous increase in the complexity of data networks has motivated the development of more effective Multistage Interconnection Networks (MINs) as important factors in providing higher data transfer rates in various switching divisions. In this paper, semi-layer omega-class networks operating with a cut-through forwarding technique are chosen as test-bed subjects for detailed evaluation, and this network architecture is modelled, inspected, and simulated. The results are examined for relevant singlelayer omega networks operating with cut-through or ‘store and forward’ forwarding techniques. Two series of experiments are carried out: one concerns the case of uniform traffic, while the other is related to hotspot traffic. The results quantify the way in which this network outperforms the corresponding singlelayer network architectures for the same network size and buffer size. Furthermore, the effects of the dimensions of the switch elements and their corresponding reliability on the overall interconnection system are investigated, and the complexity and the relevant cost are examined. The data yielded by this investigation can be valuable to MIN engineers and can allow them to achieve more productive networks with lower overall implementation costs.
PATH SPLITTING FOR VIRTUAL NETWORK EMBEDDING IN ELASTIC OPTICAL NETWORKSIJCNCJournal
In elastic optical networks, a wavelength is divided into frequency slots (FS) and optical signals are
switched at multiple FS intervals. On the other hand, network virtualization manages network resources by
efficiently mapping virtual nodes and links to physical ones (virtual network embedding). In this paper, we
propose a dynamic virtual network embedding algorithm to decrease the rejection rate of virtual optical
network requests. We define four schemes for node mapping. For link mapping, the primary path, which is
the shortest path between the mapped nodes, is computed. If there are no available FSs, path splitting is
performed and FSs are assigned at links in primary and alternatives paths. By simulation, we evaluate the
effectiveness of path splitting for NSFNET and ARPA2. Numerical results show that path splitting is
effective in decreasing the rejection rate. Finally, LLNL scheme, which considers both node and link
resources, has the smallest rejection rate.
Address allocation for MANET merge and partition using cluster based routingsugandhasinghhooda
Network merges and partitions occur quite often in MANET wherein address auto-configuration is a critical
requirement. There are various approaches for address auto-configuration in MANETs which allocate address to
the nodes in a dynamic and distributed manner in which HOST ID and MANET ID are assigned on the basis of
their Base value. MANET merges and partitions employing Cluster Based Routing Protocol require a node to be
assigned as the Cluster Head (CH). This paper presents the Election Algorithm which assigns a node as the Cluster
Head on the basis of its weight. Through simulation using the NS-2, it has been shown that the Election Algorithm
improves the packet delivery ratio (PDR) significantly and decreases the packet delay to a great extent in comparison
to the existing AODV protocol.
Investigar los avances relacionados con el caso de corrupción del Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social IHSS y otros casos en los que la ciudadanía tenga un especial interés por su alto impacto social, debiendo rendir, dentro del término legal de veinte días, el informe correspondiente.
Campanya que pretén, a través la participació de la població del Ripollès en el procés d’avaluació dels ecosistemes aquàtics, valoritzar i sensibilitzar sobre aquests ecosistemes
vitals, entendre la metodologia del seu estudi i avaluació de l’estat, i fomentar mesures que puguin ajudar a preservar
els seus valors. Aquest procés participatiu es realitzarà
en diferents rius i rieres de la Vall de Ribes, la Vall de Camprodon i el Baix Ripollès.
Geen hyves, linked in of facebook, maar echte lichaamstaal omdat je een poppetje bent in een huiskamer, bij het zwembad, in de tuin, waar je maar wilt. IMVU 3D chat. Het is gratis. Mensen over de hele werled kun je er vinden.
Museos y sostenibilidad: argumentos para la convergencia Esther Aparicio Raba...SLoW Projects
www.slowprojects.com
Consultoría de museos sostenibles y responsabilidad social corporativa
Museos y sostenibilidad: argumentos para la convergencia
Esther Aparicio Rabanedo y José Ángel Azuara Solís
Network topology And Its Types in detail.
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Module 5
Routing and Internetworking Address assignment for campus and enterprise networks, Transmission/Stream data delivery to single and multiple recipients.
Logical addressing, Internet Protocol, Address mapping and Error reporting, Delivery and forwarding, Unicast and multicast routing protocol.
One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common types of area networks are:
LAN - Local Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network
CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
PAN - Personal Area Network
LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances
Computer network is nothing but a set of computers connected to each other, mainly for sharing information,data, programs and resources. Networking reduces the cost of doing business since resources are utilized to maximum extent. Broad categories of networking are LAN,WAN,MAN,STAR,BUS, Ring Topology among others.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/ZEcPAc
2. Objectives
Describe the basic and hybrid LAN physical
topologies, their uses, advantages, and
disadvantages
Describe a variety of enterprise-wide and
WAN physical topologies, their uses,
advantages, and disadvantages
Compare the different types of switching used
in data transmission
Understand the transmission methods, or
logical topologies, underlying Ethernet, Token
Ring, LocalTalk, and FDDI networks
3. Simple Physical Topologies
Physical topology
Physical layout of a network
A Bus topology consists of a single cable—called
a bus— connecting all nodes on a network without
intervening connectivity devices
Figure 5-1:
Bus topology
network
5. Simple Physical Topologies
Ring topology
Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire
network forms a circle
One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing
Active topology
Each workstation transmits data
Figure 5-3:
A typical
ring
network
6. Simple Physical Topologies
Star topology
Every node on the network is connected through
a central device
Figure 5-4:
A typical
star
topology
network
7. Hybrid Physical Topologies
Hybrid topology
Complex combination of the simple physical topologies
Star-wired ring
Star-wired topologies use physical layout of a star in
conjunction with token ring-passing data transmission
method
Figure 5-5:
A star-
wired ring
topology
network
8. Hybrid Physical Topologies
Star-wired bus
In a star-wired bus topology, groups of workstations are
star-connected to hubs and then networked via a single bus
Figure 5-6: A star-wired bus network topology
12. Enterprise-Wide Topologies
Serial backbone
Two or more hubs connected to each other by a single cable
Distributed backbone
Hubs connected to a series of central hubs or routers in a
hierarchy
Figure 5-9:
A simple
distributed
backbone
network
15. Enterprise-Wide Topologies
Parallel Backbone
Collapsed backbone arrangement that consists of more than one
connection from central router or switch to each network
segment
Figure 5-
12: A
parallel
backbone
network
16. Enterprise-Wide Topologies
Mesh networks
Routers are interconnected with other routers, with at least two
pathways connecting each router
Figure 5-13:
An example of
a mesh
network
17. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Topologies
Peer-to-peer topology
WAN with single interconnection points for each
location
Dedicated circuits
Continuous physical or logical connections between two
access points that are leased from a communication
provider
Figure 5-14:
A peer-to-peer
WAN
18. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Topologies
Ring WAN topology
Each site is connected to two other sites so that entire
WAN forms a ring pattern
Figure 5-15: A ring-configured WAN
19. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Topologies
Star WAN topology
Single site acts as the central connection point for several
other points
Figure 5-16:
A star-
configured
WAN
20. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Topologies
Mesh WAN topology
Many directly interconnected locations forming a complex mesh
Figure 5-17: Full-mesh and partial-mesh WANs
21. Wide Area Network (WAN)
Topologies
Tiered WAN topology
Sites connected in star or ring formations are interconnected at
different levels, with interconnection points organized into layers
Figure 5-18: A tiered WAN topology
22. Logical Topologies
Refers to the way in which data are
transmitted between nodes
Describes the way:
Data are packaged in frames
Electrical pulses are sent over network’s physical
media
Logical topology may also be called network
transport system
23. Switching
Component of network’s logical topology that
determines how connections are created
between nodes
Circuit switching
Connection is established between two network nodes
before they begin transmitting data
Message switching
Establishes connection between two devices, transfers
information to second device, and then breaks connection
Packet switching
Breaks data into packets before they are transmitted
24. Ethernet
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
The access method used in Ethernet
Collision
In Ethernet networks, the interference of one network node’s
data transmission with another network node’s data
transmission
Jamming
Part of CSMA/CD in which, upon detection of collision,
station issues special 32-bit sequence to indicate to all nodes
on Ethernet segment that its previously transmitted frame
has suffered a collision and should be considered faulty
26. Ethernet
On an Ethernet network, an individual
network segment is known as a collision
domain
Portion of network in which collisions will occur if
two nodes transmit data at same time
Data propagation delay
Length of time data take to travel from one point
on the segment to another point
27. Ethernet
Demand priority
Method for data transmission used by 100BaseVG Ethernet
networks
Demand priority requires an intelligent hub
Figure 5-20:
CSMA/CD versus
demand priority
28. Ethernet
Traditional Ethernet LANs, called shared
Ethernet, supply fixed amount of bandwidth
that must be shared by all devices on a segment
Switch
Device that can separate network segments into
smaller segments, with each segment being
independent of the others and supporting its own
traffic
Switched Ethernet
Newer Ethernet model that enables multiple nodes to
simultaneously transmit and receive data over logical
network segments
30. Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
1 Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet standard for networks that achieve 1-
Gbps maximum throughput
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Standard currently being defined by IEEE 802.3ae
committee
Will allow 10-Gbps throughput
Will include full-duplexing and multimode fiber
requirements
31. Ethernet
Padding
Bytes added to data portion of an Ethernet frame to
make sure this field is at least 46 bytes in size
Ethernet frame types:
IEEE 802.3 (“Ethernet 802.2” or “LLC”)
Novell proprietary 802.3 frame (or “Ethernet 802.3”)
Ethernet II frame
IEEE 802.3 SNAP frame
32. IEEE 802.3 (“Ethernet 802.2” or
“LLC”)
Default frame type for versions 4.x and higher of
Novell NetWare network operating system
Sometimes called LLC frame
In Novell’s lexicon, this frame is called Ethernet 802.2
frame
Figure 5-22: An IEEE 802.3 frame
33. IEEE 802.3 (“Ethernet 802.2” or
“LLC”)
Service Access Point (SAP)
Identifies node or internal process that uses LLC
protocol
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
This field ensures that data are received just as
they were sent
Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC)
Algorithm used by FCS field in Ethernet frames
34. Novell Proprietary 802.3 (or
“Ethernet 802.3”)
Original NetWare frame type
Also called:
802.3 Raw
Ethernet 802.3 frame
Figure 5-23: A Novell proprietary 802.3 frame
35. Ethernet II
Original Ethernet frame type developed by
DEC, Intel and Xerox, before IEEE began
to standardize Ethernet
Figure 5-24: An Ethernet II frame
36. IEEE 802.3 SNAP
Adaptation of IEEE 802.3 and Ethernet II
SNAP stands for Sub-Network Access Protocol
Figure 5-25: An IEEE 802.3 SNAP frame
37. Understanding Frame Types
Learning about networks is analogous to
learning a foreign language, with the frame type
being the language’s syntax
Just as you may know the Japanese word for go but
how to use it in a sentence, you may know all about
the IPX/SPX protocol but not how devices handle it
Autosense
Feature of modern NICs that enables a NIC to
automatically sense what types of frames are running
on a network and set itself to that specification
38. Design Considerations for Ethernet
Networks
Cabling
Connectivity devices
Number of stations
Speed
Scalability
Topology
39. LocalTalk
Logical topology designed by Apple
Computer, Inc.
Uses a transmission method called Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
A teleconnector is a transceiver used on a
LocalTalk network
Macintosh version of TCP/IP is called
MacTCP
40. Token Ring
Token Ring networks use the token passing
routine and a star-ring hybrid physical
topology
The 100-Mbps Token Ring standard is known
as High-Speed Token Ring (HSTR)
On a Token Ring network, one workstation,
called the active monitor, acts as the
controller for token passing
42. Token Ring
Control Access Unit (CAU)
Connectivity device used on a Token Ring
network
Lobe Attachment Module (LAM)
Device that attaches to a CAU to expand the
capacity of that device
43. Token Ring
Token Ring networks with STP cabling may use a
type 1 IBM connector
A DB-9 connector is another type of connector
found on STP Token Ring networks
Figure 5-27: Type 1 IBM and DB-9 Token Ring connectors
44. Token Ring
Media filter
Device that enables two types of cables or connectors to be
linked
Token Ring media filter
Enables DB-9 cable and type 1 IBM cable to be connected
Figure 5-28: A Token Ring media filter
45. Token Ring
Token Ring switching
Like Ethernet networks, Token Ring networks can take
advantage of switching to better utilize limited bandwidth
Token Ring frames
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring frame
IBM Token Ring frame
Figure 5-29: An IBM Token Ring frame
46. Design Considerations for Token
Ring Networks
Cabling
Connectivity devices
Number of stations
Speed
Scalability
Topology
47. Fiber Distributed Data Interface
(FDDI)
Logical topology whose standard was originally specified
by ANSI in mid-1980s and later refined by ISO
Figure 5-30:
A FDDI
network
48. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
Logical topology that relies on a fixed packet
size to achieve data transfer rates up to 9953
Mbps
The fixed packet in ATM is called a cell
A unique aspect of ATM technology is that it
relies on virtual circuits
49. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)
ATM uses circuit switching, which allows
ATM to guarantee a specific quality of
service (QOS)
ATM technology can be integrated with
Ethernet or Token Ring networks through the
use of LAN Emulation (LANE)
50. Chapter Summary
A physical topology is the basic layout of a network
Physical topologies are categorized into three
fundamental geometric shapes: bus, ring, and star
Few LANs use the simple physical topologies in
their pure form
Hubs that service star-wired bus or star-wired ring
topologies can be daisy-chained to form a more
complex hybrid topology
Hierarchical hybrid topology can designate hubs at
different layers to perform different functions
51. Chapter Summary
Cabling that connects each hub is called the
backbone
In mesh networks, routers are interconnected with
other routers so at least two pathways connect each
node
WAN topologies use LAN and enterprise-wide
topologies as building blocks, but add more
complexity
Network logical topologies encompass a set of rules
specifying which data are packaged and transmitted
over network media
52. Chapter Summary
Switching is a component of a network’s logical
topology that manages the filtering and
forwarding of packets between nodes on a
network
Ethernet is a networking technology and is by far
the most popular logical topology for LANs today
Ethernet follows a network access method called
CSMA/CD
On heavily trafficked Ethernet networks,
collisions are not uncommon
A switch is a device that can separate a network
into smaller segments, each independent of each
other and supporting its own traffic
53. Chapter Summary
Token Ring networks currently run at either 4 or 16
Mbps, as specified by IEEE 802.5
Token Ring networks use the token-passing routine
and a star-ring hybrid physical topology
FDDI is a networking standard originally specified by
ANSI in mid-1980s and later refined by ISO
ATM relies on a fixed packet size to achieve data
transfer rates up to 9953 Mbps
ATM relies on virtual circuits to determine the
optimal path between sender and receiver