This study evaluated hay waste from different feeding methods on cow-calf operations in Arkansas over two years. Hay waste was significantly lower when hay was processed and fed in tire feeders (0.09%) compared to unprotected bales (42%). Feeding hay in a ring also produced less waste (13%) than unrolling hay (23.7%). An economic analysis found that the processed hay system was the most cost effective, requiring the least amount of hay ($21,816 for a 200 cow herd) compared to unprotected bales ($30,672) or ring feeding ($26,544). The results indicate that processing and feeding hay in a protected structure can reduce waste and feeding costs.
This project monitored forage utilization on a central Texas ranch to assist with grazing management decisions. Forage utilization was measured in two pastures grazed by different herds through exclosures and vegetation surveys. Utilization was high and evenly distributed in the south pasture grazed by cows, but low and uneven in the north pasture grazed by heifers. Management changes were made to reduce stocking rates in the south pasture and improve grazing distribution in the north pasture through alternate feeding and potential infrastructure improvements. Ongoing monitoring will evaluate the effects of management changes on forage and vegetation over time.
Poster107: Forage fodder banks reduce labour needs for feeding cattle: An imp...CIAT
Farmers in Prey Chhor district of Cambodia introduced forage fodder banks to address lack of green feed for cattle and reduce labor needs. A 2008 study found that households using forage fodder banks spent 1.2-2 hours less per day feeding cattle compared to non-adopters. This labor savings was greatest during the flooding season but also present in other seasons. Forage adoption significantly reduced time spent grazing cattle and cutting native grasses. All household members assisted with cattle feeding but men spent the most time and benefited most from the 1 hour per day reduction in labor.
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
EverCrop aims to develop improved farming systems for the crop-livestock zone incorporating perennials. It addresses constraints to adopting perennials and develops tools to evaluate their role. Experiments are conducted across rainfall zones to determine the productivity and tradeoffs of incorporating perennials into low rainfall cropping systems. Research includes modelling fodder shrub growth, measuring saltbush and Rhagodia preisii performance across landscapes, and evaluating summer-growing grasses to fill feed gaps in the Victorian Mallee.
OP01:Dung beetle communities and ecological services in a mixed-use Amazon la...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes research on dung beetle communities and their ecological services across a gradient of land use intensities in the Amazon. The study aims to evaluate how dung beetle community structure and functions like dung removal, soil pedoturbation, and seed dispersion are affected from primary forests to degraded pastures. Methods include sampling dung beetles and measuring their services in various habitats. Results show differences in community structure and reduction of services from natural to intense human-used areas, with primary forests supporting the most diverse and functionally active dung beetle communities.
Presentation on " Tara Coal Block of CMDC IFFCO Coal Limited for Diversion" made before the Forest Appraisal Committee (FAC), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
This project monitored forage utilization on a central Texas ranch to assist with grazing management decisions. Forage utilization was measured in two pastures grazed by different herds through exclosures and vegetation surveys. Utilization was high and evenly distributed in the south pasture grazed by cows, but low and uneven in the north pasture grazed by heifers. Management changes were made to reduce stocking rates in the south pasture and improve grazing distribution in the north pasture through alternate feeding and potential infrastructure improvements. Ongoing monitoring will evaluate the effects of management changes on forage and vegetation over time.
Poster107: Forage fodder banks reduce labour needs for feeding cattle: An imp...CIAT
Farmers in Prey Chhor district of Cambodia introduced forage fodder banks to address lack of green feed for cattle and reduce labor needs. A 2008 study found that households using forage fodder banks spent 1.2-2 hours less per day feeding cattle compared to non-adopters. This labor savings was greatest during the flooding season but also present in other seasons. Forage adoption significantly reduced time spent grazing cattle and cutting native grasses. All household members assisted with cattle feeding but men spent the most time and benefited most from the 1 hour per day reduction in labor.
Irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Ve...Joanna Hicks
The document summarizes research on irrigation performance and seasonal changes under permanent raised beds on Vertisol soil in Queensland, Australia. It discusses major agricultural challenges related to land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient irrigation systems. The objectives are to evaluate irrigation performance of existing permanent raised bed farming systems and identify potential for lateral wetting front infiltration. Data was collected on two farms to measure advance curves, runoff, and soil moisture movement across beds. Results show advance times varied between irrigations due to soil conditions. Irrigation management strategies were found to impact current performance and potential water savings were identified.
EverCrop aims to develop improved farming systems for the crop-livestock zone incorporating perennials. It addresses constraints to adopting perennials and develops tools to evaluate their role. Experiments are conducted across rainfall zones to determine the productivity and tradeoffs of incorporating perennials into low rainfall cropping systems. Research includes modelling fodder shrub growth, measuring saltbush and Rhagodia preisii performance across landscapes, and evaluating summer-growing grasses to fill feed gaps in the Victorian Mallee.
OP01:Dung beetle communities and ecological services in a mixed-use Amazon la...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
This document summarizes research on dung beetle communities and their ecological services across a gradient of land use intensities in the Amazon. The study aims to evaluate how dung beetle community structure and functions like dung removal, soil pedoturbation, and seed dispersion are affected from primary forests to degraded pastures. Methods include sampling dung beetles and measuring their services in various habitats. Results show differences in community structure and reduction of services from natural to intense human-used areas, with primary forests supporting the most diverse and functionally active dung beetle communities.
Presentation on " Tara Coal Block of CMDC IFFCO Coal Limited for Diversion" made before the Forest Appraisal Committee (FAC), Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India
I. MINED LANDS RECLAMATION USING LEGUME-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE TALENSI...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the use of leguminous plants in the reclamation of mined and degraded lands in some small scale mining areas in the Talensi and Nabdam Districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The treatments tested in the field experiments were: sole cropped groundnut (A), sole cropped soybean (B), sole cropped Bambara groundnut (C), groundnut intercropped with soybean (D) and groundnut intercropped with Bambara groundnut (E). Generally the experimental treatments performed poorly on the degraded lands when compared with control plots (undisturbed fields) in two seasons. However, during the second year the performance of the various treatments on the degraded land was better than that in the first year. Groundnut plus soybean was considered the best treatment because it resulted in the best improvement in soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. It also gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).
C:\Fakepath\R Doty Missouri A Demonstrationofthe Valueof Adding Legumesnacaa
The document describes a demonstration of using legumes in tall fescue pastures in Northwest Missouri to reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer. Fourteen treatments using different legumes and nitrogen application timings were tested in plots over two years. Results found that overseeding common red clover in tall fescue produced the highest income over seed and fertility costs. Producers attending a field day on the results were better able to make forage management decisions and most planned to incorporate legumes. The demonstration showed increased forage production value from using legumes compared to no fertility or nitrogen applications.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitation
Current policy and status for forestry and plantations on Peatlands in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.
This document summarizes a study on the extent, ecological attributes, and carbon storage potential of forest plantations around the world. Some key findings include:
1) Forest plantations total approximately 130 million hectares globally and establishment rates are around 10.5 million hectares per year across 124 countries.
2) Plantations provide goods, services, and contribute to carbon storage. Average carbon storage generally increases from high to low latitudes, ranging from 47 to 81 tons of carbon per hectare.
3) Based on current plantation distributions and carbon storage values, the world's plantations can store an area-weighted average of 91 tons of carbon per hectare, totaling approximately 11.8 petagrams of
Poster65: Landscape management and the provision of soil ecosystem services i...CIAT
This study analyzed soil ecosystem services in three land use systems - conventional extensive, silvopastoral, and agroforestry - in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont, which has experienced deforestation and degradation. Soil samples were taken from each system and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Results showed soils in conventional and silvopastoral systems had higher compaction, lower carbon storage, nutrients, and infiltration than agroforestry systems, due to poorer structure and biological activity. To avoid further degradation, the study recommends designing landscape management that protects ecosystem services and contributes to climate change mitigation in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
Participatory natural resources management through multiple interventions at ...ILRI
1. The paper discusses participatory natural resource management interventions in central Ethiopia to reduce soil erosion, increase soil fertility and land productivity. This includes soil and water conservation structures, agroforestry, composting, introduction of improved crop varieties and livestock forages.
2. Empirical research was also conducted including runoff assessments and characterization of local plant species. Farmers research groups were established to introduce technologies and build capacity.
3. Lessons showed that introducing high value cash crops and linking to markets encouraged participation in natural resource management. However, free grazing limits long term investments like tree planting. Strong partnerships were built but methodologies to promote innovations need strengthening.
Characteristics & efficient use of fertilizers by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IE...fahadansari131
This document discusses fertilizer use efficiency. It defines different types of efficiency like recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency. It discusses how efficiency is defined differently for nitrogen versus phosphorus and potassium. Maintaining optimum soil test levels for P and K is considered 100% efficient. The document also outlines opportunities to improve nitrogen efficiency through balanced nutrition, precision agriculture, and better fertilizer management practices. Improving efficiency will impact future fertilizer demand differently for nitrogen versus P and K.
Mitigation strategy and the REDD: Application of the
GLOBIOM model to the Congo Basin region
Presented by Aline Mosnier at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
C:\Fakepath\J Crawford Missouri Long Term Evaluationof No Till Cornnacaa
This study evaluated the effects of different tillage systems on corn and soybean yields and profits over 19 and 9 years respectively. The tillage systems compared were fall & spring disk, spring disk, no-till, and fall chisel & spring disk. Yield results showed no significant differences between treatments. No-till provided the most consistent yields annually. Soil loss measurements over 10 years found no-till lost 5.8 tons/acre of topsoil versus 64.8 tons/acre for conventional tillage, demonstrating no-till's erosion control. Economic analysis found no significant profit differences between treatments when considering input costs.
Does landscape heterogeneity modify the trade-off between production and biod...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how landscape heterogeneity affects the trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity. It presents a case study of a grassland landscape with different management practices across farms. Modeling results show that landscape heterogeneity leverages the trade-off by allowing complementarity between management regimes that benefits both bird populations and herbage production. Compositional and structural heterogeneity both positively impact birds, with structure having a larger effect on mobile species. However, modifying landscapes requires coordination between farmers. Future work includes co-designing feasible heterogeneous landscapes with stakeholders.
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali: relationships wit...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This study investigated how the fuel value index (FVI) of five tree species in Mali varied with rainfall gradients. [1] Trees were sampled across five regions to determine relationships between FVI and latitude, longitude, elevation, and estimated rainfall. [2] Regression analyses found FVI was related to geographical factors for four species, though relationships depended on species and wood properties. [3] The results do not allow generalizing about FVI relationships with rainfall across species, requiring tailored domestication strategies for each species.
This document summarizes research on using switchgrass and perennial grasses for biofuel production. The main conclusion is that the US can displace over 30% of current petroleum consumption by 2030 using crop residues and biomass from perennial crops like switchgrass to produce cellulosic ethanol. Research has shown that switchgrass is well-suited as a biofuel feedstock because it is native, low-input, high-yielding, supports soil and wildlife conservation, and can be harvested with existing farm equipment. USDA and university researchers have made progress in improving switchgrass through breeding programs and optimizing its management through studies of harvest timing, nitrogen fertilization needs, and cultivar evaluations.
Intensification of crop-livestock farming systems in East Africa: A compariso...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kindu Mekonnen, Alan Duncan, Diego Valbuena, Bruno Gerard, Dagnachew Lule, Mesfin Bahta and Gedion Rachier at the International Conference on “Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Intensification of the Humid Highland Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Kigali, Rwanda, 24-27 October 2011.
Cristina Branquinho "Improving ecosystem services in drylands: microclimate m...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on how microclimate affects the natural regeneration of forests in dryland areas of Portugal after agricultural abandonment. The study found that the rate of regeneration of holm oak trees depends on local microclimate conditions, with regeneration being faster in areas with higher potential solar radiation and slower in areas with lower potential solar radiation. The researchers developed a predictive model for holm oak regeneration based on microclimate variables that can help improve reforestation planning efforts. Validating the model over time showed it has potential for predicting natural regeneration patterns under different climate scenarios.
1. The document assesses the economics of using algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology to treat dairy manure effluent from a hypothetical 1000-cow dairy farm.
2. Key factors in the economic analysis include capital costs for land preparation and installation, operational costs for biomass drying, pumping, and capital repayment, and the potential savings from using waste heat from anaerobic digestion for biomass drying.
3. The analysis finds that with anaerobic pretreatment, the yearly operational costs per cow, per kg of nitrogen, per kg of phosphorus, and per kg of dried biomass are $454, $6.20, $31.10, and $0.70, respectively
Valorization of shea caterpillar droppings (Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet) in t...Innspub Net
Works on park lands show that shea tree is a widespread species in the fields in Burkina Faso. There are caterpillars which are rich in proteins and throw out important quantity of dejection on the soil surface. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of droppings produced by caterpillars and their chemical quality in Koumbia area. The amount of dejection was determined on small plots and expressed as amount of dry matter (DM). Chemical analyzes have focused on the major elements (C, N, P and K). Our results show an average production of 19.34 kg for an average area of 68.47 m2 under a shea tree. We also observe that the production of caterpillar droppings is a function of the shea trees density and fluctuate between 440 and 3 775 kg ha-1. The data of chemical analyzes show that caterpillar droppings have high content of carbon (477.7 g kg-1) and nitrogen (10.8 g kg-1) and low content of phosphorus (0.3 g kg-1) and potassium (0.9 g kg-1). The amounts of C and N that caterpillar droppings are likely to bring, show that they can cover between 56 and 484 % of annual loss of soil C and fully compensate exports N of major crops (cotton, maize, sorghum) of the study area. The valorization of caterpillar droppings is therefore a way of ecological management of soil fertility of shea parks. However, the C/N (44) of caterpillar droppings suggests further agronomic investigations.
I. MINED LANDS RECLAMATION USING LEGUME-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE TALENSI...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated the use of leguminous plants in the reclamation of mined and degraded lands in some small scale mining areas in the Talensi and Nabdam Districts in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The treatments tested in the field experiments were: sole cropped groundnut (A), sole cropped soybean (B), sole cropped Bambara groundnut (C), groundnut intercropped with soybean (D) and groundnut intercropped with Bambara groundnut (E). Generally the experimental treatments performed poorly on the degraded lands when compared with control plots (undisturbed fields) in two seasons. However, during the second year the performance of the various treatments on the degraded land was better than that in the first year. Groundnut plus soybean was considered the best treatment because it resulted in the best improvement in soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. It also gave the best land equivalent ratio (LER).
C:\Fakepath\R Doty Missouri A Demonstrationofthe Valueof Adding Legumesnacaa
The document describes a demonstration of using legumes in tall fescue pastures in Northwest Missouri to reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizer. Fourteen treatments using different legumes and nitrogen application timings were tested in plots over two years. Results found that overseeding common red clover in tall fescue produced the highest income over seed and fertility costs. Producers attending a field day on the results were better able to make forage management decisions and most planned to incorporate legumes. The demonstration showed increased forage production value from using legumes compared to no fertility or nitrogen applications.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
Agroforestry of Jelutong on Peatlands: A Lesson Learned from Central KalimantanGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document discusses agroforestry of jelutung trees on peatlands in Central Kalimantan. It finds that growing jelutung in various agroforestry systems is a technically feasible way to rehabilitate degraded peatlands. Local communities have established seed sources that can provide over 100 million seeds per year. Different agroforestry patterns using jelutung are described, and growth measurements show the trees grow well. Microclimates in jelutung agroforestry systems are found to be better than in agricultural monocultures. The development of jelutung agroforestry is concluded to be a promising approach for peatland rehabilitation
Current policy and status for forestry and plantations on Peatlands in IndonesiaGlobalEnvironmentCentre
The document summarizes Indonesia's forestry policies and plans. It discusses the country's forest areas by function and coverage, the history of forestry laws, the national forestry plan, programs to reduce emissions, and deforestation rates. The national forestry plan provides directives for forest area management and utilization over different geographic and time scales. Key goals are to protect natural forests and peatlands while allowing sustainable use. Recent policies have focused on revising maps of areas with logging moratoriums and improving governance of permits in natural forests.
This document summarizes a study on the extent, ecological attributes, and carbon storage potential of forest plantations around the world. Some key findings include:
1) Forest plantations total approximately 130 million hectares globally and establishment rates are around 10.5 million hectares per year across 124 countries.
2) Plantations provide goods, services, and contribute to carbon storage. Average carbon storage generally increases from high to low latitudes, ranging from 47 to 81 tons of carbon per hectare.
3) Based on current plantation distributions and carbon storage values, the world's plantations can store an area-weighted average of 91 tons of carbon per hectare, totaling approximately 11.8 petagrams of
Poster65: Landscape management and the provision of soil ecosystem services i...CIAT
This study analyzed soil ecosystem services in three land use systems - conventional extensive, silvopastoral, and agroforestry - in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont, which has experienced deforestation and degradation. Soil samples were taken from each system and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological properties. Results showed soils in conventional and silvopastoral systems had higher compaction, lower carbon storage, nutrients, and infiltration than agroforestry systems, due to poorer structure and biological activity. To avoid further degradation, the study recommends designing landscape management that protects ecosystem services and contributes to climate change mitigation in the Colombian Amazonian piedmont.
A monitoring program is needed to help guide an adaptive management strategy for a landscape that is being experimentally altered. The program will measure physical and biological processes like soil erosion and biodiversity impacts. Data like rainfall interception, water flow, erosion rates, and habitat availability for key species will be collected using tools like pluviometers, notch weirs, runoff plots, erosion pins, and nest boxes to track changes from the landscape alterations. This will provide insights to optimize outcomes like the water cycle, crop strategies, forest structure, and recovery of open habitat flora and fauna.
Participatory natural resources management through multiple interventions at ...ILRI
1. The paper discusses participatory natural resource management interventions in central Ethiopia to reduce soil erosion, increase soil fertility and land productivity. This includes soil and water conservation structures, agroforestry, composting, introduction of improved crop varieties and livestock forages.
2. Empirical research was also conducted including runoff assessments and characterization of local plant species. Farmers research groups were established to introduce technologies and build capacity.
3. Lessons showed that introducing high value cash crops and linking to markets encouraged participation in natural resource management. However, free grazing limits long term investments like tree planting. Strong partnerships were built but methodologies to promote innovations need strengthening.
Characteristics & efficient use of fertilizers by MUHAMMAD FAHAD ANSARI 12IE...fahadansari131
This document discusses fertilizer use efficiency. It defines different types of efficiency like recovery efficiency and agronomic efficiency. It discusses how efficiency is defined differently for nitrogen versus phosphorus and potassium. Maintaining optimum soil test levels for P and K is considered 100% efficient. The document also outlines opportunities to improve nitrogen efficiency through balanced nutrition, precision agriculture, and better fertilizer management practices. Improving efficiency will impact future fertilizer demand differently for nitrogen versus P and K.
Mitigation strategy and the REDD: Application of the
GLOBIOM model to the Congo Basin region
Presented by Aline Mosnier at the AGRODEP Workshop on Analytical Tools for Climate Change Analysis
June 6-7, 2011 • Dakar, Senegal
For more information on the workshop or to see the latest version of this presentation visit: http://www.agrodep.org/first-annual-workshop
C:\Fakepath\J Crawford Missouri Long Term Evaluationof No Till Cornnacaa
This study evaluated the effects of different tillage systems on corn and soybean yields and profits over 19 and 9 years respectively. The tillage systems compared were fall & spring disk, spring disk, no-till, and fall chisel & spring disk. Yield results showed no significant differences between treatments. No-till provided the most consistent yields annually. Soil loss measurements over 10 years found no-till lost 5.8 tons/acre of topsoil versus 64.8 tons/acre for conventional tillage, demonstrating no-till's erosion control. Economic analysis found no significant profit differences between treatments when considering input costs.
Does landscape heterogeneity modify the trade-off between production and biod...Joanna Hicks
This document discusses how landscape heterogeneity affects the trade-off between agricultural production and biodiversity. It presents a case study of a grassland landscape with different management practices across farms. Modeling results show that landscape heterogeneity leverages the trade-off by allowing complementarity between management regimes that benefits both bird populations and herbage production. Compositional and structural heterogeneity both positively impact birds, with structure having a larger effect on mobile species. However, modifying landscapes requires coordination between farmers. Future work includes co-designing feasible heterogeneous landscapes with stakeholders.
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Variation in fuel value index of five tree species in Mali: relationships wit...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This study investigated how the fuel value index (FVI) of five tree species in Mali varied with rainfall gradients. [1] Trees were sampled across five regions to determine relationships between FVI and latitude, longitude, elevation, and estimated rainfall. [2] Regression analyses found FVI was related to geographical factors for four species, though relationships depended on species and wood properties. [3] The results do not allow generalizing about FVI relationships with rainfall across species, requiring tailored domestication strategies for each species.
This document summarizes research on using switchgrass and perennial grasses for biofuel production. The main conclusion is that the US can displace over 30% of current petroleum consumption by 2030 using crop residues and biomass from perennial crops like switchgrass to produce cellulosic ethanol. Research has shown that switchgrass is well-suited as a biofuel feedstock because it is native, low-input, high-yielding, supports soil and wildlife conservation, and can be harvested with existing farm equipment. USDA and university researchers have made progress in improving switchgrass through breeding programs and optimizing its management through studies of harvest timing, nitrogen fertilization needs, and cultivar evaluations.
Intensification of crop-livestock farming systems in East Africa: A compariso...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kindu Mekonnen, Alan Duncan, Diego Valbuena, Bruno Gerard, Dagnachew Lule, Mesfin Bahta and Gedion Rachier at the International Conference on “Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Intensification of the Humid Highland Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa”, Kigali, Rwanda, 24-27 October 2011.
Cristina Branquinho "Improving ecosystem services in drylands: microclimate m...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a study on how microclimate affects the natural regeneration of forests in dryland areas of Portugal after agricultural abandonment. The study found that the rate of regeneration of holm oak trees depends on local microclimate conditions, with regeneration being faster in areas with higher potential solar radiation and slower in areas with lower potential solar radiation. The researchers developed a predictive model for holm oak regeneration based on microclimate variables that can help improve reforestation planning efforts. Validating the model over time showed it has potential for predicting natural regeneration patterns under different climate scenarios.
1. The document assesses the economics of using algal turf scrubber (ATS) technology to treat dairy manure effluent from a hypothetical 1000-cow dairy farm.
2. Key factors in the economic analysis include capital costs for land preparation and installation, operational costs for biomass drying, pumping, and capital repayment, and the potential savings from using waste heat from anaerobic digestion for biomass drying.
3. The analysis finds that with anaerobic pretreatment, the yearly operational costs per cow, per kg of nitrogen, per kg of phosphorus, and per kg of dried biomass are $454, $6.20, $31.10, and $0.70, respectively
Valorization of shea caterpillar droppings (Cirina butyrospermi Vuillet) in t...Innspub Net
Works on park lands show that shea tree is a widespread species in the fields in Burkina Faso. There are caterpillars which are rich in proteins and throw out important quantity of dejection on the soil surface. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of droppings produced by caterpillars and their chemical quality in Koumbia area. The amount of dejection was determined on small plots and expressed as amount of dry matter (DM). Chemical analyzes have focused on the major elements (C, N, P and K). Our results show an average production of 19.34 kg for an average area of 68.47 m2 under a shea tree. We also observe that the production of caterpillar droppings is a function of the shea trees density and fluctuate between 440 and 3 775 kg ha-1. The data of chemical analyzes show that caterpillar droppings have high content of carbon (477.7 g kg-1) and nitrogen (10.8 g kg-1) and low content of phosphorus (0.3 g kg-1) and potassium (0.9 g kg-1). The amounts of C and N that caterpillar droppings are likely to bring, show that they can cover between 56 and 484 % of annual loss of soil C and fully compensate exports N of major crops (cotton, maize, sorghum) of the study area. The valorization of caterpillar droppings is therefore a way of ecological management of soil fertility of shea parks. However, the C/N (44) of caterpillar droppings suggests further agronomic investigations.
Study of Intake, Growth and Nutrient Utilization of Growing Bulls Fed Forages...IJEAB
The study was conducted to rank Napier, jumbo, maize and rice straw on the basis of their yield, production cost, nutritional value and productivity of native growing bulls. Thirty native bulls (Bos indicus) of 135 (+28/-28) kg live weight (LW) were randomly allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design and fed silage of maize (Zea mays; Hybrid, PG-1000), jumbo (Sorghum bicolor; Hybrid Sugar graze), Napier (Pennisetum perpureum; hybrid) and urea molasses straw of whole straw (UMS-WS) and UMS of stover (UMS-S) for a period of 90 days. The dry matter (DM) intake of Napier, jumbo, maize, UMS-WS and UMS-S was 2.08, 1.79, 2.01, 1.92 and 2.08 % LW, respectively which differed significantly (P<0.01).><0.01)><0.01) in bulls fed maize silage (273.3 g/d) followed by Napier silage (81.4 g/d), UMS-S (75.3 g/d), jumbo silage (39.9 g/d) and UMS-WS (39.6 g/d). Considering the cost of beef production, maize may be ranked on the top followed by Napier, jumbo, UMS-S and UMS-WS, respectively which may be taken in profitable beef production system.
An investigation was carried out during 2013-14 on Rabi jowar production in Parbhani, Maharashtra. Data was collected through interviews from 48 randomly selected Rabi jowar growers. The Cobb-Douglas production function was fitted to the data. The results showed that area under Rabi jowar and bullock labor had the highest positive regression coefficients. Marginal productivity was highest for area under Rabi jowar. The MVP to price ratios for bullock labor, family labor, and area were above 1, indicating potential for increased use of these resources. The optimum resource levels were 0.93 hectares for area and 36.7 kg for nitrogen.
Soil fauna and nutrient management for improving agricultural production thro...CSM _BGBD biodiversity
1) Farmers in Oumé, Côte d'Ivoire are facing decreasing soil fertility due to deforestation for cocoa and coffee farms. A study evaluated the effects of 9-month legume fallows using Pueraria phaseoloides and Cajanus cajan on soil properties, soil fauna, and subsequent maize growth.
2) The study found that legume fallows increased earthworm densities and diversity compared to a natural fallow control. Phytoparasitic nematode densities were also lower under legumes.
3) Maize yields were higher on legume fallow plots compared to the control, though not significantly for grain yield. Total biomass and 100
Management of Rangelands Through Controlled Shrub Burning (BHGP10 - Potential...copppldsecretariat
This note showcases a study, undertaken by the Livestock Sector of Paro Dzongkhag, of controlled shrubs burning in the alpine area of Soe Yaksa which was conducted to see its effect on rangeland regeneration. The trial was initially started in 2004 but the burning could be implemented only in February 2006 due to unfavourable weather conditions.
The preliminary findings reveal that the burning trials led to an increase of 26% of edible species of vegetation. After five to six month of burning trials, an excellent ground cover of edible grasses, sedges and broadleaf was observed in the area.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
An integrated farming system approach aims to increase farm yield and manage resources sustainably by addressing economic, environmental and social aspects. Seven integrated farming system models were evaluated that integrated crops with fish, poultry, ducks, goats and/or cattle. The model with crops, fish, ducks and goats had the highest sustainability index and net returns. Integrating crop and livestock production along with aquaculture improved resource use efficiency, farm productivity and income through nutrient recycling within the system. Adopting integrated farming systems can help promote agricultural sustainability at the household or farm level.
Managing crop production uncertainties and climate variability though a map-based system. The document discusses how Bungulla Farming, which operates 7,200 hectares of cropping land in Australia, uses a map-based system to manage risks and increase productivity in the face of increasing input costs, volatile grain prices, and climate change impacts like decreasing rainfall. Key data layers like soil nutrients, climate records, water availability, and machinery operations are integrated into interactive farm maps to help make strategic decisions at critical points and increase nitrogen use efficiency and targeted weed control.
Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon Storage and Carb...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1), carbon stratification ratio, carbon management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1, adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6), system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Potential to improve the common systems mixing crops, livestock and trees is ...ICRISAT
A study carried out at ICRISAT’s Sadoré research station in Niger targeted the depressive effect of Acacia species,millet and cowpea planted in close proximity. Mixed croplivestock-tree systems are common in West and Central Africa but are characterized by very low productivity.Some of the causes include low inherent soil fertility, soil degradation through nutrient and organic matter (OM) depletion, and recurrent droughts exacerbated by erratic rainfalls and climate variability.
This study evaluated the growth performance of Spanish boer goats that grazed two varieties of cowpea fodder (Mississippi Silver Crowder Peas and Mississippi Purple Peas) and Bermuda grass. Goats that grazed the cowpea fodders had similar and significantly higher daily weight gain than goats that grazed Bermuda grass alone. The cowpea fodders were higher in crude protein, fat, and minerals but lower in fiber than Bermuda grass. Results suggest that cowpea fodders can lead to better goat performance than Bermuda grass alone due to their superior nutritional profile.
Evaluating fodder quality in sorghum RIL population under contrasting water r...ICRISAT
Drought (midseason or terminal)is a regular and recurring event in arid and semi-arid land, affected by approximately 30% of the world total area and are in habited by 20% of the total world population. The reduction in crop production and yield caused by drought has direct effecton livelihood of farmers(and their families)that inturn affects the yield from livestock (draft capacity/milching).Sorghum is a dual purpose drought resilient crop cultivated in Africa and Asia.
Jatropha-based alley cropping system’s contribution to carbon sequestrationInnspub Net
The study was conducted to evaluate the total carbon stocks sequestered in a Jatropha – based alley cropping system treated with varying fertilizer applications. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The alley was planted with corn in two seasons Treatments include control (no fertilizer), organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer applied to the alley crops. Findings showed that the treatments with fertilizer applications had higher carbon stock in the jatropha hedges. The carbon content of the corn stover was also higher in organic and inorganic fertilizer-applied treatments. However, highest soil carbon content was shown in treatments applied with organic fertilizer (4.28 Ton ha-1). The inorganic fertilizer treatment had the lowest soil carbon content with a mean of 4.28 Ton ha-1. In terms of total carbon stock of the entire jatropha-based alley cropping system, there was a significant difference among treatments with organic fertilizer application having the highest mean of 7.79 Ton ha-1 while the inorganic treated plots had 6.53 Ton ha-1. The no fertilizer treatment had the least carbon stocks with 6.53 Ton ha-1. This recent study revealed that the jatropha-based alley cropping system is a potential land-use for carbon sequestration. This farming system needs to be promoted in upland areas to function not only as soil and water conservation measures but also as a possible remedy for global warming. Get the Abstract and full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/jatropha-based-alley-cropping-systems-contribution-to-carbon-sequestration/
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Teen 4-H members in Unicoi County, TN are using GPS and GIS technology to map local natural resources and increase outdoor recreation in the area. Their projects include mapping sections of the Appalachian Trail, storm drains, and recycling centers. Through these projects, over 70 youth have hiked over 8 miles while improving skills in teamwork, communication, conservation, and technology. Their maps have won awards and been presented at conferences, and have helped promote the county as an outdoor destination.
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C:\Fakepath\S Rhoades Arkansas Evaluationof Hay Waste
1. EVALUATION OF HAY WASTE BETWEEN
VARIOUS FEEDING METHODS
Gadberry, M.S.1, Rhoades,* S.R.2, Simon, K.J.3
1. Assistant Professor, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203
2. Extension Agent, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Waldron, Arkansas 72958
3. Program Associate, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Little Rock, Arkansas 72203
Abstract
The feeding of hay is a major expense to cow/calf production in Arkansas. Three
on-farm demonstrations were conducted over a 2 yr period to examine the effect of
feeding method on hay waste. At location 1, feeding hay unprotected (UNP) was
compared to processed hay (SHRED) fed in tire feeders. In yr 1, both UNP and
SHRED hay were fed within 3 herds. In yr 2, the 3 herds were grouped. At
location 2, feeding hay in a ring (RING) was compared to unrolling (UNR). Hay
Introduction was offered at approximately 29 lb dry matter per cow, daily. Bales were fed to
The costs associated with hay feeding on a cow/calf operation are significant prevent waste cross-contamination. Three bales for each feeding method were
to a producer’s bottom line. These costs are incurred from the actual examined for waste. Waste was determined by measuring the land area covered by
production of the hay, baling and handling, and losses associated with storage bale residue after feeding. After determining coverage, hay was removed from
and feeding. This project targets the losses (i.e., waste) from feeding hay by within a randomly tossed 2-ft square (avoiding areas of fecal contamination) to
various methods commonly employed by Arkansas cow/calf producers – estimate dry matter waste. In yr 1 at location 1, waste was analyzed as a
unprotected (UNP), fed in ring (RNG), unrolled (UNR) and processed (PRO). randomized complete block design. The herd block effect was not significant and
Additionally, an economic analysis is conducted to determine costs associated was removed from the model; afterwards, yr 1 was combined with yr 2 and
with three feeding systems on a 200 head cow/calf herd. analyzed for treatment, year, and treatment x year effects. Treatment was the only
significant source of variation in waste (P < 0.001). Waste for UNP and SHRED
was 49.17, 0.03, 34.98, 0.14 ± 8.3% f yr 1 and 2, respectively. At l
for d l location 2,
UNR areas tended to have more waste (P = 0.07) than RING, 23.7 versus 13.0 ±
Objective 3.1%, respectively.
The objective of this project was to compare the waste and economics of
feeding systems based on processed hay, ring fed hay, and unrolled hay.
50
Experimental Procedures
Figure 2. A random sample is being collected from an unprotected bale
Hay Loss Estimation. Hay loss was estimated from 2 cow-calf production
replication.
systems in Scott Co, Arkansas. In 2008 and 2009, a system that incorporated
processing large round bales in a vertical grinder-mixer (PRO) was compared
p g g g ( ) p
40
to unprotected (UNP) hay feeding (location 1). To estimate hay waste, bales
were weighed to determine an average fed bale weight. In the PRO system, 2 Results and Discussion
Waste (%)
bales were processed simultaneously and augered into large tire feeders. 30 Hay Loss Estimate. For location 1, feeding method was the only significant
After a 24 h feeding period, the remaining hay was removed from the tires, source of variation (P < 0.001). Waste for UNP and PRO was 42 and 0.09 ±
weighed and composited for DM determination. For the UNP system, hay 5.8%, respectively. In 2008, the hay loss for UNP was high. Initial thought
loss was determined by measuring the circumference waste area of a bale was cattle were adapted to eating processed hay from tire feeders. However,
offered over a 24 h feeding period. Within the area, a 2 ft square was 20 in 2009, cattle were given UNP for a longer period of time, yet wastes were
randomly thrown 3 times (Figure 2.) and the area within the square was still high and the full model, year by treatment interaction was insignificant (P
collected, weighed, and dried for DM determination and estimation of waste. > 0.20). At location 2, UNR areas tended to have more waste (P = 0.07) than
At experimental location 2, unrolling hay (UNR) was compared to feeding
p , g y( ) p g 10 RNG, 23.7 versus 13.0 ± 3.1%, respectively. Figure 1. summarizes these waste
hay in a round bale ring feeder (RNG). The herd was offered hay as a single estimates.
group, providing enough hay to apparently be consumed over a 24 h feeding
period. Three UNR sites and 3 RNG sites were evaluated. Hay loss from the Feeding hay in rings produced less waste than unrolling. Visually, unrolling
RNG sites was estimated similar to the UNP sites at location 1. To determine 0 appears to permit less waste. Producers that unroll hay usually prefer this
hay loss from the UNR sites, length and width measurements were taken to method not for apparent reduction in hay waste but for reduced trampling
UNP RNG UNR PRO degradation to soil cover.
determine unrolled area. Within each UNR site, a 2 ft square was randomly Figure 1. Percentage hay dry matter waste by feeding method.
thrown in 4 different areas; the forage material within the square was
Economic Analysis. An economic analysis of a PRO, UNP, and RNG system is
removed, weighed and dried for DM determination. Areas collected for DM
Table 1. Partial budget results for processed, unprotected, and ringer feeder presented in Table 1. The value of total hay required was a minimum of
determination were void of fecal contamination.
based hay feeding systems for a 200 cow herd. $21,816 in the PRO system and a maximum of $30,672 in the UNP system for
Economic Analysis. An economic analysis of 3 hay feeding systems was used
y y y g y a 200 cow herd. The hay cost was $24,408 for RNG. The difference in hay
y , y
Annual S t C t c
A l System Costs
to determine if the value of hay loss associated with each feeding system cost between PRO and UNP or RNG was $8,856 and $2,592. The value of
would be sufficient to offset increased farm supply and machinery costs. The Processed Unprotected Ring Feeder wasted hay in the UNP system appears more than sufficient to offset the
three systems included: processed hay (PRO) using large tires as feeders (1% Cost itema (PRO) (UNP) (RNG) annual ownership and operating cost of a grinder-mixer ($4,344/yr) but not the
hay waste), unprotected hay (UNP) with 42% hay waste, and a ring feeder Tractor – 58 hp,MFWD,cab,loader $11,548 $11,548 RNG based system. The greatest economic impact to these systems would be
(RNG) based system (13% hay waste). The systems were based on a 200 Tractor – 75 hp,MFWD,cab,loader $15,063 $15,063 $15,063 differences in the annual tractor ownership and operating cost. The PRO
head cow-calf operation with a daily, per cow, hay consumption of 27 lb (as- Tractor – 95 hp,MFWD,cab,loader $18,416 system was $6,868 greater than the other systems due to operating a 95 hp
fed) over a 120-d winter feeding period. Bale size was assumed 900 lbs (as- Mixer – 540 cu. ft. $4,344 compared to a 58 hp tractor. The value in hay loss does not appear sufficient
fed) and valued at $30. Hay waste was factored into meeting the daily intake. enough to offset this cost difference, even when a 42% hay waste was
Hay rings $386
considered.
Cake Feeder $214 $214
Statistical A l i
St ti ti l Analysis Feed trough - ti
F dt h tire $28
For this project, bale was considered the experimental unit. Analysis of Feed trough – plastic culvert $140 $140
variance was examined for location 1 using R (http://www.r-project.org). In Total $37,851 $26,965 $27,351 Implications
2008 at location 1, waste was analyzed as a randomized complete block Overall, the RNG system appears most economical. While the grinder-mixer
Value of total hay requiredb $21,816 $30,672 $24,408
design. The herd block effect was not significant and was removed from the system had the greatest potential to minimize hay waste, producers would have
model; afterwards, 2008 was combined with 2009 and analyzed for year, Total equipment + hay $59,667 $57,637 $51,759
aTotal annual ownership and operating cost, MFWD (modified front wheel drive).
to justify the need for the greater hp and a grinder-mixer with other on-farm
treatment, and year by treatment effects. A t-test, assuming equal variance, enterprises.
b900 lb bales valued at $30/bale fed.
was used to compare means of unrolled or ring-fed bale waste measured at
cSystems were based on 1% waste (PRO), 42% waste (UNP), and 13% waste
location 2.
(RNG).