This document provides information on bladder cancer, including its definition, types, epidemiology, anatomy, physiology, histopathology, risk factors, clinical features, diagnostic tests, treatment, complications, and common nursing diagnoses. Bladder cancer occurs when cells in the bladder grow uncontrollably and is the tenth most common cancer globally. The main types are urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposures, chronic infections, and radiation. Symptoms can include blood in the urine, pelvic or back pain, and painful or frequent urination. Diagnostic tests include scans, cystoscopy, biopsy, and urine tests. Treatments involve

1. PRESENTED BY:
DEVIKA SHAJI
ESHA NIZAR
LEKSMI B NAIR
NIKHITHA RAMESH
RAHNA V RAJ

2. DEFINITION
Bladder cancer occur when cells in the bladder
start to grow without control. The bladder is a
hollow ,balloon shaped organ in the lower part
of the abdomen that stores urine.

4. TYPES
 Urothelial carcinoma
 Adenocarcinoma
 Squamous cell carcinoma
 Small cell carcinoma

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Globally,bladder cancer is the tenth most common
cancer type in terms of absolute number of cells
with approximately 5,75000 new diagnosis in
2020,more than three quarters occurring in
men.In Indian, bladder cancer is rare malignancy
.The average age of people whom they are
diagnosed is 73.

6. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY
Urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ which
function as the reservoir for the urine received from the
kidney and to discharge it out periodically.
SHAPE:The empty bladder resembles a four sided
pyramid.It has 4 angles, apex,neck,2lateral angles.
POSITION:When empty situated within the true
pelvis.

7. PHYSIOLOGY
The bladder has two main functions which are the storage
and emptying of urine.The bladder maintains continence,
by delaying and controlling urination.

8. HISTOPATHOLOGY
• SITE: Most urothelial tumor arise from the
lateral or posterior wall of the bladder base.

9. RISK FACTORS
• Cigarette smoking
• Exposure to dye used in the rubber and other
industries.
• Chronic renal calculi
• Chronic lower UTI
• Analgesics
• Radiation

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

11. CLINICAL FEATURES
• Hematuria
• Pelvic pain
• Back pain
• Change in urinary habit
• Frequent UTI
• Painful urination
• Burning sensation during urinating

12. DIAGNOSTIC TEST
• CT Scan
• Ultrasound
• MRI Scan
• Cytoscopy
• Biopsy
• X-Ray
• Intravenous pyelogram

13. TREATMENT
• Biological therapy
• Surgical management
• Chemotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Gene therapy
• Radiation therapy
• Surgery-TURBT

14. COMPLICATIONS
• EARLY: Infection
Bleeding
Bladder perforation
• LATE: Urethral stenosis
Eletrolyte abnormalities
Cystitis
Constipation

15. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Acute pain related to justative voiding symptoms and catheter related
discomfort.
• Impaired urinary elimination related to hematuria and transurethral
surgery.
• Anxiety related to disease condition.
• Deficient knowledge related to progress of disease and future treatment.