Cervical cancer1

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This document discusses cervical cancer, including its definition, pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, examinations, treatments, patient education, nursing diagnoses, and wellness both before and after cancer. Cervical cancer is a malignant growth located on the cervix that progresses from premalignant lesions over 10-12 years. Risk factors include early sexual activity, multiple partners, smoking, poor nutrition, and certain infections. Signs may include bleeding, discharge, pain and abnormal periods. Examinations include Pap smears, colposcopy, LEEP, cryosurgery and laser therapy to diagnose and stage the cancer. Treatment depends on cancer stage, size, patient age and fertility desires, and may include surgery

Education

Cervical Cancer
Christina Jordan, Sarah Stobel, and Jaclyn Stratman

Definition of Problem
Cervical cancer is a malignant
neoplasm (abnormal growth)
located on the cervix.

Pathophysiology
 Cervical cancer is a progressive disease.
 Premalignant lesions usually occur 10-12
years before the development of invasive
carcinoma.

Risk Factors
 Intercourse before 16 years of age, or multiple
sex partners
 Smoking
 Poor nutrition (suppression of immune system)
 HIV positive women
 Co-infections with HPV and Chlamydia
trachomatis

Signs and Symptoms
 Vaginal bleeding
 Vaginal discharge
 Abnormal menses
 Postmenopausal bleeding
 Serosanguineous or yellowish discharge

Signs and Symptoms
 New or foul odor may be present
 Sever bleeding can lead to anemia
 Pelvic or epigastric pain
 Pelvic or back pain

Pap Smear
 Instruments
 Procedure
 Results

Colposcopy
 Instruments
 Procedure
 Results

Loop Electrosurgical Excision
Procedure (LEEP)
 Instruments
 Procedure

Cryosurgery
 Instruments
 Procedure
 Information

Laser Therapy
 Instruments
 Procedure
 Information

Treatment
Treatment Options Depend on the Following:
 The stage of the
cancer
 The size of the
tumor
 The patient’s desire
to have children
 The patient’s age.

Treatment
 Surgery?
 Radiation
 Tomo Therapy HI-ART
 Chemotherapy
 Complimentary/Alternative- clinical trials
 http://youtu.be/4NXcrhtTCMg

Patient Education
 Prevention/Early
Detection Education
 Treatments and
Associated risks
 Resources

Nursing Diagnosis
 Deficient Knowledge r/t lack of information
about preoperative routines, postoperative
activities, and expected postoperative
changes, fear of procedure
 Acute pain r/t cervical procedure and cramping

References
 http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/cervical-
cancer-treatment.cfm
 http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-
cancer/tomotherapy.cfm
 http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/cervical/pati
ent/#Keypoint6
 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/cervical/P
atient/page4
 http://youtu.be/4NXcrhtTCMg

The document discusses cervical cancer, including the cervix and its functions, risk factors and causes of cervical cancer like HPV infection and smoking, symptoms like abnormal bleeding, detection methods like Pap tests and biopsies, staging to determine how far the cancer has spread, and treatment options like surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. HPV infection is the main cause of cervical cancer, while lack of Pap tests, smoking, and a weakened immune system can increase risk. Early cancers often don't cause symptoms but abnormal bleeding is common if cancer develops. Detection relies on Pap and HPV tests with biopsies used to diagnose cancer. Treatment depends on cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination.

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This document discusses cervical cancer, including that it begins in the cervix and cells change from normal to pre-cancerous to cancerous. It causes about 3,900 deaths per year in the US, though the death rate has declined significantly in recent decades. Risk factors include HPV infection and smoking. Prevention includes avoiding risk factors and regular Pap tests. Diagnosis involves Pap tests, colposcopy, biopsies and staging. Treatment depends on stage and may include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.

CERVICAL CANCER

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Nearly 70,000 new cancer cases were diagnosed in Peninsular Malaysia between 2003-2005 according to a 2008 report. Cervical cancer accounted for 11.9% of these 70,000 cases. Cervical cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth on the cervix which can spread if left untreated. Pap smear tests are effective at detecting pre-cancerous cervical cell changes, allowing for early treatment before cancer develops.

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Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix, which is the entrance to the uterus. It occurs most commonly in women over 30. HPV infection is the main cause, with smoking and having multiple sexual partners also increasing risk. Symptoms may include abnormal bleeding or discharge. Screening via Pap tests and HPV tests is important for early detection before symptoms appear, as treatment is most successful then.

cervical cancer ,,, 4 college students..

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Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. There are two main types of cervical cancer - squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Cervical cancer is staged based on tumor size and spread. Early stage cancers are localized to the cervix but later stages mean the cancer has spread to nearby organs or distant sites. Screening with Pap tests can detect precancerous lesions early when treatment is most effective. Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, smoking, family history, and HPV infection.

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1) Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer in the US and second most common in countries without screening programs. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main risk factor. 2) Screening guidelines recommend Pap smears begin at age 21, regardless of sexual history. Screening can stop at age 65 for women with prior normal smears. 3) Women who receive the HPV vaccine should still be screened according to standard guidelines, as vaccination does not eliminate all cancer risk.

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This document provides information about cervical cancer including: - It is caused by persistent HPV infection and is the most common cancer in women where Pap tests are unavailable. - Risk factors include multiple sexual partners, young age of first intercourse, and smoking. - Screening through regular Pap tests can prevent most cervical cancers by detecting pre-cancerous changes early. - If abnormal cells are detected, a colposcopy and biopsy may be performed for diagnosis. - Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on the stage of cancer. - Getting vaccinated against HPV and practicing safe sex can help prevent cervical cancer.

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Cervical cancer is the most common cancer affecting women in India and is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners, young age of first sexual activity, and weakened immunity. Symptoms may include abnormal bleeding or discharge, but often do not appear until later stages. Diagnosis involves tests like Pap smear, biopsy, and colposcopy. Early detection through regular Pap tests can find precancerous cells before they develop into cancer. Treatment options depend on the stage, and may include LEEP, cryosurgery, hysterectomy, or simply removing the affected area. An HPV vaccine provides protection if received before first sexual activity.

What is cancer of cervix and how it occurs? Cancer of the cervix, also the mouth of uterus or the lower most part of womb (where baby grows), Is easily accessible for examination by the gynecologist per vaginal examination. Cancer of cervix is probably caused by high risk strains of the human papilloma-virus (16,18,31,45 etc), a common sexually transmitted infection. In more than 90 percent of the infections, HPV clears up on its own, but in 10 percent of cases either cancer or genital warts develops. Multiple sex partners increases risk of HPV infection and the more partners the current partner has had, the higher is the risk that he will transmit HPV. Sexual and reproductive factors, socio-economic factors (education and income), viruses e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other factors like smoking, diet, oral contraceptives are other important high risk cofactors in cervical carcinogenesis. Early age of marriage and early child bearing are contributing factor in our country. The HPV virus causes cervix cancer was established by the research work of Nobel laureate Professor Herald Har Hassen, and this led to development of a vaccine for it . The HPV vaccine can prevent 70 percent of cancer cervix and current guildlines recommend immunization all girls is adolescent age groups i.e. before sexual exposure with 3 doses of HPV vaccine. During cancer development, the HPV viral particles get integrated with DNA of human nucleus resulting in mutation and rapid cancerous proliferation. This process cervical takes a few decades, for precancerous or cancerous changes to occur in cells. What are the aims of cervical cancer screening and the available methods for it? Screening aims are to detect cancer cervix the precancerous or early stages , when it is treatable. The Pap smear is the most widely available and effective method for this. Efforts are going on to develop an alternative cost effective method to suite low resource setting, to cater the vast population of developing poor countries. For this VILI /VIA/Low cost HPV DNA testing are being investigated in various research trials. What is Pap smear? For a PAP smear of vaginal secretions and spreading on slide which is then ….. in the pathology laboratory and examined under the microscope by a trained pathologist to detect precancerous changes in the cells. It is well recognized , that widespread use of Pap smear can reduce cancer rate by more than 50 percent sd precancerous lesions are picked up and treated . For Patient Related Queries, for Cervical Cancer Treatment call at 91-11-43066353

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Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005). Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early. http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/

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- Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). Other risk factors include early marriage, young age of first pregnancy, and multiple sexual partners. - Screening through regular Pap tests can detect cervical cancer early when it is most treatable. The WHO recommends Pap tests every 3 years for women ages 20-65. - Prevention efforts include the HPV vaccine, safe sex practices, and screening. Education is needed to address fear, ignorance and embarrassment surrounding cervical cancer screening.

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Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is transmitted sexually and infects the cells of the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer over many years if the infection is not cleared by the immune system. Screening for cervical cancer using the Pap test aims to detect cellular changes in the cervix before cancer develops. Diagnosis involves tests to detect HPV infection and examine cervical tissue for cancerous or precancerous cells. Prevention strategies include the HPV vaccine to protect against infection from high-risk HPV strains and regular Pap screening to detect cellular changes early.

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This document discusses prevention of breast and cervical cancer in women. It covers leading causes of death for women, risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and preventive measures. The key points are: 1) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top three leading causes of death for women. Cancer screening and treatments have improved survival rates to 66% for people diagnosed between 1966-2002. 2) Risk factors for cancer include age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, and genetic conditions. Screening methods include self-exams, clinical exams, mammography, and HPV testing to detect cancers early. 3) Preventive measures include vaccinations, safe sexual practices, smoking cessation, healthy

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This document discusses cancer screening guidelines for women. It outlines the evidence and recommendations for screening of breast, cervical, colorectal, ovarian and lung cancers. Screening aims to detect cancers early through routine testing of asymptomatic individuals. For breast cancer, annual mammograms are recommended starting at age 40. Cervical cancer screening involves Pap tests every 3 years from age 21. Colorectal cancer screening includes annual fecal occult blood tests and sigmoidoscopy every 5 years for those over age 50. While screening shows promise, limitations remain for ovarian and lung cancers. Guidelines aim to reduce cancer burdens through evidence-based screening strategies.

1screening final final

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This document discusses cancer screening guidelines for women. It outlines the evidence and recommendations for screening of breast, cervical, colorectal, ovarian and lung cancers. Screening aims to detect cancers early through systematic testing of asymptomatic individuals. For breast cancer, annual mammograms are recommended starting at age 40. Cervical cancer screening involves Pap tests every 3 years from age 21. Colorectal cancer screening includes annual fecal occult blood tests and sigmoidoscopy every 5 years for those over age 50. While screening shows promise, limitations remain for ovarian and lung cancers. Guidelines aim to reduce cancer burdens through evidence-based screening strategies.

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The document discusses cervical cancer screening alternatives for developing world contexts. It reviews cervical cancer incidence, risk factors, and the limitations of Pap screening in low-resource areas. The document proposes visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) as a screening alternative that has shown favorable results compared to cytology in other studies. It describes how to perform VIA screening and the next steps needed to develop a cervical cancer screening program in Santa Lucia, Honduras.

Genesilencing in Breast Cancer

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This document summarizes information about breast cancer, including: 1. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, anatomy, pathology, stages, diagnosis, treatment and screening of breast cancer. 2. Key points include that breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lifestyle factors and genetics. 3. Diagnosis involves physical exams, mammograms, biopsies and tests for biomarkers. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormone therapy. Early detection through screening and awareness of risk factors can improve outcomes.

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This document summarizes information about breast cancer, including: 1. It discusses the classification, epidemiology, symptoms, risk factors, anatomy, pathology, stages, diagnosis, treatment and screening of breast cancer. 2. Key points include that breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast, and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lifestyle factors and genetics. 3. Diagnosis involves physical exams, mammograms, biopsies and tests for hormone receptors. Treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, radiation and hormone therapy. Early detection through screening and awareness of risk factors can improve outcomes.

Colorectal cancer: A brief review

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This document provides a brief review of colorectal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, screening, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that globally, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and second in females. Screening is recommended for average risk individuals beginning at age 50. Treatment typically involves surgical resection as the only curative option, and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy depending on the stage of cancer.

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1. Cervical Cancer Christina Jordan, Sarah Stobel, and Jaclyn Stratman

2. Definition of Problem Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm (abnormal growth) located on the cervix.

3. Pathophysiology  Cervical cancer is a progressive disease.  Premalignant lesions usually occur 10-12 years before the development of invasive carcinoma.

4. Risk Factors  Intercourse before 16 years of age, or multiple sex partners  Smoking  Poor nutrition (suppression of immune system)  HIV positive women  Co-infections with HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis

5. Signs and Symptoms  Vaginal bleeding  Vaginal discharge  Abnormal menses  Postmenopausal bleeding  Serosanguineous or yellowish discharge

6. Signs and Symptoms  New or foul odor may be present  Sever bleeding can lead to anemia  Pelvic or epigastric pain  Pelvic or back pain

7. Examinations

8. Pap Smear  Instruments  Procedure  Results

9. Colposcopy  Instruments  Procedure  Results

10. Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)  Instruments  Procedure

11. Cryosurgery  Instruments  Procedure  Information

12. Laser Therapy  Instruments  Procedure  Information

13. Treatment Treatment Options Depend on the Following:  The stage of the cancer  The size of the tumor  The patient’s desire to have children  The patient’s age.

14. Treatment  Surgery?  Radiation  Tomo Therapy HI-ART  Chemotherapy  Complimentary/Alternative- clinical trials  http://youtu.be/4NXcrhtTCMg

15. Patient Education  Prevention/Early Detection Education  Treatments and Associated risks  Resources

16. Nursing Diagnosis  Deficient Knowledge r/t lack of information about preoperative routines, postoperative activities, and expected postoperative changes, fear of procedure  Acute pain r/t cervical procedure and cramping

17. Wellness  Pre Cancer  Post Cancer

18. References  http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/cervical- cancer-treatment.cfm  http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical- cancer/tomotherapy.cfm  http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/cervical/pati ent/#Keypoint6  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/cervical/P atient/page4  http://youtu.be/4NXcrhtTCMg

Editor's Notes

Invasive cancer of the cervix accounts for approximately 16% of all gynecological cancers and 2% of all cancers of women in the US
It moves from normal cervical cancer to dysplasia to invasive cancer.
Pap SmearColposcopyEndocervical Curettage (ECC)ConizationCryosurgeryLoop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)Laser Therapy
Instruments:Vaginal specula of various sizes, sterile gloves, water soluble lubricant, materials for pap smear or ThinPrep Pap Test and cultures, good light sourceProcedure: Speculum is inserted into vagina to allow visualization of cervix and vaginal walls. The cervix is then “scraped” for collection of cells and put into a solution. The sample is then sent to the lab for testing.Results: A normal Pap smear means the cells looked normal, a abnormal Pap smear means the cells looked abnormal. The 2001 Bethesda System identifies premalignant squamous cell lesions as: Atypical Squamous Cells (ASC), Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Instruments: : Vaginal speculum, sterile gloves, water-soluble lubricant, magnifying instrument called a colposcope, iodine soultion solution or acetic acid solution, small sharp-edged tool called a curette, tools used for a bioposy, cultures, (Monsel's) liquid or silver nitrate swab Procedure: A speculum is inserted into the vagina so the cervix and vaginal walls are better exposed. Iodine or acetic acid solution are swabbed on the cervix. This makes the abnormal cells stand out. The examiner then looks into the vagina with the colposcope. If abnormal cells are present they are bioposied and sent to the lab for testing. Monsel’s liquid or silver nitrate are used if bleeding occurs. An ECC may also be preformed.Results: Normal: The vinegar or iodine does not show any areas of abnormal tissue. The vagina and cervix look normal. A biopsy sample does not show any abnormal cells. Abnormal: The vinegar or iodine shows areas of abnormal tissue. Sores or other problems, such as genital warts or an infection, are found in or around the vagina or cervix. A biopsy sample shows abnormal cells. This may mean cervical cancer is present or likely to develop
Instrument: speculum, sterile gloves, acetic acid solution or iodine solution, anesthetic, colposcope, electrically charged wire loop ,(Monsel’s) liquid or silver nitrate swab.Procedure:Speculum inserted into vagina. The vaginal walls and cervix are swabbed with acetic acid or iodine solution. The colpscope is then placed outside the vagina. The loop is used to cut away a thin layer of surface tissue where the abnormal cells are located. Then a swab of Monsel’s liquid or silver nitrate is used to stop the bleeding.
Instruments: same as colposcopy, nitrous oxide.Procedure: Speculum inserted into vagina. Nitrous oxide applied directly onto cancerous cells. Information: A double freezing method which causes necrosis of the tissue. This procedure should be preformed about a week after a menstrual period.
Instruments:same as colposcopy, carbon dioxide laser (endoscope).Procedure:Speculum inserted into vagina. The flexible endoscope is then inserted and directed at the lesion which is visible by using the colposcope. The laser is turned on and “boils” the tissue.Information:May take up to 12 weeks to heal.
The stage of the cancer The size of the tumor The patient’s desire to have children The patient’s age.From http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment
Surgery: Conization Total hysterectomy Bilateral Salpingo-oopherectomy Radical hysterectomy Cyro surgery/therapy Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) Other: Radiation: high energy x-rays to kill or stop cell growthExternal Radiation- machine outside of body Internal Radiation- radioactive substances sealed in needles, seeds, wires, catheters in or near tumorsTomoTherapy HI-ART http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/tomotherapy.cfm-TomoTherapy® combines an advanced form of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), with the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) scanning technology, all in one machine.Chemotherapy: uses drugs to stop growth of tumor by killing or stopping cell division Systemic- orally, intra-arterially Regional- body cavity, organ, spinal columnComplementary/Alternative: Nutritional Therapy Naturopathic MedicineNutrition, Botanic, Oriental, and Physical Medicine Mind-Body Physical Therapy Spiritual Support Image Enhancement
Prevention/Early Detection Education HPV vaccine ?, identify pt. risk factors Encourage regular pap examsSigns and SymptomsTreatments and Associated risksSide effects-what to expect Complimentary treatments availableResources Support groups Reliable sources of information
Wellness diagnosispre cancerHealth seeking behaviors r/t client participating in regular pelvic exams, aware of risk factors.Post cancerHealth seeking behaviors r/t pt. active participant in treatment decisionsReadiness for enhanced coping r/t pt. acceptance of cancer, seeks social supportReadiness for enhanced knowledge r/t pt. actively asks questions regarding her cancer and treatment options
http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-treatment.cfm http://www.cancercenter.com/cervical-cancer/tomotherapy.cfmhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/treatment/cervical/patient/#Keypoint6http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/cervical/Patient/page4

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