Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is transmitted sexually and infects the cells of the cervix, which can lead to cervical cancer over many years if the infection is not cleared by the immune system. Screening for cervical cancer using the Pap test aims to detect cellular changes in the cervix before cancer develops. Diagnosis involves tests to detect HPV infection and examine cervical tissue for cancerous or precancerous cells. Prevention strategies include the HPV vaccine to protect against infection from high-risk HPV strains and regular Pap screening to detect cellular changes early.

1. A REVIEW
ON
CERVICAL
CANCER

2. About This Presentation
 In this presentation, you will learn about old
and new methods of cervical cancer screening .
 We hope that this presentation will help
women to take an active part in their health.
 It does not replace a doctor’s diagnosis or treatment.

3. GETTING STARTED WITH 3rd MOST
COMMON CANCER AMONG WOMAN
 Cervical cancer is a terrible disease that kills 280,000 women's
year worldwide, mostly in less developed countries in Africa Asia
& Latin America.
 Which van lead of cervical cancer over time. The HVP vaccine is
based on virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs, like real human
papillomaviruses,have the same outer protein coat .unlike real
human papillomaviruses VLPs Carry no genetic material inside .
The VLP based vaccine prevents.HPV infection from triggering
cervical cancer by inducing a strong protective immune response.
 Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common Sexually
Transmitted virus in the united states .At least 70% of sexually
active persons will be infected with genital HPV at some time in
their lives .HPV infects both men & women.

4. INFECTION IS
SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
 Any who has ever had genital
contact with another person
infected with HPV can get the
infection & can pass in to
another person. Since the virus
can be silent for many years, a
person can have genital HPV
even if years have passed since
he or she had sex.
 High-risk HPV on the other
hand may trigger an infection
that leads to cervical cancer.
The majority of infections with
high-risk .HPVs clear up on
their own .same infections
persist without causing any
additional abnormal cell
changes.however,a few
infections causes by high-risk
HPV end up triggering cervical
cancer over many years.

5. The Cervix
 The cervix is part of a woman’s
reproductive system. It’s in the pelvis.
The cervix is the lower, narrow part of
the uterus (womb).
 The cervix is a passageway:
 The cervix connects the uterus to the
vagina. During a menstrual period,
blood flows from the uterus through
the cervix into the vagina. The vagina
leads to the outside of the body.
 The cervix makes mucus. During sex,
mucus helps sperm move from the
vagina through the cervix into the
uterus.
 During pregnancy, the cervix is tightly
closed to help keep the baby inside the
uterus. During childbirth, the cervix
opens to allow the baby to pass
through the vagina.

6. Cancer Cells
 Cancer begins in cells, the
building blocks that make up
tissues. Tissues make up the
cervix and other organs of the
body. New cells form when the
body does not need them, and old
or damaged cells do not die as
they should. The buildup of extra
cells often forms a mass of tissue
called a growth or tumor.
 Growths on the cervix can be
benign (not cancer) or malignant
(cancer):
 Benign growths (polyps, cysts, or
genital warts): are not harmful
don’t invade the tissues around
them
 Malignant growths (cervical
cancer): may sometimes be a
threat to life
can invade nearby tissues and
organs can spread to other parts
of the body.

7.  Cervical cancer begins
in cells on the surface
of the cervix. Over
time, the cervical
cancer can invade
more deeply into the
cervix and nearby
tissues.
 Cervical cancer cells
can spread by
breaking away from
the cervical tumor.
They can travel
through lymph vessels
to nearby lymph
nodes. Also, cancer
cells can spread
through the blood
vessels to the lungs,
liver, or bones.

8. VIRUS PENETRATES
CERVIX
 Both harmless & cancer linked
human papillomaviruses pass by
skin-to-skin contact. The high-risk
type of HPV need to penetrate
deeply in to the lining of the cervix
to establish a chronic infection. A
vaginal sore or sex. Which can
abrade the lining , may provide a
point of entry for the
pepillomaviruses.
 Once inside the cervical lining, the
virus attaches to epithelial cells.
As these cells take in nutrients
and other molecules that are
normally present in their
environment , they also take in the
virus. Over 99 percent of cervical
cancer cases are linked to long-
term infections with high-risk
human papillomaviruses.

9. VIRUS UNCOATS
 The HPV sits inside the
epithelial cells housed in a
protective shell made of a
viral protein called L1. After
the virus enter the cell the
virus coat is degraded,
leading to the released of the
virus genetic material in to
the cell & its nucleus. From
the nucleus, the genes of the
virus are expressed,
including two genes called
E6 and E7, which instruct
the cell to build viral
proteins called E6 and E7.

10. VIRUS DISABLES
SUPPRESSORS
 Viral proteins E6 and E7. then
disable the normal activities of
the women's own suppressor
proteins that do “Damage
surveillance” in normal cells.
These proteins usually stop cell
growth when a serious level of
unrepaired genetic damage
exits. Even after suppressors
are disabled in women's
cervical cancer cells, it usually
take more then 10 year before
the affected tissue becomes
cancerous

11. VIRUS-LIKE
PARTICALS
(VLPs)
 The VLPs in the HPVs
vaccine, like the real
human papillomaviruses
have the same outer L1
protein coat, but they
have no genetic material
inside. This structure
enables the vaccine to
induce a strong protective
immune response.
 L1 proteins shell & hence
after creating in action
for release of genetic
material in ending E6
and E7.

12. Risk Factors
 A risk factor is something that
may increase the chance of
developing a disease.
 Studies have found that
infection with the virus called
HPV is the cause of almost all
cervical cancers. Most adults
have been infected with HPV
at some time in their lives, but
most infections clear up on
their own. An HPV infection
that doesn’t go away can cause
cervical cancer in some
women.

13. Symptoms
 Early cervical cancers usually don’t
cause symptoms. When the cancer
grows larger, women may notice
abnormal vaginal bleeding:
 Bleeding that occurs between
regular menstrual periods
 Bleeding after sexual intercourse,
douching, or a pelvic exam
 Menstrual periods that last longer
and are heavier than before
 Bleeding after going through
menopause
 Women may also notice…
 Increased vaginal discharge
 Pelvic pain
 Pain during sex….
Cervical cancer, infections, or
other health problems may cause
these symptoms. A woman with any
of these symptoms should tell her
doctor so that problems can be
diagnosed and treated as early as
possible.

14. TYPES: ORIGIN OF
CANCER
 Cervical cancer types
 Squamous
 Cancer of flat epithelial
cell
-80 % to 90 %
 Adenocarcinomas
 Cancer arising from
glandular
epithelium
-10% to 20%
 Mixed
 Futures both types.

15. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
TREATMENT
 There are over 100 types of human papilloma virus (HPVs) that
infect humans of these ,more then 40 types infect the genitals
and the anus( anogenitaltract ) between men and women and
cause genital warts known as condylomata acuminate or
genital warts. A subset of HPV that infect the anogenital tract
may lead to changes in the precancerous cervical and uterine
cancer, cervical cancer.
 As of June 8TH 2006 a vaccine for the human papilloma virus
has been developed. It can protect a person form the initial
infection of the HPV type 16 to 18. The vaccine also give
immunity for 90% of genital warts. These vaccine however have
no effect what so ever to patients who are already infected with
the human papilloma virus.

16. HUMAN
PAPILLOMA VIRUS
PREVENTION.
 Other preventive measure in
acquiring HPV is through the
practice of safe sex specifically
with the use of condom. For
women it is best to avoid
cigarette or tobacco are
carcinogens on the risk of a
women to develop cervical
cancer especially when the
human papilloma virus is
present.
 The human papilloma virus
vaccine prevents infection with
certain species of human
papilloma virus associated with
the development of cervical
cancer, genital warts and some
less common cancer.

17. THE VACCINATION:
 The vaccination protects a person
from future infection by the HPV
high-risk types that can lead to
cancer. It is not a vaccine against
cancer it self but it stops. A
person receives a series of three
shots over a 6- month period ,
second shot within one month
duration from receiving first dose
of HPVs.
 Health professionals inject these
virus –like particles in to muscle
tissue. Once inside, these particles
trigger a strong immune response
so the vaccinated persons body
make and stockpiles antibodies
that can recognize and attack the
L1 protein on the surface of HPV
viruses.

18. DIAGNOSIS :
 The diagnosis of cervical
cancer is not easy before it
reaches an advanced stage as
there are no definite signs of
the condition. Also, signs such
as vaginal bleeding,
unexplained change in
menstrual cycle, abnormal
vaginal discharge and
discomfort during intercourse
are often confused with other
conditions.
It has been found that half
cases of cervical cancer are
diagnosed when the cancer is
confined to the cervix, and
about 35 percent are diagnosed
after the cancer has spread to
the adjacent areas or the
lymph nodes. Then about 10
percent of the cases are
diagnosed when this cancer
has spread to distant regions.

19. THE PAP TEST :
 Papanicolaou (Pap) Smear is a
test used to detect cancerous cells
in the cervix early. It also helps
detect pre-cancerous conditions.
The test is usually conducted
during a pelvic exam. During a
Pap smear, a cell sample from the
cervix is taken with a small
wooden spatula or brush and
examined under the microscope.
If the results are normal, no
further evaluation is
recommended
 Papanicolaou smear or Pap
smear is a screening test for
cervical cancer. It is used to detect
cancerous cells in the cervix early,
as well as to detect abnormal cells
in the cervix before they become
cancerous. The cervix is the lower
part of the womb, situated above
the vagina. It is a painless test for
most women done in a doctor’s
clinic during a pelvic exam.

20.  Lab Tests:
The doctor or nurse scrapes a
sample of cells from the cervix. For
a Pap test, the lab checks the
sample for cervical cancer cells or
abnormal cells that could become
cancer later if not treated. For an
HPV test, the same sample is tested
for HPV infection. HPV can cause
cell changes and cervical cancer.
 Cervical Exam:
The doctor uses a colposcope to
look at the cervix. The colposcope
combines a bright light with a
magnifying lens to make tissue
easier to see. This exam is usually
done in the doctor’s office or clinic.
 Tissue Sample:
The removal of tissue to look for
cancer cells is a biopsy. Most
women have cervical tissue removed
in the doctor’s office, and usually
only local anesthesia is needed.

21. NUTRITION :
Cancer treatments may
make you tired or
uninterested in food. But
it's important to take in
enough calories to
maintain a healthy
weight. Check with a
dietitian for tips on eating
well during cancer
treatment. Staying active
is also important. Gentle
exercise can increase your
energy while reducing
nausea and stress. Check
with your doctor to find
out which activities are
appropriate for you.
Vitamin A is Associated
with lower risk as is
Vitamin B12, Vitamin C,
Vitamin E and Beta-
Caroten.

24. CLOSURE
THE ONLY THING THAT CAN BEAT CERVICAL
CANCER ESEALY IS IMMUNISATION AGAINST IT.
NO DELAY AND NO HESITATION.
COME FORWORD FOR IMMUNISATION.

25. THANK YOU ALL!