Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005).
Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Cervical cancer global burden and where do we stand todayNiranjan Chavan
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide but most common cause of cancer related death in India.
All over the world, including India, there is decreasing trend of cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer is the 2nd most common cancer among South African women & the leading cancer among black South African women - 1 in 39 women in South Africa will be diagnosed with Cervical Cancer (NCR 2005).
Having regular Pap smears can detect abnormal cells in the cervix (mouth of the womb), that could develop into Cervical Cancer. We encourage all women to go for Pap smears at least every 3 years, from the age of 25, to detect abnormal cells early.
http://www.cansa.org.za/womens-health/
Cervical cancer global burden and where do we stand todayNiranjan Chavan
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide but most common cause of cancer related death in India.
All over the world, including India, there is decreasing trend of cervical cancer.
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in gynecology to detect premalignant and malignant (cancerous) processes in the ectocervix. http://docturs.com/dd/pg/groups/2392/cervical-smear-test-pap-test/
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Basics To Ca Cx Screening (Eastern Biotech)Pankaj Sohaney
Detecting HPV means better understanding of the risk of cervical cancer was the major focus of Dr. Dinesh Gupta. He spoke on “Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Precancer Lesions” and informed why the combination screening is vital for prevention and detection of cervical cancer. According to Dr. Gupta, combined screening with liquid based cytology and hybrid capture2 HPV DNA test would identify who’s at risk for high-grade disease and cancer and reduce missed disease caused by false-negative Pap Smear. HPV DNA test is the only FDA approved test to detect 13 high risk HPVs associated with virtually all cervical cancer, he added.
The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used in gynecology to detect premalignant and malignant (cancerous) processes in the ectocervix. http://docturs.com/dd/pg/groups/2392/cervical-smear-test-pap-test/
Management of the Infertile Couple in a Primary Care Setting. Part IMilie Nwoye
This is intended for primary care physicians. It is a 2 part presentation that begins with gynecologic cancer screening and ends with the evaluation and management of the infertile couple
March 2019 - Polyps and Prevention: The Importance of Screening for Colorecta...Fight Colorectal Cancer
Did you know that colon polyps can lead to cancer? Did you know that colorectal cancer can be prevented through regular screening? It is important to stay up to date on CRC screening and guidelines, and it is also important to know about polyps and the role that they play in the development of colorectal cancer.
Cervical cancer by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s.alka mukherjee
Cervical cancer develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the uterus from the vagina).
Almost all cervical cancer cases (99%) are linked to infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), an extremely common virus transmitted through sexual contact.
Although most infections with HPV resolve spontaneously and cause no symptoms, persistent infection can cause cervical cancer in women.
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women. In 2018, an estimated 570 000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer worldwide and about 311 000 women died from the disease.
Effective primary (HPV vaccination) and secondary prevention approaches (screening for, and treating precancerous lesions) will prevent most cervical cancer cases.
When diagnosed, cervical cancer is one of the most successfully treatable forms of cancer, as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. Cancers diagnosed in late stages can also be controlled with appropriate treatment and palliative care.
With a comprehensive approach to prevent, screen and treat, cervical cancer can be eliminated as a public health problem within a generation.
Similar to Demystifying Gynecologic Cancer Screenings (20)
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. Gynecologic Cancer Screening Recommendations
Cervical Cancer
• Pap Tests
• What is co-testing?
• Review of new guidelines
• HPV Vaccination
Ovarian Cancer Screening
• Current recommendations
• Future directions
Annual Pelvic Exam
3. Cervical Cancer in the US
12,990 cases expected in the US in 2016
4,120 expected deaths
#21 of most common cancers, 3rd most common gyn cancer
Becoming less common with improved survival
5. Cervical Cancer Screening: The Pap Test
Papanicolaou “Pap” Test
• Dr. Papanicolaou (1883-1962): pioneer in cervical cytopathology
• Discovered the ability to see cervical cancer cells under a microscope
• Introduced in 1928 but met with skepticism until the 1940s
– Adopted in 1950s, by 1980s decreased cancer by 70%
Cervical cancer screening began with adoption of the Pap test
Significant decrease in rates of cervical cancer and death
• Cells are obtained from the external surface of the cervix (ectocervix)
and the cervical canal (endocervix) to evaluate the transformation zone
(squamocolumnar junction), the area at greatest risk for abnormal cells
(neoplasia or dysplasia)
6. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer
One of THE MOST COMMON STDs
75-80% of all people will be infected with HPV at some point
Among those ages 15-49, only one in four Americans has not had a
genital HPV infection.
Major cause of cervical dysplasia (abnormal cells on the cervix) and
cervical cancer is infection with High Risk HPV (HRHPV)
40 types of HPV cause disease (150 types total)
• Some cause warts: HPV 6, 11, 42, 44
• Some cause cervical dysplasia/cancer: 16, 18, 31, 45
– 15 “high risk” types
• Other cancers of the penis, anus, vulva, vagina, mouth or throat
• Common, flat, and plantar warts (different strains)
Virus inserts into DNA of host cells
Latency of months to years
7. Types of Pap Tests
Conventional pap smear
• Cells placed on a microscope slide
Liquid-based thin-prep cytology
• Cells swirled into liquid
• Can use the same specimen for HPV testing
Myths of Pap Tests:
• “I can’t get a pap test since I’m on my period”
• “I don’t need a pap test if I’m in a same-sex relationship”
• “An abnormal pap test means someone has cheated”
• “I don’t need a pap test because I have not been sexually active
recently”
• “I don’t need a pap smear anymore since I’m in menopause”
• “I need a pap smear every year” ***
• “I still need a pap smear after my total hysterectomy”
8. What is “Co-Testing”???
Testing for “High Risk” HPV types + Pap test
HPV testing used as a “co-test” with a pap smear or “reflex”
testing after an abnormal pap (i.e. ASCUS)
2 types of available HPV tests
• +/- for HR HPV subtypes
– Doesn’t report which type, “negative” if no cells
• HPV genotyping to report +/- HPV 16/18 or + for other HR types
HPV testing (alone or with pap) better able to detect
abnormalities and decreases rate of cancer development
0.16% risk of high-grade dysplasia/cancer in 5 years if co-test
negative
Primary HPV testing alone as “promising” screening?
• 2014, the U.S. FDA approved the Cobas® HPV Test
• Age >25: can be an option, used every 3 years
• But unclear if best option
10. New Recommendations for Screening
Is there any harm in more testing???
• YES: abnormalities may clear without intervention, leads to
unnecessary treatment that has risks
Begin NO EARLIER than age 21
• Regardless of age of initiation of sexual activity
• Risk of cancer <1/1 million
• Rates of low grade abnormalities higher but 95% clear
Women <30: Pap test alone every 3 years
• More likely to have transient HPV infections
• Randomized trials 100,000 women: 27% more unnecessary procedures
Women >30:
• Pap test alone every 3 years
• Co-testing (Pap + HPV) every 5 years (if both negative) *Preferred
– No significant change in cancer, 2-3x risk of procedure vs annual
– Rate of detection of high-grade abnormality similar to annual
• Co-testing may detect abnormalities earlier than pap alone, but does
increase rates of follow-up testing
11. When should I stop screening?
In women >65yo with adequate prior screening, may discontinue
• American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG)
?Can continue if good life expectancy or risk factors
• Smoker, new partners, prior abnormal pap or HPV disease
• US Preventive Services Task Force (USPTF): up to age 70-75
– No data to support a specific stopping age, >15% of cases >65
Older women who have never been screened before may have
the MOST benefit (75% possible decrease in risk of death)
Not applicable if diseases affecting the immune system
• Should have ANNUAL screening
If you have a “total” hysterectomy and no history of dysplasia
• If history of high-grade dysplasia: vaginal pap smear for 20 years
Daughters of women who took DES in pregnancy can have
yearly screening but unclear how much risk is increased
12. HPV Vaccination
2 Types: Gardasil (4), newer Gardasil 9 (12/2014) and Ceravex (2)
If 70% of the world is vaccinated, would see a decrease of 340,000
new cases and avoid 178,000 deaths/YEAR
Latency of 10-15 years between HPV exposure and cancer
• Will take years to see improvement
• Australia: already seen 38% decrease in high grade dysplasia
Significantly less benefit if already exposed to HPV
Recommended to males/females age 9-26 (9-13 best), 3 doses
NO change in recommendation for screening if vaccinated
Vaccine effect is expected to be life-long
7 high-risk HPV types in the nonavalent vaccine can potentially
prevent over 90% of cervical cancers in the US
• And a similarly high number of other HPV-associated cancers
CDC and FDA has monitored the safety of the HPV vaccines since
the FDA licensed them in 2006 and 2009.
• In the 57 million doses administered since June 2006, there were no new
or unusual patterns of adverse events to suggest any safety concerns.
14. HPV Vaccination
$4.8 billion spent in cancer
research in FY2013
WE HAVE A WAY TO PREVENT
A CANCER!!!!
Please encourage vaccination
15. Ovarian Cancer Screening
Screening if genetic risk
• BRCA mutation, Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)
• Risk of ovarian cancer 10-50%
Different from “family history of ovarian cancer”
• Families with isolated members with an ovarian cancer
If concerned, genetic testing!
Potential benefit of screening to catch at an earlier stage
But a problem of false positive tests
• CA-125 tumor marker or other serologic markers
• Ultrasound
• Combination of these (multimodal screening)
UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS)
• Largest trial (202,638 women): no screening vs annual US vs MMS
• Followed for an average of 11 years
• NO change in mortality (?decrease after 7-14 years)
• Plan to re-evaluate in 3 years
Other studies showed increase risk of significant harm
17. Annual Pelvic Exams
USPSTF draft recommendation that there is not enough
evidence to determine if annual pelvic exams are needed
• In asymptomatic, non-pregnant adult women for four specific conditions:
– ovarian cancer, bacterial vaginosis, genital herpes and
trichomoniasis.
ACOG:
• ACOG recommends annual pelvic examinations for patients 21 years of
age or older.
• However, the College recognizes that this recommendation is based on
expert opinion, and limitations of the internal pelvic examination for
screening should be recognized.
The annual well-woman exam is important
• Can discuss whether a pelvic exam is appropriate in shared decision-
making if no symptoms