Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics that were first isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948. They are structurally similar to penicillin and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are multiple generations of cephalosporins that have increasing activity against gram-negative bacteria. First generation cephalosporins are active against gram-positive cocci and some gram-negative bacteria. They are used to treat infections like pneumonia, skin infections, and UTIs. Cephalosporins work by competitively inhibiting bacterial transpeptidases called penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) that are necessary for crosslinking the peptidoglycan cell wall during synthesis.
Community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs) are common causes of illness that are difficult to treat due to a range of possible pathogens and increasing antibiotic resistance. Quinolones have evolved over generations to provide broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria involved in CARTIs. They inhibit bacterial DNA replication and have excellent pharmacokinetic properties allowing once-daily oral or IV dosing. Clinical studies demonstrate that newer quinolones like moxifloxacin effectively treat CARTIs and reduce recovery time, hospital stays, and healthcare costs compared to other antibiotic regimens.
This document discusses the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitalized patients in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It describes how 133 clinical samples were collected from three hospitals and cultured to isolate enterococci species. The enterococci isolates were then tested for vancomycin resistance using selective media. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration determination were performed on the vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates to evaluate resistance patterns.
This document discusses the emergence of drug resistance in enterococci. It provides background on enterococci bacteria and defines minimum inhibitory concentration. It describes how enterococci have developed resistance to many antibiotics through acquisition of genes encoding resistance. This resistance poses challenges for treatment and has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of enterococci like vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The document emphasizes the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing to help inform appropriate treatment of enterococcal infections.
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that are bactericidal and inhibit cell wall synthesis. They are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases. First generation cephalosporins are narrow spectrum and sensitive to beta-lactamases. Second generation have intermediate spectrum and sensitivity. Third generation are broad spectrum and highly resistant. Fourth generation are also broad spectrum and highly resistant. Cephalosporins vary in their ability to cross the blood brain barrier and are excreted primarily through renal or biliary pathways. They are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
This document summarizes different generations of cephalosporin and penem group of antibiotics. It discusses their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, beta-lactamase stability, and uses. First, second, third, and fourth generation cephalosporins have increasing spectrum and stability against gram-negative bacteria. Specific antibiotics mentioned include cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, and ceftiofur.
Community-acquired respiratory tract infections (CARTIs) are common causes of illness that are difficult to treat due to a range of possible pathogens and increasing antibiotic resistance. Quinolones have evolved over generations to provide broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria involved in CARTIs. They inhibit bacterial DNA replication and have excellent pharmacokinetic properties allowing once-daily oral or IV dosing. Clinical studies demonstrate that newer quinolones like moxifloxacin effectively treat CARTIs and reduce recovery time, hospital stays, and healthcare costs compared to other antibiotic regimens.
This document discusses the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in hospitalized patients in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It describes how 133 clinical samples were collected from three hospitals and cultured to isolate enterococci species. The enterococci isolates were then tested for vancomycin resistance using selective media. Antibiotic susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory concentration determination were performed on the vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates to evaluate resistance patterns.
This document discusses the emergence of drug resistance in enterococci. It provides background on enterococci bacteria and defines minimum inhibitory concentration. It describes how enterococci have developed resistance to many antibiotics through acquisition of genes encoding resistance. This resistance poses challenges for treatment and has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of enterococci like vancomycin-resistant enterococci. The document emphasizes the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing to help inform appropriate treatment of enterococcal infections.
Cephalosporins are a class of beta-lactam antibiotics that are bactericidal and inhibit cell wall synthesis. They are classified into four generations based on their spectrum of activity and resistance to beta-lactamases. First generation cephalosporins are narrow spectrum and sensitive to beta-lactamases. Second generation have intermediate spectrum and sensitivity. Third generation are broad spectrum and highly resistant. Fourth generation are also broad spectrum and highly resistant. Cephalosporins vary in their ability to cross the blood brain barrier and are excreted primarily through renal or biliary pathways. They are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
This document summarizes different generations of cephalosporin and penem group of antibiotics. It discusses their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, beta-lactamase stability, and uses. First, second, third, and fourth generation cephalosporins have increasing spectrum and stability against gram-negative bacteria. Specific antibiotics mentioned include cefazolin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, and ceftiofur.
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that is commonly found in soil, water, and the intestinal tract of humans and animals. While usually harmless, some Citrobacter species can cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Citrobacter freundii is one of the most clinically significant species, known to cause infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, blood, and central nervous system. It has developed resistance to many antibiotics. Citrobacter infections in neonates can be serious, with meningitis being particularly dangerous. Diagnosis involves blood and CSF cultures, while treatment requires a combination of antibiotics and sometimes surgery.
Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium. They are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity. First generation cephalosporins such as cephazolin are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime have increased activity against Haemophilus influenzae and are used to treat respiratory tract infections. Third generation cephalosporins demonstrate better activity against gram-negative bacteria compared to prior generations and some like ceftriaxone have activity against Neisseria meningitidis making them useful for treating bacterial meningitis. Fourth generation cephalospor
Vancomycin- Resistant Enterococci Infective Endocarditis: Review of Linezolid...Hanna Yudchyts
This document discusses treatment options for vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) infective endocarditis. It presents a case of a patient with VRE endocarditis and reviews his treatment with linezolid and daptomycin. Linezolid and daptomycin are discussed as alternative treatment options for multidrug-resistant VRE infections when other antibiotics are not effective. The prevalence of linezolid resistance is analyzed, and the role of daptomycin in enterococcal infections is evaluated based on available literature.
Cephalosporins are semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin-C obtained from a fungus. They are chemically related to penicillins and consist of a β-lactum ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring. Cephalosporins are classified into four generations based on their antibacterial spectrum, with later generations having greater activity against gram-negative bacteria and resistance to β-lactamases. They work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and resistance can develop through alterations in target proteins or β-lactamase production. Common uses include respiratory, urinary, and soft tissue infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
An abscess aspirate specimen was collected from a patient and analyzed. Abscesses are accumulations of pus in subcutaneous tissue, often diagnosed based on physical exam. The specimen was collected via needle aspiration and transported in anaerobic transport media to maintain viability. Initial analysis involved Gram staining and culture on various media to isolate pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of abscesses and was likely present, as indicated by its Gram-positive clustering morphology and beta-hemolysis on blood agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing would be used to guide appropriate treatment.
1. The study investigated antibiotic resistance and the presence of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Enterobacter species isolated from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013.
2. It found high rates of resistance to common antibiotics like Augmentin and high frequencies of the blaCTX-M-15 gene (11.8% of isolates).
3. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was found to be located on conjugative plasmids in one Enterobacter isolate, demonstrating its potential for horizontal transfer between bacteria.
Ceftaroline is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other resistant pathogens. It has excellent in vitro activity against gram-positive cocci including MRSA and is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. When combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitor NXL104, ceftaroline's activity may be extended to include some ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli, though it remains inactive against non-fermenters like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ceftaroline is approved to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
This document discusses nosocomial infections (NCI) and multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO). It defines NCI as infections acquired in a hospital setting and notes factors contributing to rising NCI rates include emerging MDROs, crowded hospitals, and immunocompromised patients. Common routes of transmission and sites of infection are described. Examples of prevalent MDROs are provided, such as MRSA, ESBL-producing bacteria, carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and others. The role of clinical microbiology laboratories in identifying pathogens and detecting drug resistance is highlighted. Prevention strategies like isolation, sterilization, handwashing and personal protective equipment are recommended.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of cephalosporin antibiotics, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action and resistance, uses, and adverse reactions. Some key points:
- Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They were first discovered from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948.
- They are classified into generations based on spectrum of activity. Newer generations have activity against a broader range of bacteria, including some resistant to earlier generations.
- They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis via binding to penicillin-binding proteins. Resistance can occur via beta-lactamase production or target modification.
-
This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns, ESBL production, and prevalence of integrons in 110 Salmonella isolates collected from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013. The key findings were:
1) Resistance was highest to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.6%) and nalidixic acid (47.3%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and ciprofloxacin.
2) Four isolates (3.6%) showed ESBL phenotype.
3) Thirty-six isolates (32.7%) contained integrons, with class 1 integrons most common and no class 3 integrons detected. The presence of integ
This document provides an overview of quinolones, including:
- Quinolones are synthetic antimicrobial agents developed in the 1980s, starting with nalidixic acid. Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin have an expanded spectrum and better tissue penetration.
- Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking bacterial DNA synthesis. Their mechanism of resistance includes reduced drug affinity of these enzyme targets.
- Common fluoroquinolones discussed include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. They are used to treat various infections like respiratory infections, UT
The document discusses cephalosporins, a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. It provides historical background on their discovery in the 1940s and describes their mechanism of action as disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis like penicillins. The document categorizes cephalosporins into four generations based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having greater coverage of gram-negative bacteria and being more resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases. A range of therapeutic uses and some adverse effects are also summarized.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillin. They were first isolated from fungus in 1945 and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are several generations that have increased gram-negative spectrum. Common uses include skin/respiratory infections, sepsis, UTIs, and surgical prophylaxis. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and diarrhea. Resistance can develop through bacterial production of β-lactamases or changes to penicillin-binding proteins.
This document discusses cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins. It covers the classifications of first, second, third, and fourth generation cephalosporins and describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The key points are:
- Cephalosporins act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and are bactericidal. They are ineffective against certain bacteria like MRSA.
- Classifications are based on spectra of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. Uses include respiratory, skin, urinary infections and surgical prophylaxis.
- They are excreted renally and have varying protein binding
1) Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity.
2) They have similar mechanisms of action and side effects as penicillins but are generally more acid stable and resistant to β-lactamase degradation.
3) Later generation cephalosporins have broader spectra of activity against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. Some such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime also achieve good cerebrospinal fluid penetration.
This document is a catalog for protection relays and controls produced by Littelfuse. It provides an overview of their product lines for ground fault protection, motor and pump protection, feeder protection, arc flash protection, and single function protection devices. The catalog includes brief descriptions of the features and applications of their product lines and directs readers to the appropriate pages for more detailed information. It also includes contact information for Littelfuse locations worldwide.
Rohit Sud has over 25 years of experience in operations management, service excellence, training and development. He has worked in senior roles at Etisalat DB, Bharti Airtel and ITC Hotels. Currently, he works as a consultant for the hospitality industry, providing guidance on front office operations, audits and training. He aims to contribute to enhancing customer satisfaction and service delivery through leadership in operations management and process improvement.
The document discusses maintaining a professional Facebook profile. It emphasizes that Facebook should be used professionally as professionalism is attractive and someone is always watching. Having a professional Facebook can lead to business relationships, new friendships, and opportunities.
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that is commonly found in soil, water, and the intestinal tract of humans and animals. While usually harmless, some Citrobacter species can cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Citrobacter freundii is one of the most clinically significant species, known to cause infections of the urinary tract, respiratory tract, blood, and central nervous system. It has developed resistance to many antibiotics. Citrobacter infections in neonates can be serious, with meningitis being particularly dangerous. Diagnosis involves blood and CSF cultures, while treatment requires a combination of antibiotics and sometimes surgery.
Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium. They are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity. First generation cephalosporins such as cephazolin are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Second generation cephalosporins like cefuroxime have increased activity against Haemophilus influenzae and are used to treat respiratory tract infections. Third generation cephalosporins demonstrate better activity against gram-negative bacteria compared to prior generations and some like ceftriaxone have activity against Neisseria meningitidis making them useful for treating bacterial meningitis. Fourth generation cephalospor
Vancomycin- Resistant Enterococci Infective Endocarditis: Review of Linezolid...Hanna Yudchyts
This document discusses treatment options for vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) infective endocarditis. It presents a case of a patient with VRE endocarditis and reviews his treatment with linezolid and daptomycin. Linezolid and daptomycin are discussed as alternative treatment options for multidrug-resistant VRE infections when other antibiotics are not effective. The prevalence of linezolid resistance is analyzed, and the role of daptomycin in enterococcal infections is evaluated based on available literature.
Cephalosporins are semisynthetic antibiotics derived from cephalosporin-C obtained from a fungus. They are chemically related to penicillins and consist of a β-lactum ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring. Cephalosporins are classified into four generations based on their antibacterial spectrum, with later generations having greater activity against gram-negative bacteria and resistance to β-lactamases. They work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and resistance can develop through alterations in target proteins or β-lactamase production. Common uses include respiratory, urinary, and soft tissue infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
An abscess aspirate specimen was collected from a patient and analyzed. Abscesses are accumulations of pus in subcutaneous tissue, often diagnosed based on physical exam. The specimen was collected via needle aspiration and transported in anaerobic transport media to maintain viability. Initial analysis involved Gram staining and culture on various media to isolate pathogens. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of abscesses and was likely present, as indicated by its Gram-positive clustering morphology and beta-hemolysis on blood agar. Antibiotic susceptibility testing would be used to guide appropriate treatment.
1. The study investigated antibiotic resistance and the presence of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Enterobacter species isolated from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013.
2. It found high rates of resistance to common antibiotics like Augmentin and high frequencies of the blaCTX-M-15 gene (11.8% of isolates).
3. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was found to be located on conjugative plasmids in one Enterobacter isolate, demonstrating its potential for horizontal transfer between bacteria.
Ceftaroline is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other resistant pathogens. It has excellent in vitro activity against gram-positive cocci including MRSA and is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. When combined with the beta-lactamase inhibitor NXL104, ceftaroline's activity may be extended to include some ESBL-producing gram-negative bacilli, though it remains inactive against non-fermenters like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ceftaroline is approved to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia.
This document discusses nosocomial infections (NCI) and multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO). It defines NCI as infections acquired in a hospital setting and notes factors contributing to rising NCI rates include emerging MDROs, crowded hospitals, and immunocompromised patients. Common routes of transmission and sites of infection are described. Examples of prevalent MDROs are provided, such as MRSA, ESBL-producing bacteria, carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and others. The role of clinical microbiology laboratories in identifying pathogens and detecting drug resistance is highlighted. Prevention strategies like isolation, sterilization, handwashing and personal protective equipment are recommended.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This document provides an overview of cephalosporin antibiotics, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action and resistance, uses, and adverse reactions. Some key points:
- Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. They were first discovered from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium in 1948.
- They are classified into generations based on spectrum of activity. Newer generations have activity against a broader range of bacteria, including some resistant to earlier generations.
- They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis via binding to penicillin-binding proteins. Resistance can occur via beta-lactamase production or target modification.
-
This study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns, ESBL production, and prevalence of integrons in 110 Salmonella isolates collected from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013. The key findings were:
1) Resistance was highest to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (63.6%) and nalidixic acid (47.3%). All isolates were susceptible to imipenem and ciprofloxacin.
2) Four isolates (3.6%) showed ESBL phenotype.
3) Thirty-six isolates (32.7%) contained integrons, with class 1 integrons most common and no class 3 integrons detected. The presence of integ
This document provides an overview of quinolones, including:
- Quinolones are synthetic antimicrobial agents developed in the 1980s, starting with nalidixic acid. Fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin have an expanded spectrum and better tissue penetration.
- Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, blocking bacterial DNA synthesis. Their mechanism of resistance includes reduced drug affinity of these enzyme targets.
- Common fluoroquinolones discussed include ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin. They are used to treat various infections like respiratory infections, UT
The document discusses cephalosporins, a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. It provides historical background on their discovery in the 1940s and describes their mechanism of action as disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis like penicillins. The document categorizes cephalosporins into four generations based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having greater coverage of gram-negative bacteria and being more resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases. A range of therapeutic uses and some adverse effects are also summarized.
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillin. They were first isolated from fungus in 1945 and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. There are several generations that have increased gram-negative spectrum. Common uses include skin/respiratory infections, sepsis, UTIs, and surgical prophylaxis. Adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, nephrotoxicity, and diarrhea. Resistance can develop through bacterial production of β-lactamases or changes to penicillin-binding proteins.
This document discusses cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins. It covers the classifications of first, second, third, and fourth generation cephalosporins and describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects. The key points are:
- Cephalosporins act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis and are bactericidal. They are ineffective against certain bacteria like MRSA.
- Classifications are based on spectra of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. Uses include respiratory, skin, urinary infections and surgical prophylaxis.
- They are excreted renally and have varying protein binding
1) Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are divided into generations based on their spectrum of activity.
2) They have similar mechanisms of action and side effects as penicillins but are generally more acid stable and resistant to β-lactamase degradation.
3) Later generation cephalosporins have broader spectra of activity against gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria. Some such as ceftriaxone and cefotaxime also achieve good cerebrospinal fluid penetration.
This document is a catalog for protection relays and controls produced by Littelfuse. It provides an overview of their product lines for ground fault protection, motor and pump protection, feeder protection, arc flash protection, and single function protection devices. The catalog includes brief descriptions of the features and applications of their product lines and directs readers to the appropriate pages for more detailed information. It also includes contact information for Littelfuse locations worldwide.
Rohit Sud has over 25 years of experience in operations management, service excellence, training and development. He has worked in senior roles at Etisalat DB, Bharti Airtel and ITC Hotels. Currently, he works as a consultant for the hospitality industry, providing guidance on front office operations, audits and training. He aims to contribute to enhancing customer satisfaction and service delivery through leadership in operations management and process improvement.
The document discusses maintaining a professional Facebook profile. It emphasizes that Facebook should be used professionally as professionalism is attractive and someone is always watching. Having a professional Facebook can lead to business relationships, new friendships, and opportunities.
Online education provides an accessible alternative to traditional schooling. It allows students from all backgrounds to access quality education regardless of gender, socioeconomic status, or location. With online learning, students can conduct research and find necessary information easily by searching online databases and resources.
El documento presenta los resultados de las elecciones municipales de Begonte, Lugo, Galicia. El Partido Popular (PP) obtuvo la mayor cantidad de votos, alrededor de 1864 votos o un 58% del total. El segundo partido más votado fue el PSdeG con 1521 votos o un 46% del total. Debido a estos resultados, el PP obtuvo la mayoría de los concejales electos con un 64% de los escaños del ayuntamiento.
Cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the fungus Acremonium. They were first isolated in 1948 from cultures of Acremonium strictum in Sardinia. Cephalosporins work by disrupting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. There are 5 generations of cephalosporins that have been developed with varying spectrums of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cephalosporins are used therapeutically to treat a variety of bacterial infections affecting the ENT/respiratory systems, skin, blood, lungs, and other areas.
Cephalosporins & other β lactam antibioticsFarazaJaved
The document summarizes cephalosporins and other β-lactam antibiotics. It discusses the classes of cephalosporins including their history, chemistry, mechanisms of action, uses, and resistance. It also briefly covers other β-lactam antibiotics such as β-lactamase inhibitors, monobactams, carbapenems, vancomycin, fosfomycin, polymyxins, and cycloserine. The five generations of cephalosporins are characterized by their spectra of activity against different bacteria. Adverse effects of cephalosporins include allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity.
A nice introduction to Cephalosporins, how they work, the different generations, spectrum, uses, side effects, pharmacokinetics and common trade names in Egyptian market.
The document defines various terms related to antibiotics such as antimicrobials, bacteriostatic, bactericidal, and antibiotic resistance. It describes different types of antibiotics like narrow and broad spectrum and discusses minimum inhibitory concentration. It provides historical context on the discovery of penicillin and discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and development of resistance for penicillins and cephalosporins. [/SUMMARY]
This document provides an overview of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, specifically penicillins and cephalosporins. It defines key terms related to antibiotics and resistance. It discusses the history and discovery of penicillin. It describes the mechanisms of action, classifications, therapeutic uses and adverse effects of penicillins and cephalosporins. It also addresses resistance development to these classes of antibiotics. The document is intended to teach pharmacology students about cell wall synthesis inhibiting antibiotics.
Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. They were first isolated in 1948 and are chemically related to penicillins. There are several generations of cephalosporins that have been developed with expanded spectra of activity. First generation cephalosporins such as cefazolin and cephalexin are effective against gram-positive bacteria. Later generations have activity against more gram-negative bacteria with third generation drugs like cefotaxime and ceftriaxone used to treat serious infections. Cephalosporins are generally well-tolerated but can cause adverse effects like diarrhea, rash, bleeding and hypersensitivity reactions in some
This document provides an overview of common pediatric respiratory illnesses discussed over 9 sections. Section 1 covers acute respiratory infections, distinguishing between upper and lower respiratory infections. Pneumonia is then discussed in section 2, covering etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. Section 3 focuses on bronchiolitis, describing the viral etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis. Key points covered include that bronchiolitis most commonly affects infants under 2 years old and is predominantly caused by respiratory syncytial virus.
IX CHEMOTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES.pptTsegayeChebo
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial chemotherapy and classification of antimicrobial drugs. It summarizes mechanisms of action, microbial resistance mechanisms, and therapeutic uses of various classes of antibacterial agents including beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides and other inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis. Adverse effects of these drug classes are also briefly outlined.
This document provides an overview of cephalosporins, a class of beta-lactam antibiotics. It discusses the history of cephalosporins, noting they were first isolated from fungus. It describes the mechanisms of action of cephalosporins in inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. The document also classifies cephalosporins into five generations with varying spectra of activity and lists examples of first to fifth generation cephalosporins along with their pharmacokinetic properties and clinical uses.
Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. They were first isolated in 1948 and are semi-synthetic derivatives of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. They work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis through competitive binding with penicillin-binding proteins. Common indications include UTIs, respiratory infections, and surgical prophylaxis. Side effects include allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity. Resistance can develop through beta-lactamase production or alterations of penicillin-binding proteins. Cephalosporins are commonly used oral and parenteral antibiotics
Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. The first cephalosporin was discovered in 1948. They have a bicyclic molecular structure containing a beta-lactam ring. Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. They work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Common indications include UTIs, respiratory infections, and surgical prophylaxis. Side effects include allergic reactions and nephrotoxicity. Resistance can develop through beta-lactamase production or alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. Cephalosporins are commonly used oral and parenteral antibiotics with broad spectrums
The document provides an overview of cephalosporin antibiotics. It defines cephalosporins as a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics originally isolated from the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. The summary discusses the key points:
1) Cephalosporins were first discovered in 1948 and are derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. They have a bicyclic nucleus containing a beta-lactam ring that allows them to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.
2) Cephalosporins are classified into generations based on their spectrum of activity, with later generations having broader spectra. They are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections and have fewer side effects than penicillin for those
This document summarizes a study on multidrug resistant organisms and their antibiotic resistance patterns among intensive care unit patients in Surat City, India. The study found that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella species were the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections. It also found high resistance of these organisms to cephalosporins but that amikacin and imipenem were the most effective antibiotics. Regular monitoring of resistance patterns was deemed important for guiding empirical treatment of infections in ICU patients.
Third-generation beta-lactam antibiotics are effective against a wider range of microorganisms than are older antibiotics. Cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cefsulodin, and ceftriaxone were used to treat 102 patients
The document provides an overview of medical microbiology and bacteriology. It discusses various gram-positive and gram-negative cocci and their associated diseases. It then reviews the sites of antibiotic action in bacteria, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis by beta-lactams, cell membrane disruption by polymyxins, DNA inhibition by quinolones and metronidazole, inhibition of transcription by actinomycin D and rifampin, and inhibition of translation in the bacterial ribosome by various antibiotics classes that bind to the 30S or 50S subunits. It also discusses competitive antagonistic antibiotics that inhibit metabolic pathways like isoniazid, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim.
Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. They work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. Generations of cephalosporins have increased activity against gram-negative bacteria. Resistance develops through beta-lactamase production and alterations of penicillin-binding proteins. Carbapenems are beta-lactam antibiotics with a 5-member ring that are resistant to most beta-lactamases. Monobactams like aztreonam also resist beta-lactamases and have activity similar to aminoglycosides without the toxicity.
The document discusses various classes of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It describes antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. It also discusses antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. The document provides examples of narrow and broad-spectrum antibiotics and summarizes the clinical uses and important characteristics of selected antibiotics including penicillins, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. It also warns of potential adverse effects such as pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics like clindamycin and lincomycin.
Similar to Cephalosporins by Sher Alam khan Mohmand (20)
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Cephalosporins by Sher Alam khan Mohmand
1. Cephalosporins
By SherAlam Khan Mohmand student of Ayub Medical
college,AbbottAbad,Pakistan.
Email Sheralamkhan97@yahoo.com
Cephalosporins are bactericidal agents. Cephalosporin was isolated from fungus called
CEPHALOSPORIUM ACREMONIUM by BROTZU in from sewer water in Sardinia in 1948 in
Willium Dunn School of Pathology.The first use agent was Cephalothincephalosporin-C used
clinically in 1964.Cephalosporins are structurally related to Penicillins consists of a Beta lactum
ring attached to Dihydrothiazoilne ring.
The Cephalosporin nucleus, 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) was derived from Cephalosporin-C
and proved to be analogous to the penicillin nucleus, 6-Aminopenicillanic acid.
Modification of 7-ACA side chains resulted in development of useful antibiotic agents, and the first
agent Cephalothin was launched by Eli Lilly in 1964.
These Agents are Active against
1)Gram Positive Bacteria
2)Gram Negative Bacteria
3)Some anaerobic bacteria
Mechanism of action:
Cephalosporins disrupt the Peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall.
The Peptidoglycan is an important bacterial cell wall integrity.The final
transpeptidation step ithe synthesis of peptidoglycan is facilitated by
transpeptidases known as Penicillin Binding Protiens(PBP). These PBPs bind to
D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides 9Peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink
the peptidoglycan. So the Beta Lactumagentscompetitivel inhibit PBP crosslinking
of peptidoglycan.
2. Classification of Cephalosporins.
Cephalosporins fall in FIVE classes or Generations. Each subsequent generation of
these drugs demonstrates greater efficacy against Gram negative bacteria.
Generalization that with increasing “generation” activity in vitro against Gram
Positive Organisms decreases while activity against Gram Negative Organisms
increases.
Note: Many drugs in the same generation are not chemically related and having
different spectrum of activity. Division in generation is just for your convenience.
3rd and 4thgenrstioncephalosporins are used in hospital setting in seriously ill
patients for serious and life threatening diseases.Many of these diseases are due
to organisms residing in gastro-intestinal tract. Drugs of last resort for serious
infections due to food borne pathogens Salmonella and Shigella.
1st Generation Cephalosporins.
1) Cefacetrile
2) Cefadroxil
3) Cefalexin
4) Cefaloglycin
5) Cefalonium
6) Cefaloridine
7) Cefapirin
8) Cefalothin
9) Cefatrizine
10)
Cefazedone
11)
Cefrozadine
12)
Cefazolin
13)
Ceftezole
14)
Cefazaflur
15)
Cephradine
3. Activity of 1st generation cephalosporins.
1) Gram Positive Cocci
a)Pneumococci
b) Viridans Streptococci
c) Group-A hemolytic streptococci
d) Staphylococcus aureus
e) Streptococcus Pyogenese
f)Streptococcus Pneumoniae
2)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Gram Negative Bacteria
E.Coli
Klebsiella Pneumonia
Proteus Mirabilis
CorynebacteriumDiptheriae
Salmonella
Neisseria
Indications of 1st generation Cephalosporins.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Nose infection
Throat infection
Chest infection
Ear infection
Urinary tract infection
4. 6)
7)
8)
9)
Gynae infection
Skin infectiom
Gum infection
Bronchitis
Contra-indications of 1st generation cephalosporins.
Avoid use in allergic persons.
Adverse effects of 1st Generation Cephalosporins.
Usually seen Adverse effects are:
diarrhea that is watery or bloody.
fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms.
tightness in your chest.
unusual bleeding.
seizure (convulsions).
pale or yellowed skin, dark colored urine, fever, confusion or weakness.
jaundice(yellowing of the skin or eyes).
skin rash, bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness.
Sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash.
Increased thirst, loss of appetite, swelling, weight gain, feeling short of breath, urinating less than usual
or not at all.
Less serious side effects of cephradine may include:
nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, mild diarrhea;
stiff or tight muscles;
joint pain;
dizziness;
feeling restless or hyperactive;
unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth;
mild itching or skin rash; or
vaginal itching or discharge.
6. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation cephalosporins.
Mechanism of action:
Cephalosporins disrupt the Peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall.
The Peptidoglycan is an important bacterial cell wall integrity.The final
transpeptidation step ithe synthesis of peptidoglycan is facilitated by
transpeptidases known as Penicillin Binding Protiens(PBP). These PBPs bind to
D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides 9Peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink
the peptidoglycan. So the Beta Lactumagentscompetitivel inhibit PBP crosslinking
of peptidoglycan.
Indications of 2nd generation cephalosporins.
1) Nose infection
2) Throat infection
3) Ear infection
4) U.T.I
5) Chest infection
6) Skin infection
7) Gonorrhea
8) Diverticulitis
9) Peritonitis
10) Cefoxitin and Cefotetan are used as Prophylaxis in Colorectal
surgeries, vaginal or abdominal histerectomies and appendicitis
because of activity against BacteriodFragilis.
7. Contra-indications of 2nd generation cephalosporins.
1) Use carefully in Pregnant and breast feeding women.
2) Use carefully in patients with renal failure.
3) Do not prescribe for sensitive pesrons.
Adverse Effects of 2nd generation cephalosporins.
1) Damage kidneys and liver.
2) Sleep time decrease.
3) Nausea,vomiting,diarrhea.
4) Confusion.
5) Pain in joints.
6) Temporarily decrease in White Blood Cells.
7) Generalized weakness.
8) Lightheadedness.
9) Giddiness.
10)
Prothrombin time gets increased.
11)
Fungus infection(Candidiasis)
12)
Indigestion.
13)
Sensitivity Reactions.
8. 3rd generation cephalosporins.
1) Cefixime
2) Cefdinir
3) Cefpodoxime
4) Cefteram
5) Ceftibuten
6) Cefminoxime
7) Ceftizoxime
8) Cefriaxone
9) Cefotaxime
10)
Ceftazidime
11)
Cefopirazone
Mechanism of Action of 3rd generation.
Mechanism of action:
Cephalosporins disrupt the Peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall.
The Peptidoglycan is an important bacterial cell wall integrity.The final
transpeptidation step ithe synthesis of peptidoglycan is facilitated by
transpeptidases known as Penicillin Binding Protiens(PBP). These PBPs bind to
D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides 9Peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink
the peptidoglycan. So the Beta Lactumagentscompetitivel inhibit PBP crosslinking
of peptidoglycan.
12. The Peptidoglycan is an important bacterial cell wall integrity.The final
transpeptidation step ithe synthesis of peptidoglycan is facilitated by
transpeptidases known as Penicillin Binding Protiens(PBP). These PBPs bind to
D-Ala-D-Ala at the end of muropeptides 9Peptidoglycan precursors) to crosslink
the peptidoglycan. So the Beta Lactumagentscompetitivel inhibit PBP crosslinking
of peptidoglycan.
Activity of 4th generation cephalosporins against bacteria.
1) Pseudomonas auregenosa
2) Klebseilla pneumonia
3) E.Coli
4) Prteus mirabilis
5) Enterobacter Species
6) BacteroidsFragilis
7) Staphylococcus aureus.
8) Streptococcus pyogenese
9) Salmonella
10)
Citrobacter
11)
Shigella
12)
H.influenzae
13)
Streptococcus viridans
Indications of 4th generation cephalosporins.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Otitis media
Sinusitis
Phyrangitis
Tonsillitis
Bronchitis
U.T infections
Gonorrhea
13. 8) Gynae infection
9) Infection after delivery
10)
Skin infections
11)
Intra abdominal infection (use with metronidazole)
12)
Typhoid fever
13)
Contra indications:
1) Use carefully in Pregnant Women
2) Do not use in allergic Patients
Adverse effects of 4th generation Cephalosporins.
1) Diarhea (bloody or watery)
2) Confusion
3) Hallucinations
4) Seizures
5) Fever,Chills, body aches.
6) Weakness
7) Easily bruising or bleeding.
8) Sore throat
9) Severe headache
10) Abdominal pain
11) Flatulence
14. INDICATIONS
MAXIPIME is indicated in the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible strains of the
designated microorganisms (see alsoPRECAUTIONS: Pediatric Use and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION):
Pneumonia (moderate to severe) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including cases associated with
concurrent bacteremia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiellapneumoniae, or Enterobacter species.
Empiric Therapy for Febrile Neutropenic Patients. Cefepime as monotherapy is indicated for empiric
treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. In patients at high risk for severe infection (including patients with
a history of recent bone marrow transplantation, with hypotension at presentation, with an underlying
hematologic malignancy, or with severe or prolonged neutropenia), antimicrobial monotherapy may not be
appropriate. Insufficient data exist to support the efficacy of cefepimemonotherapy in such patients.
Uncomplicated and Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (includingpyelonephritis) caused by Escherichia
coli or Klebsiellapneumoniae, when the infection is severe, or caused by Escherichia coli,
Klebsiellapneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis, when the infection is mild to moderate, including cases
associated with concurrent bacteremia with these microorganisms.
Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible
strains only) or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by Escherichia
coli, viridans group streptococci,Pseudomonasaeruginosa, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Enterobacter species, or
Bacteroidesfragilis.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
SITE AND TYPE OF INFECTION
DOSE
FREQUENCY
DURATION
(DAYS)
1 to 2 g IV
Every 12
hours
10
2 g IV
Every 8
hours
7**
Adults
Moderate to Severe Pneumonia due to S.
pneumoniae*, P.
aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, or Enterobacter
species
Empiric therapy for febrile neutropenic patients
(See INDICATIONS AND USAGEand Clinical
Studies.)
15. Mild to Moderate Uncomplicated or
Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, including
pyelonephritis, due to E. coli, K.pneumoniae, or
P. mirabilis*
0.5 to 1 g
IV/IM***
Every 12
hours
7 to 10
Severe Uncomplicated or Complicated Urinary
Tract Infections, including pyelonephritis, due to
E. coli or K. pneumoniae*
2 g IV
Every 12
hours
10
Moderate to Severe Uncomplicated Skin and
Skin Structure Infections due to S. aureus or S.
pyogenes
2 g IV
Every 12
hours
10
Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (used in
combination with metronidazole) caused by E.
coli, viridans group streptococci, P. aeruginosa,
K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter species, or B.
fragilis. (See Clinical Studies.)
2 g IV
Every 12
hours
7 to 10
Pediatric Patients (2 months up to 16 years)
The maximum dose for pediatric patients should not exceed the recommended adult dose. The usual
recommended dosage in pediatric patients up to 40 kg in weight for uncomplicated and complicated urinary
tract infections (including pyelonephritis), uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections, and pneumonia
is 50 mg per kg per dose, administered every 12 hours (50 mg per kg per dose, every 8 hours for febrile
neutropenic patients), for durations as given above.
*including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia **or until resolution of neutropenia. In patients
whose fever resolves but who remain neutropenic for more than 7 days, the need for continued
antimicrobial therapy should be re-evaluated frequently.
***Intramuscular route of administration is indicated only for mild to moderate, uncomplicated or
complicated UTIs due to E. coli when the intramuscular route is considered to be a more appropriate route
of drug administration.
5th Generation Cephalosporons
These agents were developed in laboratory to specifically target against resistant
strains of bacteria. In particular CEFTOBIPROLE is effective against Methicillin
Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus(MRSA).
Ceftobiprole is the only available agent of 5th generation. It has powerful
antiPseudomonal activity.
Mechanism of Action of 5th generation cephalosporins.
Same as other generations.
Activity of 5th generation cephalosporins.
1) MRSA