Censorship ww1
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The document provides information about censorship during World War 1 and instructions for writing a censored letter from the trenches. Soldiers' letters home had to be censored by officers to remove any details about military plans, locations, conditions, or casualties that could help the enemy or undermine morale. The goal was to protect secrets, control public opinion, and maintain support for the war by only allowing positive news to be reported. Students are asked to write a censored letter based on life in the trenches and then practice censoring a classmate's sample letter.
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Jewish people had lived in Germany for around 1600 years before 1933. Over this time, many Jewish people assimilated into German culture through practices like intermarriage. When the Nazis rose to power in 1933, around 500,000 Jews lived in Germany, with a third in Berlin and 40% in other major cities. Most German Jews at this time worked in commerce, industry, or white collar professions like law and medicine.
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Anti-Semitism has existed for centuries. Early Christian teachings blamed Jews for the crucifixion of Christ and Jewish communities in the Middle Ages were often scapegoats and faced discrimination, such as bans on land ownership. In the late 19th century, German writer Wilhelm Marr helped spread anti-Semitic ideas through a racist scientific lens, arguing that Jews were a separate, inferior race to Germans based on the discredited theory of social Darwinism.
Experiences of australian ww1 po ws
The document summarizes the experiences of Australian POWs during World War 1. Over 25% of the approximately 217 Australian troops captured by the Turks died in Turkish camps, which had poor conditions with little food and access to medical care. Prisoners were forced to work on railway construction far from camps. German camps also lacked sanitation, adequate housing, and sufficient food. POWs who disobeyed Germans could be sent to a prison known as the "Black Hole of Lille" with starvation rations and forced labor. The Red Cross supplied food and clothing parcels to POWs. Repatriation was quicker by Central Powers but slower by Allies, with some using POWs as forced labor until the 1920s.
Causes of ww1
The long term causes of World War 1 included militarism, nationalism, the alliance system, and imperialism. Militarism refers to increased military spending and an arms race between European powers like Germany, Britain, and France. Nationalism encouraged people to view other nations as the source of problems and supported the use of violence to achieve independent nationhood. The alliance system divided Europe into two opposing teams through alliances like the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance, increasing tensions. Imperialism involved the acquisition of overseas colonies and competition for resources and markets between colonial powers like Britain and Germany. These long term factors heightened rivalry and laid the groundwork for global war.
Introducting tutankhamun
Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered in 1922 in the Valley of the Kings by Howard Carter. The tomb provided insights into life in New Kingdom Egypt. Despite its small size, the tomb contained a wealth of burial objects and decorations that offered details about Egyptian burial customs, religious beliefs, and funerary practices. The paintings on the tomb walls also depicted Egyptian deities and the afterlife. While Tutankhamun's reign was brief, his tomb revealed aspects of rule and society during Egypt's New Kingdom period.
Iceman update 2012
An extensive nine hour autopsy of Otzi was conducted in 2010, providing new insights. It was found that Otzi had eaten a large meal and was resting undisturbed when he was shot with an arrow from behind. The arrow pierced a major artery, causing death within moments. Otzi was then struck on the head and fell on his back, where he died. The murderer then rolled Otzi over and removed the arrow shaft before fleeing. The latest findings provide new details on Otzi's life, death, and identity.
Iceman evidence of the body itself
The document summarizes the discoveries made about Ötzi, the Iceman, based on analyzing his preserved body and artifacts. Scientists have learned much about Ötzi and the society he came from through examining pollen and plant remains in his gut and on his clothing. This evidence suggests he came from a Stone Age village in southern Italy rather than the northern region where he was found, and likely died in the spring. Over time, studying Ötzi has provided insights into his lifestyle, health, equipment, and the culture of the people he lived among.
Iceman discovery
Otzi the Iceman was discovered in 1991 by hikers in the Ötztal Alps on the border of Italy and Austria. Over several days, experts worked to carefully extract the frozen mummy from the ice where it had been preserved for over 5,000 years. The mummy and its belongings provided an unprecedented glimpse into the life and culture of Copper Age humans in Europe.
Tobruk fact file
The document discusses the experiences of Australian troops during World War 2 at Tobruk, Libya. It describes how the 6th Australian Division captured Tobruk from Italian forces in January 1941, taking 27,000 prisoners. They were then replaced by the 9th Division, who garrisoned Tobruk and were besieged by German forces led by Rommel from April to September 1941. During the siege, the Australian troops endured harsh conditions including dust storms, heat, fleas, flies and shelling, suffering over 2,700 casualties before relieving the siege. Tobruk was strategically important due to its deep water harbor.
The population explosion
1. The document provides information about population growth in Britain before and after the 18th century. Before 1700, the population fluctuated between 2-6 million due to plagues, famines, and disease epidemics.
2. From 1761-1881, the British population grew dramatically from over 6 million to nearly 26 million as shown in the table.
3. The industrial revolution led to increases in food production through inventions like the seed drill. More food allowed the population to grow rapidly in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Child labor in factories also contributed to population growth.
Tobruk fact file
The Australian 6th Division captured Tobruk from Italian forces in January 1941 due to its strategic harbor. They were later replaced by the 9th Division, who became besieged by German forces led by Rommel from April to September 1941. During this siege, the 9th Division endured harsh conditions including dust storms, heat, fleas, flies and enemy bombardment while defending Tobruk's port facilities. Over 700 Australian soldiers were killed and over 2,000 wounded during the siege, earning them the name "The Rats of Tobruk" for their resilience.
Dating an archaeological find 2013
This document provides an overview of different methods for dating archaeological artifacts and sites. It discusses absolute dating methods like radiocarbon dating which provides specific dates, as well as relative dating methods like stratigraphy and typology which provide approximate dates by sequencing artifacts. It also outlines scientific dating techniques including radiocarbon dating of organic materials, dendrochronology of tree rings, and thermoluminescence dating of pottery which measures trapped electrons to determine age. The document is an introduction to the various approaches and timeframes of archaeological dating methods.
Locating an archaeological site
Archaeological sites can be located through accidental discovery, written sources, aerial surveys, and surveying techniques. Aerial surveys use crop marks, soil marks, shadow marks, and satellite imagery to identify sites from above. Geophysical surveys like resistivity, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar can map subsurface features. Together these methods help archaeologists understand a site's history and pinpoint areas for excavation.
Archaeology 2014 year 11 topic i
Archaeologists have evolved from being treasure hunters with unscientific methods to using a wide range of scientific disciplines. Modern archaeologists study various time periods and locations, such as prehistoric societies, ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome, more recent historical sites, industrial sites, and submerged structures. They aim to understand a site's history through excavation and by locating sites using accidental discoveries, written sources, aerial surveys, and geophysical methods like ground-penetrating radar and resistivity surveys.
Investigating history (waugh edit)
The inscription is from a Roman tomb in Corfinium, Italy. It summarizes that the owner was married for 39 years and had three surviving children - a son who held high municipal posts, another son who reached a high rank in Caesar Augustus's army, and a virtuous daughter who was married and had two grandchildren. The mention of Caesar Augustus helps date the inscription. However, the inscription does not provide the woman's name or cause of death.
The Work of a Historian
This document discusses the skills of historians and archaeologists in investigating history through various sources of evidence. Historians ask questions, research primary and secondary sources, evaluate sources, analyze and interpret evidence to draw conclusions. Archaeologists investigate material sources, collect and record evidence, classify findings in context of time and place, ask questions and interpret evidence. Evidence includes written sources like documents and inscriptions, archaeological artifacts, and secondary sources. Proper questioning of sources includes considering authorship, date, purpose, intended audience, corroboration, and soundness of conclusions. An example Roman grave inscription from Italy provides information about a woman married 39 years with three surviving children who had successful careers, but does not include her name or cause of death
How is time measured??
Here are the answers to the comprehension questions:
Q1. Equinoctial hours are hours of equal length based on there being 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness on the equinoxes (the two days each year when day and night are approximately equal in length).
Q2. Western civilization began using equinoctial hours to measure the passing of time during the Hellenistic Age of the Ancient Greeks, which was over 2,000 years ago.
Q3. The requested historical 'time words' have been added to my glossary:
A year, Period, Era, Millennium, Century, Decade, Dynasty, Age
How is time measured?
Here are the answers to the comprehension questions:
Q1. Equinoctial hours are hours of time based on there being 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness on the equinoxes (the two days each year when day and night are approximately equal in length).
Q2. Western civilization began using equinoctial hours to measure the passing of time in the Hellenistic Age of the Ancient Greeks, over 2,000 years ago, when the Greek mathematician and astronomer Hipparchus proposed dividing the day equally into 24 hours.
Q3. The historical 'time words' have been added to my glossary:
A year, Period, Era, Millennium, Century, Decade
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Censorship ww1
- 1. A Letter from the Trenches TASK: to complete your letter home about life in the trenches in WW1 You could write about; •No Man’s Land •Barbed wire •Mud •Machine Gun •Lice •Rats •Smell •Gas and Gas mask •Rifle •Soldier •Rations •Bombing •Trench foot
- 2. Censorship What is censorship? Censorship is when written material is read and checked by another person. The censor deletes any sensitive or secret parts. Also, Government restrictions on speech or writing. What sort of things could be censored? Newspapers Websites Letters Music Film TV
- 3. Censorship during World War One Censorship allowed the government to; • protect secrets (e.g. battle plans, where troops are etc) • cover up mistakes or bad news • prevent opposition • control peoples opinions In World War I censorship was very heavy, as the government did not allow anyone to talk about or support ideas that could undermine the war effort or could give information to spies. Censorship also kept morale up because only good news was reported.
- 4. Why were letters censored? Military Information Censorship is important during wars to stop the enemy uncovering secret information and plans if they capture the letters. British soldiers fighting in World War One wrote many letters home to their families. All these letters had to be censored. Officers censored letters using a black marker pen or scissors. They blacked or cut out anything they thought might help the enemy.
- 5. Why were letters censored? Morale Letters were censored because they did not want the soldier’s families and people at home to know what it was really like in the war. The army needed people to join up and so did not want people to think that being on the front was as bad as it was. If a soldier wrote home complaining about his life there, then his family would worry and may tell other people not to join up. The Government did not want people to be upset about the war or think that Britain might lose.
- 6. What would be censored in a Letter from the Trenches? •Where you were stationed •How many soldiers were there •Names of any soldiers or officers •What weapons you had •Details of planned attacks •Soldiers who were injured •Soldiers who had died •Bad conditions
- 7. Let’s have a go! TASK: to read the soldier’s letter and to start thinking about what should be censored Traffic Light Game We are going to read through the letter together. If you think that sentence should be censored, hold up the RED card. If you are not sure if the sentence should be censored, hold up the YELLOW card. If you think the sentence should be left in the letter, hold up the GREEN card.
- 8. Now…you try! TASK: to censor your partner’s letter from the trenches Swap books with the person sitting next to you. Censor their letter home from the trenches as if you were an officer. Underline anything that you think should be censored.
Editor's Notes
- What do you think censorship is? Can you think of any examples of things that are censored?
- We know that military information and things that would affect morale would be censored, so what would a censor remove from a letter from the trenches?
- Does everyone understand the rules? Underline the parts of the letter that should be censored – neatly! Make sure you can still read what you think should be censored.
- Underline the parts that you think should be censored. NEATLY!