The Work of a Historian
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This document discusses the skills of historians and archaeologists in investigating history through various sources of evidence. Historians ask questions, research primary and secondary sources, evaluate sources, analyze and interpret evidence to draw conclusions. Archaeologists investigate material sources, collect and record evidence, classify findings in context of time and place, ask questions and interpret evidence. Evidence includes written sources like documents and inscriptions, archaeological artifacts, and secondary sources. Proper questioning of sources includes considering authorship, date, purpose, intended audience, corroboration, and soundness of conclusions. An example Roman grave inscription from Italy provides information about a woman married 39 years with three surviving children who had successful careers, but does not include her name or cause of death
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Investigating history (waugh edit)
The inscription is from a Roman tomb in Corfinium, Italy. It summarizes that the owner was married for 39 years and had three surviving children - a son who held high municipal posts, another son who reached a high rank in Caesar Augustus's army, and a virtuous daughter who was married and had two grandchildren. The mention of Caesar Augustus helps date the inscription. However, the inscription does not provide the woman's name or cause of death.
Prehistory introduction
This document provides an introduction to the study of history. It defines history as a science that studies the past through various sources, including written documents, artifacts, and oral histories. Historians investigate and analyze these primary and secondary sources to make conclusions about the past. Key periods in history are defined using B.C. and A.D. to denote years before and after the birth of Jesus Christ. Prehistory, which is studied through archaeology, occurred before written records.
Sources of History
President Bush allowed the widow of a Marine killed in Iraq, Mary Holt, to punch him once in the left arm as a gesture of apology for her husband's death. The punch was delivered in the Oval Office with no boxing gloves or running start. White House Press Secretary Dana Perino later explained the stipulations of the punch, and said the president would have let Mrs. Holt punch his other arm if it wasn't still sore from a previous punch from a young girl. After delivering the blow, Mrs. Holt reportedly suffered massive internal bleeding when five Secret Service agents tackled her to the ground.
Meaning of history and views of scholars
This document discusses the meaning of history and views from various scholars. It begins by defining history as the study of surviving records from the past to understand human existence, derived from the Greek word 'historia' meaning inquiry. Herodotus is identified as the father of history. The document then outlines perspectives on history from scholars like E.H. Carr, H.P. Rickman, Richard Hakluyt, J.R. Seeley, and Auguste Comte. Carr viewed history as a dialogue between past and present, while Rickman saw its purpose as understanding society, traditions, institutions, and culture. Seeley said history is past politics and politics is present history.
Analyzing Primary Sources
Primary sources are actual records from the past that provide firsthand accounts, including published documents like books and newspapers as well as unpublished documents like letters and diaries. Visual documents and oral histories are also primary sources. Secondary sources are accounts created after the event by people not directly involved, drawing on primary sources and evidence from the time. When analyzing sources, historians consider how close in time and place the source is to the event, as more direct sources are generally more reliable. All sources have some bias, so multiple sources must be evaluated and compared.
Methods of Historical Inquiry
This document outlines the steps of historical inquiry: 1) Formulate a clear research question, 2) Gather multiple primary and secondary sources, 3) Analyze sources using the 6 C's - content, citation, context, connections, critical thinking, and conclusion, 4) Synthesize the information from various sources to draw conclusions, and 5) Communicate findings by citing sources and explaining the process used to arrive at conclusions. Historians must carefully evaluate sources for bias, propaganda, inaccuracies and missing context to solve "mysteries of the past." Widely gathering and cross-checking multiple perspectives is key to overcoming shortcomings in any single source.
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This World History power point covers what a historian is, what they do, and how they use primary and secondary sources in their work. To see more visit http://teach180.bitnamiapp.com/joomla/
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The inscription is from a Roman tomb in Corfinium, Italy. It summarizes that the owner was married for 39 years and had three surviving children - a son who held high municipal posts, another son who reached a high rank in Caesar Augustus's army, and a virtuous daughter who was married and had two grandchildren. The mention of Caesar Augustus helps date the inscription. However, the inscription does not provide the woman's name or cause of death.
Prehistory introduction
This document provides an introduction to the study of history. It defines history as a science that studies the past through various sources, including written documents, artifacts, and oral histories. Historians investigate and analyze these primary and secondary sources to make conclusions about the past. Key periods in history are defined using B.C. and A.D. to denote years before and after the birth of Jesus Christ. Prehistory, which is studied through archaeology, occurred before written records.
Sources of History
President Bush allowed the widow of a Marine killed in Iraq, Mary Holt, to punch him once in the left arm as a gesture of apology for her husband's death. The punch was delivered in the Oval Office with no boxing gloves or running start. White House Press Secretary Dana Perino later explained the stipulations of the punch, and said the president would have let Mrs. Holt punch his other arm if it wasn't still sore from a previous punch from a young girl. After delivering the blow, Mrs. Holt reportedly suffered massive internal bleeding when five Secret Service agents tackled her to the ground.
Meaning of history and views of scholars
This document discusses the meaning of history and views from various scholars. It begins by defining history as the study of surviving records from the past to understand human existence, derived from the Greek word 'historia' meaning inquiry. Herodotus is identified as the father of history. The document then outlines perspectives on history from scholars like E.H. Carr, H.P. Rickman, Richard Hakluyt, J.R. Seeley, and Auguste Comte. Carr viewed history as a dialogue between past and present, while Rickman saw its purpose as understanding society, traditions, institutions, and culture. Seeley said history is past politics and politics is present history.
Analyzing Primary Sources
Primary sources are actual records from the past that provide firsthand accounts, including published documents like books and newspapers as well as unpublished documents like letters and diaries. Visual documents and oral histories are also primary sources. Secondary sources are accounts created after the event by people not directly involved, drawing on primary sources and evidence from the time. When analyzing sources, historians consider how close in time and place the source is to the event, as more direct sources are generally more reliable. All sources have some bias, so multiple sources must be evaluated and compared.
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This document outlines the steps of historical inquiry: 1) Formulate a clear research question, 2) Gather multiple primary and secondary sources, 3) Analyze sources using the 6 C's - content, citation, context, connections, critical thinking, and conclusion, 4) Synthesize the information from various sources to draw conclusions, and 5) Communicate findings by citing sources and explaining the process used to arrive at conclusions. Historians must carefully evaluate sources for bias, propaganda, inaccuracies and missing context to solve "mysteries of the past." Widely gathering and cross-checking multiple perspectives is key to overcoming shortcomings in any single source.
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This World History power point covers what a historian is, what they do, and how they use primary and secondary sources in their work. To see more visit http://teach180.bitnamiapp.com/joomla/
Iceman update 2012
An extensive nine hour autopsy of Otzi was conducted in 2010, providing new insights. It was found that Otzi had eaten a large meal and was resting undisturbed when he was shot with an arrow from behind. The arrow pierced a major artery, causing death within moments. Otzi was then struck on the head and fell on his back, where he died. The murderer then rolled Otzi over and removed the arrow shaft before fleeing. The latest findings provide new details on Otzi's life, death, and identity.
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1. Bandura's Bobo doll experiment showed that children who observed an adult acting aggressively towards a Bobo doll were more likely to mimic that aggressive behavior, while children who saw a neutral adult did not.
2. Experiments with animals like hummingbirds found that birds learned to use a new type of feeder faster when able to observe a "tutor" bird using it first.
3. Brain scans show our brains activate in similar ways both when performing an action and when watching someone else perform it, suggesting we mentally rehearse observed behaviors.
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Who's the historian in your classroom? Do the students get to watch (and listen) to the teacher be historian? I have spent my career developing teaching strategies and assembling resources that foster the student as historian.
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That's certainly what you would have seen early in my teaching career. I was the one doing most of the reading, reflecting and synthesizing of historic material. I thought my job was to distill it all and simplify for consumption by my students. It took me a few years to realize my job was to get the students to be the historians (and economists, anthropologists, etc). Since then I have spent my career developing teaching strategies and assembling resources that foster the student as historian.
This downloadable SlideShare accompanies my workshop in “Teaching with Documents.” Don't think of it as a presentation. It's a online guide to resources and includes strategy illustrations from my workshop.
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The document discusses two types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response, as in Pavlov's dog experiment. Operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement or punishment of behaviors. Reinforcers increase behaviors and punishments decrease them. Examples are given of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment in operant conditioning.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. In Pavlov's famous experiment, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell, which was paired with the presentation of food. Over time, the bell became a conditioned stimulus that elicited the same salivation response as the unconditioned stimulus of food. Stimulus generalization can also occur, where similar stimuli to the conditioned one produce the same response. Extinction is when the conditioned response decreases and disappears without the unconditioned stimulus, but spontaneous recovery may occur later.
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Topic For Informative Essay. 10 Stunning Ideas For Informative Speech Topics ...
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The long term causes of World War 1 included militarism, nationalism, the alliance system, and imperialism. Militarism refers to increased military spending and an arms race between European powers like Germany, Britain, and France. Nationalism encouraged people to view other nations as the source of problems and supported the use of violence to achieve independent nationhood. The alliance system divided Europe into two opposing teams through alliances like the Triple Entente and Triple Alliance, increasing tensions. Imperialism involved the acquisition of overseas colonies and competition for resources and markets between colonial powers like Britain and Germany. These long term factors heightened rivalry and laid the groundwork for global war.
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The Work of a Historian
- 2. Skills of the Historian Asks historical questions Researches the past The Historian Evaluates sources Analyses and interprets evidence from the sources Draws conclusions Communicates their findings about the past
- 3. Skills of the Archaeologist... Investigates the past Identifies material sources The Archaeologi st Collects and records evidence from the sources and makes observations Classifies evidence, placing it in its correct context of time and place Asks questions of the sources, interprets the evidence and draws conclusions Communicates and explains the past
- 4. The Nature of Evidence...how sources are used. Written Sources Secondary Sources Evidenc e Archaeological Sources Primary Sources Reconstru ct the Past Understan d the Past Understan d the Present
- 5. Questioning Sources ... We need to ask questions of written sources. These include: Who wrote it? When was it written? Why was it written? Who would read it? (who could read in this society?) Are these events found in other sources? Are there contradictions in the source? What sources were available to the author? Are the conclusions / judgements sound?
- 6. FOR 39 YEARS MARRIED TO ONE HUSBAND...LEFT THREE SURVIVING CHILDREN BY HIM, A SON WHO HAS HELD THE HIGHEST MUNICIPAL POSTS THROUGHOUT THE FAVOUR OF AUGUSTUS CAESAR, ANOTHER WHO IN THE ARMY OF THE SAME CAESAR AUGUSTUS HAS HELD THE HIGHEST POST IF THE EQUESTRIAN RANK AND IS NOW MARKED OUT FOR A HIGHER RANK, AND A MOST VIRTUOUS DAUGHTER MARRIEDTO A MOST UPRIGHT MAN AND THROUGH HER, TWO GRANDCHILDREN... Roman Grave inscription from Corfinium, Italy
- 7. Questioning the source... The source is the ... The evidence is the ...
- 8. What can we learn about the owner of the tomb inscription? The owner is a woman She was married to one man for 39 years She had 3 living children – one girl and 2 boys Sons had successful careers Daughter was married and had 2 children Reference to Caesar Augustus helps us to date the inscription.
- 9. What was her name and how did she die? We can not answer these questions from the inscription. We need to either: Find another source Ask a different type of question
- 10. What other sources may be useful to us here? Perhaps her husband or another member of the family was buried nearby and has an inscription providing further information.
Editor's Notes
- What can we learn about the owner of the tomb inscription?What was her name and how did she die?What other sources may be useful to us here?
- Source ... Grave inscriptionEvidence ...information in the source