The document is a chapter about gas mixtures that includes 17 figures. It discusses various properties and behaviors of gas mixtures, including the mass, moles, mole fractions, pressures, volumes, entropy, and energy of mixtures. It also examines ideal and nonideal gas mixtures, the chemical potential of pure substances and mixtures, and mixing and separating processes related to mixtures.

1. CHAPTER
12
Gas Mixtures

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FIGURE 12-1
The mass of a
mixture is equal to
the sum of the masses
of its components.
12-1

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FIGURE 12-2
The number of moles of
a nonreacting mixture is
equal to the sum of the
number of moles of its
components.
12-2

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FIGURE 12-3
The sum of the mole
fractions of a mixture is
equal to 1.
12-3

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FIGURE 12-5
Dalton’s law of additive
pressures for a mixture
of two ideal gases.
12-4

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FIGURE 12-6
Amagat’s law of
additive volumes
for a mixture of
two ideal gases.
12-5

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FIGURE 12-7
The volume a component
would occupy if it existed
alone at the mixture T and P
is called the component
volume (for ideal gases, it is
equal to the partial volume
yiVm).
12-6

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FIGURE 12-8
One way of predicting
the P-v-T behavior of
a real-gas mixture is
to use compressibility
factors.
12-7

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FIGURE 12-9
Another way of
predicting the P-v-T
behavior of a real-gas
mixture is to treat it
as a pseudopure
substance with
critical properties P′ cr
and T′ cr .
12-8

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FIGURE 12-13
Partial pressures (not the
mixture pressure) are used
in the evaluation of entropy
changes of ideal-gas
mixtures.
12-9

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FIGURE 12-16
It is difficult to
predict the behavior
of nonideal-gas
mixtures because of
the influence of
dissimilar gas
molecules on each
other.
12-10

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FIGURE 12-18
For a pure
substance, the
chemical potential is
equivalent to the
Gibbs function.
12-11

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FIGURE 12-20
The specific volume
and enthalpy of
individual
components do not
change during
mixing if they form
an ideal solution
(this is not the case
for entropy).
12-12

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FIGURE 12-21
For a naturally
occurring process
during which no
work is produced or
consumed, the
reversible work is
equal to the exergy
destruction.
12-13

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FIGURE 12-22
Under reversible
conditions, the work
consumed during
separation is equal
to the work
produced during the
reverse process of
mixing.
12-14

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FIGURE 12-23
The minimum work
required to separate
a two-component
mixture for the two
limiting cases.
12-15

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FIGURE 12-24
The osmotic
pressure and the
osmotic rise of saline
water.
12-16

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FIGURE 12-25
Power can be produced
by mixing solutions of
different concentrations
reversibly.
12-17