The document provides an overview of cellular communication, detailing its history, components, and operational processes. It explains different generations of cellular systems from 1G to 4G, introduces key elements like network cells, antennas, and call processes, and outlines cellular services available today. The document emphasizes the transformative impact of cellular technology on personal communication.

1. Cellular Network
Mobile networking
Ahmad Yar
BS Computer Science
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan (BZU), Sahiwal Campus.
Email: ahmadyark1@gmail.com
Mobile: +92303 9464551

2. Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Network Cells
• Frequency Reuse
• Cellular Network components
• Antenna Used in Cellular Communication System
• Setting and making a call
• Receiving a call
• Cellular concepts & Channels
• GSM & features
• Cellular Services
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
•Cellular communication is designed to provide
communications between two movingunits,or between
onemobileunit andonestationaryphoneor landunit (PSTN).
•Aservice provider must be able to locate
and tracka caller, assign a channel to the
call.

4. History
• Radio communication was invented by Marconi: in 1893
• in 1940 the first walkie-talkie was used by the US military
• in 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from AT&T’s
Bell Labs invented the transistor (semiconductor device
used to amplify radio signals)
• in 1979 the first commercial cellular phone service was
launched by the Nordic Mobile Telephone (in Finland,
Sweden, Norway, Denmark)

5. Cellular systems generations
• 1G (first generation) – voice-oriented systems based on analog
technology; ex.: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS)
• 2G (second generation) - voice-oriented systems based on digital
technology; more efficient and used less spectrum than 1G; ex.:
Global System for Mobile (GSM) and US Time Division Multiple
Access (US- TDMA)
• 3G (third generation) – high-speed voice-oriented systems
integrated with data services; ex.: General Packet Radio Service
(GPRS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• 4G (fourth generation) – mobile ultra-broadband Internet access,
for example to laptops with USB wireless modems to smart phones,
and to other mobile devices

6. Network Cells CEL
• Its a geographical
unit of a cellular
network; is the area
around an antenna
where a specific
frequency range is
used; is represented
graphically as a
hexagonal shape,
but in reality it is
irregular in shape

7. Cluster
• A CLUSTER is a group of adjacent cells, usually 7 cells;
no frequency reuse is done within a cluster
• The frequency spectrum is divided into sub bands and
each sub band is used within one cell of the cluster.

8. Frequency reuse
• It is a method used by service providers to improve the
efficiency of a cellular network and to serve millions of
subscribers using a limited radio spectrum

9. Types of cells
• Macrocell – their coverage is large (aprox. 6 miles
in diameter); used in remote areas, high-power
transmitters and receivers are used
• Microcell – their coverage is small (half a mile in
diameter) and are used in urban zones; low-
powered transmitters and receivers are used to
avoid interference with cells in another clusters
• Picocell – covers areas such as building or a
tunne

10. Cellular Network Components

11. Cellular network components
• BTS (Base Transceiver Station) – main component of a
cell and it connects the subscribers to the cellular
network; for transmission/reception of information it
uses several antennas spread across the cell
• BSC (Basic Station Controller) – it is an interface
between BTSs and it is linked to BTSs by cable or
microwave links; it routes calls between BTSs; it is also
connected to the MSC
• MSC (Mobile Switching Center) – the coordinator of a
cellular network, it is connected to several BSCs, it
routes calls between BSCs; links the cellular network
with other networks like PSTN through fiber optics,
microwave or copper cable

12. a. Omni directional Antenna
b. Sectorized Antenna

13. Antennas
Omni Directional
• receivesequally well in alldirections.
• It is also called the "non-directional"
antenna because it does not favor any
particular direction.
• Thisantenna is built usingametallic bar

14. Sectored Antenna
SectoredAntenna
• In sectorized cell, it canbe either edge excited or
centre excited. In a centre excited cell, it canbe a
3x120oand 6x60osectors while in theedge excited,
the BTSis located at the edge of the cell and provides
coverage to multiple cells.

15. HLR, VLR and EIR registers
• Home Location Register (HLR) - is a database maintained
by the service provider containing permanent data about
each subscriber (i.e. location, activity status, account status,
call forwarding preference, caller identification preference)
• Visitor Location Register (VLR) – database that stores
temporary data about a subscriber; it is kept in the MSC of
the of the area the subscriber is located in; when the
subscriber moves to a new area the new MSC requests this
VLR from the HLR of the old MSC
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR) – database located near
the MSC and containing information identifying cell phones
like IMEI no.

16. Components of a cellular phone
• Radio transceiver – low power radio transmitter
and receiver
• Antenna - which is usually located inside the
phone
• Control circuitry – formats the data sent to and
from the BTS; controls signal transmission and
reception
• Man-machine interface – consists from a keypad
and a display; is managed by the control circuitry
• SIM – integrated circuit card that stores the
identity information of subscriber
• Battery- usually Li-ion, the power unit of the
phone

17. Setting up a call process
• When powered on, the phone does not have a frequency/
time slot assigned to it yet; so it scans for the control
channel of the BTS and picks the strongest signal
• Then it sends a message (including its identification
number) to the BTS to indicate its presence
• The BTS sends an acknowledgement message back to the
cell phone
• The phone then registers with the BTS and informs the BTS
of its exact location
• After the phone is registered to the BTS, the BTS assigns a
channel to the phone and the phone is ready to receive or
make calls

18. Making a call process
• The subscriber dials the receiver’s number and sends it to the BTS
• the BTS sends to its BSC the ID, location and number of the caller
and also the number of the receiver
• the BSC forwards this information to its MSC
• the MSC routes the call to the receiver’s MSC which is then sent to
the receiver’s BSC and then to its BTS
• the communication with the receiver’s cell phone is established

19. Receiving a call process
• When the receiver’s phone is in an idle state it listens for the control channel of its
BTS
• if there is an incoming call the BSC and BTS sends a message to the cells in the area
where the receiver’s phone is located
• the phone monitors its message and compares the number from the message with
its own
• if the numbers matches the cell phone sends an acknowledgement to the BTS
• after authentication, the communication is established between the caller and the
receiver.

20. Authentication Center (AuC)
• It is a database that stores the list of
authorized subscribers of a GSM network
• it is linked to the MSC and checks the identity
of each user trying to connect also provides
encryption parameters to secure a call made
in the network

21. Other cellular concepts
• Handover : Moving an ongoing call from one
CELL to another CELL due to subscriber’s
mobility

22. Roaming
• Roaming Allowing the subscriber to
send/receive calls outside the service
provider’s coverage area.

23. GSM Control Channel
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

24. • TDMA allows several users to share the same
frequency channel by dividing the signal into
different time slots. The user transmit in rapid
succession, one after the other, each using its
own time slot.
TDMA

25. CDMA
• Each subscriber is assigned a code which is
used to multiply the signal sent or received by
the subscriber

26. FDMA
• In FDMA process, the total frequency band is
divided into number of small sub-bands. In
which each band is used by one user

27. GSM
• Global System for Mobile Communication GSM
operate in frequency bands: 900MHz, 1800 MHz,
1900 MHz GSM provides voice and data
services SIM a memory card (integrated circuit)
holding identity information, phone book etc.
GSM system support
• SIM cards other systems, like CDMA do not
support SIM cards, but have something similar
called Re-Usable Identification Module (RUIM)

28. Cellular services
• Voice communication
• Short Messaging Service (SMS)
• Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) – to
access the Internet
• Security (PIN)

29. Conclusion
• The development of Cellular Communication
is the first step towards a true personal
communication system that will allow
communication anywhere, anytime, and with
anyone.

30. Reference
• M. Mouly and M.-B. Pautet, The Cellular
Communications, 1992. M. Mouly and M.-B.
Pautet, GSM Protocol Architecture: Radio Sub-
system Signalling, IEEE 41st Vehicular
Technology Conference, 1991.

31. THANK YOU Any Queries ??