cell biology and basic information about cell life and detailing of cell organelles and also a diagrammatical demonstration of arrangement of organelles
This document provides an overview of the cytoplasm and its components. It discusses the cytoplasmic matrix, cell membrane, cell junctions, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microtubules, cilia, filaments, and cytoplasmic inclusions. It describes the structure and functions of key organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus. It also mentions several disorders related to defects in these organelles.
What is Cell?
Cell is the smallest unit of life that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
An animals cell is a type of eukaryotic call that lacks a cell wall and has a true membrane bound nucleus along with other organelles.
A cell has three main parts:
The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA.
The document discusses the four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. It provides details on the various subtypes of epithelial tissues, including simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and stratified epithelial tissues. It also describes the different types of connective tissues, which are found throughout the body, including areolar, reticular, adipose, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues. The document outlines the characteristics, structures, locations and functions of each tissue subtype.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the objectives of understanding cell organelles and their basic functions. It then describes the organization of the cell and various cellular components such as water, ions, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The key cellular organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and plasma membrane are explained in terms of their structure and functions. The cell theory of biology is also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the organelles found in the cytoplasm of cells. It discusses the structures and functions of key organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton. The cytoplasm contains these organelles and allows for metabolic activities, waste breakdown, and maintaining the shape of the cell.
The document summarizes a lecture on cell physiology given by Dr. Nilesh Kate on February 18, 2015. It covers the basic structure and components of cells, including the cell membrane, organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and intercellular junctions. It describes the key discoveries in cell biology from the 17th century onwards and the development of the cell theory. The lecture objectives are listed as cell structure, the cell membrane, and intercellular junctions.
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
a. Describe the representative functional systems of the cell and discuss their potential roles.
b. Describe the types of locomotion in non-muscle cells and discuss their mechanisms.
med_students0
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - animal cells and plant cells. Cells have several organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. Organelles include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cell membrane. In multicellular organisms, cells combine to form tissues like muscle and epithelial tissue. Multiple tissue types combine to create organs such as the heart and liver. Organ systems such as the circulatory and respiratory systems are made of different organs working together. The human body contains many organ systems that function as a whole to form a living organism.
This document provides an overview of the cytoplasm and its components. It discusses the cytoplasmic matrix, cell membrane, cell junctions, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, microtubules, cilia, filaments, and cytoplasmic inclusions. It describes the structure and functions of key organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi apparatus. It also mentions several disorders related to defects in these organelles.
What is Cell?
Cell is the smallest unit of life that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
An animals cell is a type of eukaryotic call that lacks a cell wall and has a true membrane bound nucleus along with other organelles.
A cell has three main parts:
The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm.
The nucleus is a structure inside the cell that contains the nucleolus and most of the cell's DNA.
The document discusses the four main types of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. It provides details on the various subtypes of epithelial tissues, including simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, and stratified epithelial tissues. It also describes the different types of connective tissues, which are found throughout the body, including areolar, reticular, adipose, dense regular, and dense irregular connective tissues. The document outlines the characteristics, structures, locations and functions of each tissue subtype.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the objectives of understanding cell organelles and their basic functions. It then describes the organization of the cell and various cellular components such as water, ions, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The key cellular organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes and plasma membrane are explained in terms of their structure and functions. The cell theory of biology is also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the organelles found in the cytoplasm of cells. It discusses the structures and functions of key organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton. The cytoplasm contains these organelles and allows for metabolic activities, waste breakdown, and maintaining the shape of the cell.
The document summarizes a lecture on cell physiology given by Dr. Nilesh Kate on February 18, 2015. It covers the basic structure and components of cells, including the cell membrane, organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and intercellular junctions. It describes the key discoveries in cell biology from the 17th century onwards and the development of the cell theory. The lecture objectives are listed as cell structure, the cell membrane, and intercellular junctions.
At the end of this session, the student should be able to:
a. Describe the representative functional systems of the cell and discuss their potential roles.
b. Describe the types of locomotion in non-muscle cells and discuss their mechanisms.
med_students0
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types - animal cells and plant cells. Cells have several organelles that allow them to carry out essential functions. Organelles include the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts and cell membrane. In multicellular organisms, cells combine to form tissues like muscle and epithelial tissue. Multiple tissue types combine to create organs such as the heart and liver. Organ systems such as the circulatory and respiratory systems are made of different organs working together. The human body contains many organ systems that function as a whole to form a living organism.
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))Manoj Dhital
This document provides information on the structure and functions of various cell organelles found in eukaryotic cells, including the cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, ribosomes and vacuoles. It describes their roles in processes like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, transport of materials within the cell, and storage of molecules.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also covers cell size limitations, the cytoskeleton, and structures specific to plant cells such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles and cell walls.
The cytoplasm contains three main structural components: organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton. Organelles include the plasma membrane, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), mitochondria, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, RER synthesizes membrane-bound proteins, mitochondria generate ATP, and lysosomes digest materials. The cytoskeleton includes microtubules and provides structure, transport, and cell motility.
Cells and its components(Anatomy) Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Cells and its components,discussion on cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with pictures....
easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
Comment to get explanation on your required topics.....
please like and share and follow.....
The document discusses the structure and function of cells and their organelles. It defines cells as the fundamental unit of life and notes they have two main parts: functional regions and organelles. The functional regions discussed are the plasma membrane, cell wall, and nucleus. The plasma membrane regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell. The cell wall provides structural strength in plant, fungi, and bacteria cells. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell activities. Various organelles in the cytoplasm like mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles are described along with their functions in cellular processes.
Cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. They maintain cell shape, control movement of materials in and out of the cell, and are involved in cell signaling and communication. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes are enclosed within the cell membrane and have specialized functions like DNA replication, ATP production, protein synthesis and modification, waste disposal, and lipid metabolism. Together, the cell membrane and organelles work cooperatively to carry out the functions necessary to sustain life.
Plastids are double-membrane organelles found in plant and algae cells that are responsible for important biochemical functions. There are three main types of plastids: chloroplasts, which facilitate photosynthesis; chromoplasts, which produce and store pigments; and leucoplasts, which synthesize compounds like proteins and starches. Chloroplasts have an additional internal membrane system called thylakoids that form stacks and contain chlorophyll. Chromoplasts and leucoplasts come in various subtypes depending on their contents and shape. All plastids contain a double membrane, stroma, DNA, ribosomes and other components that allow them to perform vital roles in plant cells.
Physiology is defined as the science dealing with the way a normal organism and their body parts function. There are four main levels of structural organization: cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and can be specialized into four main tissue types: epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues. Physiology can be studied at different levels including cellular physiology, which looks at organ function, and systems physiology, which examines coordinated processes that determine whole body function.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. Plant and animal cells also differ in that plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, allowing them to perform photosynthesis, while animal cells do not. The organelles in cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles each have distinct structures and functions that allow the cell to carry out its basic processes.
1) Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the late 1600s, allowing the first observations of cells. Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork cells.
2) In 1838-1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the first two principles of cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. Rudolf Virchow later added that cells only arise from preexisting cells.
3) Cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and sometimes organelles like the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It covers the cell theory, basic structures of the cell including the plasma membrane and organelles, and functions of the cell like communication and metabolism. It describes limits to cell size and provides details on the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. It also summarizes the structure and roles of various organelles and discusses cell division and the life cycle.
Cell membranes are composed of lipids (45%), proteins (45%), and carbohydrates (10%). Lipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing inward. Membrane proteins can be peripheral or integral. Peripheral proteins attach to lipid heads while integral proteins span or embed within the membrane. Together, lipids and proteins give cell membranes a fluid mosaic structure and allow them to perform important functions like selectively regulating transport into and out of the cell.
Here are the answers to the questions:
- Golgi apparatus serves as a primary packaging area for molecules that will be distributed throughout the cell.
- Ribosomes
- Spindle fibers
- Nerve cells
- Lysosomes
- Cell
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
This document provides information about the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles of cells. It discusses that the cytoplasm contains membrane-bound organelles and is surrounded by the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell. It also facilitates transport of molecules. The cytoplasm contains cytosol, which is where many enzymatic reactions occur, as well as various organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes. The document outlines the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, including its role in cellular communication and selective permeability. It also describes how cells become specialized through differentiation and concentrate specific organelles to perform specialized functions.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of various cell organelles. It discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm, it describes the organelles with limiting membranes like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, mitochondria and those without limiting membranes like ribosomes and cytoskeleton. Each organelle is described in terms of its structure, composition, location within the cell and specific functions. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the essential components within the cell and their roles in maintaining cellular activities.
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
Cytoplasm & cell organelles By Manoj Dhital (M.Sc Medical Microbiology))Manoj Dhital
This document provides information on the structure and functions of various cell organelles found in eukaryotic cells, including the cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, ribosomes and vacuoles. It describes their roles in processes like cellular respiration, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, transport of materials within the cell, and storage of molecules.
The document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses the key components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells including the plasma membrane, DNA, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also covers cell size limitations, the cytoskeleton, and structures specific to plant cells such as chloroplasts, central vacuoles and cell walls.
The cytoplasm contains three main structural components: organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton. Organelles include the plasma membrane, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), mitochondria, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, RER synthesizes membrane-bound proteins, mitochondria generate ATP, and lysosomes digest materials. The cytoskeleton includes microtubules and provides structure, transport, and cell motility.
Cells and its components(Anatomy) Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Cells and its components,discussion on cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with pictures....
easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
Comment to get explanation on your required topics.....
please like and share and follow.....
The document discusses the structure and function of cells and their organelles. It defines cells as the fundamental unit of life and notes they have two main parts: functional regions and organelles. The functional regions discussed are the plasma membrane, cell wall, and nucleus. The plasma membrane regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell. The cell wall provides structural strength in plant, fungi, and bacteria cells. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell activities. Various organelles in the cytoplasm like mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles are described along with their functions in cellular processes.
Cell membranes are semi-permeable bilayers that contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. They maintain cell shape, control movement of materials in and out of the cell, and are involved in cell signaling and communication. Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and ribosomes are enclosed within the cell membrane and have specialized functions like DNA replication, ATP production, protein synthesis and modification, waste disposal, and lipid metabolism. Together, the cell membrane and organelles work cooperatively to carry out the functions necessary to sustain life.
Plastids are double-membrane organelles found in plant and algae cells that are responsible for important biochemical functions. There are three main types of plastids: chloroplasts, which facilitate photosynthesis; chromoplasts, which produce and store pigments; and leucoplasts, which synthesize compounds like proteins and starches. Chloroplasts have an additional internal membrane system called thylakoids that form stacks and contain chlorophyll. Chromoplasts and leucoplasts come in various subtypes depending on their contents and shape. All plastids contain a double membrane, stroma, DNA, ribosomes and other components that allow them to perform vital roles in plant cells.
Physiology is defined as the science dealing with the way a normal organism and their body parts function. There are four main levels of structural organization: cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Cells are the basic unit of the body and can be specialized into four main tissue types: epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues. Physiology can be studied at different levels including cellular physiology, which looks at organ function, and systems physiology, which examines coordinated processes that determine whole body function.
Cells are the basic units of life and come in two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus while eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. Plant and animal cells also differ in that plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, allowing them to perform photosynthesis, while animal cells do not. The organelles in cells such as the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and vacuoles each have distinct structures and functions that allow the cell to carry out its basic processes.
1) Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the late 1600s, allowing the first observations of cells. Robert Hooke coined the term "cell" after observing cork cells.
2) In 1838-1839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the first two principles of cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life. Rudolf Virchow later added that cells only arise from preexisting cells.
3) Cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and sometimes organelles like the nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membranes while eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.
The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within cells that surrounds the organelles and nucleus. It is made up mostly of water along with molecules like enzymes, salts, and cytosol. The cytoplasm contains membrane-enclosed organelles that each perform specialized functions, as well as inclusions that store nutrients or waste. It aids many cellular functions like movement of materials, maintaining cell shape, and acting as a site for metabolic reactions like glycolysis.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It covers the cell theory, basic structures of the cell including the plasma membrane and organelles, and functions of the cell like communication and metabolism. It describes limits to cell size and provides details on the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane. It also summarizes the structure and roles of various organelles and discusses cell division and the life cycle.
Cell membranes are composed of lipids (45%), proteins (45%), and carbohydrates (10%). Lipids form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing out and hydrophobic tails facing inward. Membrane proteins can be peripheral or integral. Peripheral proteins attach to lipid heads while integral proteins span or embed within the membrane. Together, lipids and proteins give cell membranes a fluid mosaic structure and allow them to perform important functions like selectively regulating transport into and out of the cell.
Here are the answers to the questions:
- Golgi apparatus serves as a primary packaging area for molecules that will be distributed throughout the cell.
- Ribosomes
- Spindle fibers
- Nerve cells
- Lysosomes
- Cell
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
All living things are made up of cells.
Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell physiology:
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in the body, with over 100 trillion cells that come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
- All cells share certain characteristics like mechanisms for obtaining and using energy from nutrients.
- The basic structures of cells include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm containing organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and ribosomes, and the nucleus which houses genetic material.
- The plasma membrane is selectively permeable and controls what enters and exits the cell. It contains proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.
- The cytoplasm and organelles work together to carry out specialized functions and transport materials within the cell.
- The nucleus contains
This document provides information about the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles of cells. It discusses that the cytoplasm contains membrane-bound organelles and is surrounded by the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a selective barrier that regulates what passes in and out of the cell. It also facilitates transport of molecules. The cytoplasm contains cytosol, which is where many enzymatic reactions occur, as well as various organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes. The document outlines the structure and functions of the plasma membrane, including its role in cellular communication and selective permeability. It also describes how cells become specialized through differentiation and concentrate specific organelles to perform specialized functions.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of various cell organelles. It discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Within the cytoplasm, it describes the organelles with limiting membranes like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, mitochondria and those without limiting membranes like ribosomes and cytoskeleton. Each organelle is described in terms of its structure, composition, location within the cell and specific functions. The document serves as a comprehensive guide to the essential components within the cell and their roles in maintaining cellular activities.
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
The cell its organells and their functionsSumama Shakir
The document provides information on the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells and their organelles. It discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and describes the major organelles found in animal and plant cells - including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, centrosomes, and ribosomes. Each organelle is described in terms of its location, structure, and specific functions within the cell.
HUMAN CYTOLOGY ( CELL AND TISSUE )
PRESENTED BY
BY SONU SHARMA. ROLL NO. 504/16
3RD YEAR B.SC RADIOGRAPHY & IMAGING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF RADIO DIAGNOSIS
PANDIT BHAGWAT DAYAL SHARMA
UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND RESEARCH P.G.I.M.S. ROHTAK,HARYANA.
Contact : - +91-7015728336
The document discusses the structure and function of human cells. It begins by defining what cells are and that humans are made up of trillions of cells. It then describes the main parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and microtubules. It explains the role and function of each of these organelle. The document concludes by summarizing that all the organelles work together to keep the cell alive and allow it to perform its specific functions through processes like nutrient intake, waste removal, energy production, and replication.
Eukaryotic cells are large and complex cells that contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions. Key organelles include the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA; mitochondria, which generate energy; chloroplasts in plant cells, which perform photosynthesis; the endoplasmic reticulum, which modifies proteins; and the Golgi apparatus, which packages proteins for transport within the cell. Eukaryotic cells vary significantly in size and structure depending on their domain - animal, plant, fungus, or protist - but all have these essential membrane-bound organelles that allow compartmentalization of functions.
The document discusses the cell, which is described as the fundamental unit of life. It provides a brief history of cell discovery from Leeuwenhoek first observing cells under a microscope in 1674 to the development of the cell theory. The document outlines the characteristics of unicellular and multicellular organisms. It then describes the key components of cells, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various cell organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, plastids, and vacuoles. The structures and functions of these cellular components are summarized.
This document summarizes the key components and functions of cells. It describes that cells are the fundamental unit of life and consists of organelles like the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and centrioles (in animal cells). It provides details on the structures and roles of these various organelle in supporting cellular processes.
The document discusses cells and their components. It defines cells as the basic unit of structure and function of living things. It describes several key organelles and their functions, including the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane. It also distinguishes between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, noting that prokaryotes are smaller and lack a nucleus while eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei.
1. The document discusses the fundamental unit of life - the cell. It describes key discoveries in cell biology including the invention of the microscope and the development of the cell theory.
2. The text outlines the basic structures of plant and animal cells including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It explains the functions of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, and vacuoles.
3. The document compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and provides examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms. It also includes review questions related to cell structures and processes such as diffusion, osm
This document provides an introduction to biochemistry and the structure and function of cells. It discusses the organelles found in plant and animal cells including the plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, microtubules, and microfilaments. It also describes the differences between plant and animal cells and provides an overview of metabolism, including catabolism and anabolism. The goal of biochemistry is to understand how molecules interact to maintain life at the cellular level.
The document discusses the key components and organelles of the cell. It begins by defining the cell as the basic structural and functional unit of life. It then describes some of the major discoveries in cell biology, including Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665. The main components of the cell are then outlined, including the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and various organelles like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and their functions. The key differences between plant and animal cells are also summarized.
The document provides information about cell structure and function. It discusses that cells are the fundamental units of living things and humans are made up of trillions of cells. It then describes the main parts of the cell in detail, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and microtubules. It explains the functions of these parts, such as how the organelles work together to keep the cell alive and allow it to carry out tasks like nutrient intake, processing, waste removal, and energy production. The document also discusses different types of transport across the cell membrane like endocytosis and pinocytosis.
1. A cell is the smallest unit capable of performing life functions and all living things are composed of cells.
2. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells which lack a membrane-bound nucleus and eukaryotic cells which have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
3. Key cell organelles include the nucleus which houses genetic material, mitochondria which generate energy, the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus which aid in protein transport and modification, and plastids and chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis in plant cells. Together, these organelles allow the cell to carry out all functions necessary for life.
The document describes the main organelles found in animal cells including their structures, locations within the cell, and functions. The organelles discussed are the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle plays an important role such as generating energy, modifying and transporting proteins, breaking down waste, and carrying genetic instructions.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and function. It discusses that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells perform basic functions like respiration and nutrition. The key components of a cell are then described in more detail. This includes the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles within the cell and their functions. Specifically, it outlines the roles of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and ribosomes. The document concludes by distinguishing between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The document discusses the structure and functions of human cells. It begins by defining the cell as the structural and functional unit of living organisms, and describes some key discoveries in cell biology. It then outlines the main structures and organelles found within cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and microtubules. The functions of these structures are also summarized. The document concludes by explaining different mechanisms of transport across cell membranes, such as passive transport via diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
This document provides an overview of cell structure and types of organisms. It discusses the history of cell discovery and defines unicellular and multicellular organisms. The key components of the cell are then described in detail, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, and vacuoles. Each component's structure and functions are outlined. The document concludes by stating that vacuoles serve as storage sacs within the cell.
The document discusses various cell organelles and their functions. It describes that the cell nucleus contains the genetic material and controls the cell. The nucleus houses the nucleolus. Other organelles discussed include the endoplasmic reticulum, which transports proteins; ribosomes, which synthesize proteins; the Golgi apparatus, which processes and packages substances; lysosomes, which digest unwanted material; mitochondria, which produce energy; and their discoverers. Fun facts are provided about DNA, the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and mitochondria.
Details of viral replication:
The viral replication cycle refers to the series of steps involved in the replication and multiplication of a virus within a host organism. While the specific details can vary among different types of viruses, the general replication cycle typically involves the following stages:
Attachment: The virus attaches to specific receptor molecules on the surface of the host cell. This attachment is usually mediated by viral proteins on the outer surface of the virus and complementary receptors on the host cell.
Entry: The virus enters the host cell, either through direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane or by endocytosis, where the virus is engulfed by the host cell and enclosed in a vesicle called an endosome.
Uncoating: Once inside the host cell, the virus undergoes uncoating, which involves the removal of the viral capsid or envelope. This step exposes the viral genetic material, allowing it to be accessed and replicated by the host cell's machinery.
Genome Replication: The viral genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA depending on the type of virus, is replicated by the host cell's enzymes and machinery. This step involves the synthesis of new viral nucleic acid molecules using the viral genome as a template.
Transcription and Translation: The newly synthesized viral genetic material is transcribed into viral messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, which are then translated by the host cell's ribosomes into viral proteins. These proteins serve various functions, including the assembly of new virus particles.
Assembly: The newly synthesized viral proteins and replicated genetic material come together to form new virus particles, also known as virions. This assembly process often occurs in specific regions of the host cell, such as the nucleus or cytoplasm, depending on the virus.
Release: Once assembled, the mature virus particles are released from the host cell. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as cell lysis, where the host cell bursts open, or through budding, where the virus acquires a portion of the host cell membrane as it exits, thus enveloping itself.
This document provides a history and overview of microbiology. It discusses the key eras in the discovery and study of microorganisms from the Discovery Era with Leeuwenhoek first observing microbes under a microscope to the modern era. Some of the pivotal figures that advanced microbiology include Pasteur, Koch, Jenner and Fleming. Their contributions ranged from demonstrating that microbes cause disease, developing techniques like pasteurization and vaccines, and discovering antibiotics. The document also outlines the main areas of focus in microbiology including medical microbiology, immunology, agriculture, food/dairy, and industrial applications.
cell cycle
The cell cycle is the process a cell undertakes to replicate all of its genetic material and divide into two identical cells. There is different stages of the cell cycle and what happens in each stage. We will also consider the regulation of the cell cycle, and look at some examples of its dysregulation.
Hypertension, Diabetes, Cancer, Drug addiction and drug abuse.pptxrajkumarilodhi
The document discusses hypertension, diabetes, cancer, drug addiction and drug abuse. It provides details on:
1. The causes, risk factors, symptoms, treatment and prevention of hypertension and diabetes. Hypertension is classified as primary or secondary and long term risks include heart and kidney disease. Diabetes is categorized as type 1, type 2 or gestational.
2. The types and causes of cancer and methods of cancer management including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Cancer risks include tobacco use, infections, and environmental factors.
3. Definitions and descriptions related to drug addiction and abuse. Motivations for drug use, effects on individuals and society, symptoms of abuse, and treatment options including pharmacotherapy are
This document discusses the components of a balanced diet, including fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and water. It notes that a balanced diet contains adequate quantities of these six main nutrients and is important for good physical and mental health, proper growth, and increasing ability to work and resist disease. Key points covered include the roles and sources of specific nutrients like calcium, iron, and sodium. The document also mentions the benefits of dietary supplements and importance of physical exercise as part of a balanced diet.
This document discusses interactions between drugs and factors that can modify drug action. It covers several types of drug interactions including synergism, additive effects, and antagonism. Synergism occurs when two drugs have a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. Additive effects are when the combined effect equals the sum. Antagonism is when two drugs oppose each other's actions. The document also discusses physiological factors like age, sex, pregnancy, and disease states that can impact drug responses. Genetic and environmental factors are also noted to influence individual drug metabolism and effects.
This document discusses various psychotropic drugs used to treat mental disorders involving psychosis, depression, anxiety, mania, and hallucinations. It provides details on the classification, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and indications of antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, antimanic drugs, and drugs used to treat hallucinations. Key points include: antipsychotics work by blocking dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain; antidepressants increase neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine; benzodiazepines enhance GABA inhibition in the brain; lithium is used as an antimanic drug and stabilizes mood in bipolar disorder; schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are common causes of hallucinations.
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It begins by defining an ADR as an unwanted reaction to a medication. It then describes different types of ADRs, including type A reactions related to overdose, type B idiosyncratic reactions, and type C reactions related to long-term drug use. The document also discusses mechanisms of ADRs including direct toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions. It classifies ADRs based on onset and type, and provides examples of cutaneous drug reactions. In closing, it lists and describes additional categories of ADRs such as side effects, toxicity, tolerance, and withdrawal reactions.
This document discusses enzyme induction and inhibition and their effects on drug metabolism. It defines enzymes as biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed. Enzyme activity can be altered by molecules binding to active or allosteric sites. Induction increases enzyme activity, causing faster drug metabolism. Common inducers like phenobarbital increase levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Inhibition decreases enzyme activity, slowing drug metabolism. Direct inhibition occurs when inhibitors compete for or bind enzyme active sites, while indirect inhibition decreases enzyme production. Understanding induction and inhibition helps predict drug interactions and optimize dosing.
This document discusses the nature and sources of drugs as well as routes of drug administration. It defines a drug and categorizes drugs based on their purpose. The sources of drugs are described as being natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans. Common routes of drug administration are described as enteral (oral), parenteral (injection), and local. Specific types of injections like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation are outlined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to public health. It defines public health as the science and art of preventing disease and promoting health through organized community efforts. Public health involves health promotion, disease prevention at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, and addresses major disciplines like nutrition, environmental health, and health education. Public health outcomes are influenced by human biology, environment, lifestyle, and the health care system. Evaluation of public health programs assesses their impact and helps inform management and policy decisions to improve programs and increase their effectiveness.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to health and disease. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being according to the WHO, and defines disease as any deviation from normal functioning or health. It discusses two major concepts of health - the biomedical concept based on germ theory, and the ecological concept stating health is a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment. It then classifies diseases into six groups - diseases of biological origin, social diseases, deficiency diseases, genetic/congenital diseases, degenerative diseases/aging, and mental disorders. It further discusses infectious/communicable diseases being caused by pathogens and transmitted between organisms, and non-infectious diseases caused by various non-transmit
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. 1. Cell biology (also called cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies
the structure, function and behavior of cells.
2. All living organisms are made of cells.
3. A cell is the basic unit of life that responsible for living and functioning of organisms.
4. Cell biology is the study of structural and functional unit of cell.
5. A microscope is required to study cell structure.
6. Scientist Robert Hook First studied the cell structure in the year 1665 using a self designed
microscope.
7. A cell having following Structure and Function of cell Organelles.
3.
4. Major Cell organelles are as follows
1.Cell Membrane
Cell membrane enclose the cell and regulates the in and out flow of substance. It is also known
as plasma membrane which form the covering of animal cell. It is elastic, living, double layer
and permeable membrane. It is made up of protein and lipid molecules.
Function
It regulated movement of molecules inside and outside the cell.
2. Protoplasm –The whole fluid present inside the plasma membrane is protoplasm.
Protoplasm is made up of various chemical substances like water , ions, salt, and organic
molecule.
Protoplasm is divided into two parts.
i) Cytoplasm – The fluid found outside the nuclear membrane.
ii) Nucleoplasm – The fluid found inside the nuclear membrane.
5. 3. Nucleus- It is the most important organelle of a cell and usually lies in the center. It may
lie in the periphery. Its basic function is cell division and multiplication. The nucleus has a
double layered covering called nuclear membrane. The nucleus contains chromosomes
.chromosome contain information for inheritance of features form parents to next
generation in the form of DNA ( DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) molecules.
Function- It controls all activity of cells. So it is also known as “control room “of cell.
5. Mitochondria– Discovered by Altman in the year 1886.these are cylindrical rod shaped
or spherical structure found in cytoplasm. It is surrounded by double layered membrane.
The fluid present inside mitochondria is called matrix, which contain many enzyme and
co-enzyme.
Function- Mitochondria is the respiratory site of cellular respiration. Mitochondria
synthesize energy rich compound ATP (Adenosine Triphopshate) ATP is known as the
energy currency of the cell. Mitochondria are known as the Powerhouse of the cell.
6. 6. Golgi Bodies-Golgi bodies are made up of group of tubes, vesicles. These are also called as
Golgi apparatus. Golgi apparatus discovered by scientist Camilo Golgi.
Function- It functions include the storage, processing modification and packaging of products in
vesicles. It also involved in the synthesis of cell wall, plasma membrane and lysosomes
7. Ribosome- Discovered by Palade. Small granules like structure found attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum or in Free State. It is made up of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Function- Ribosome helps in protein Synthesis.
8. Lysosomes – Lysosomes are like structure bounded by single membrane and contain
hydrolytic enzyme. These enzymes made by RER. Lysosomes discovered by De Duve.
Function- it helps in intercellular digestion. The enzyme found in lysosomes may digest the
entire ell. Therefore lysosomes also known as the “suicide bags “ of a cell.
7. 9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large network of tubules like structure
found in cytoplasm .it is attached with the nucleus on one side and on other side it is joined with
plasma membrane .
There are two types of ER-
i ) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- Rough endoplasmic reticulum looks rough under a microscope
because it has particles called ribosome attached to its surface.
Function- RER concerned with protein synthesis and transport. RER developed in protein exporting cells (ex.
pancreatic cells and Liver) .
ii ) Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (SER) – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum looks smooth under a
microscope because it has free ribosome particles .its surface.
Function- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum helps in synthesizes and transports lipids and steroids. Some kinds
of smooth E. R transport proteins from the rough E. R. And still other kinds break down energy rich glycogen
and fats.
Function- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) helps in the distribution of material. It forms supporting framework of
cell.
8. 10. Plastids- Plastids are present only in plant cells. There are three types of plastids-
i) Chromoplast (colored plastids) –It provides various colors to the plant.
ii) Chloroplasts– Plastids containing the pigment chlorophyll are known as chloroplast. Chloroplasts
are important for photosynthesis in plants. It is known as the “kitchen of the cell”.
iii) Leucoplast (white or colorless plastids) – Leucoplasts are primarily organelles. It stores the food
in the form of starch, fat and protein.
11. Centrosome– it is Located in the cytoplast adjacent to the nucleus and takes part in cell division.
12. Vacuoles- Vacuoles are storage sacs for solid or liquid contents .vacuoles are small-sized in animal
cells while plant cells have very large vacuoles.
Many substances of importance in the life of the plant cell are stored in vacuoles. These include amino
acids and some proteins.
Function- it helps in osmoregulation. It stores toxic metabolic waste.