The document describes the design of a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system for a college hostel using two methods. Method I is an analytical method that considers solar radiation data to size the PV array, batteries, and inverter. Method II does not use solar data but instead develops a load chart based on appliance power and usage. Both methods perform cost analyses to compare a conventional grid-tied system to a stand-alone PV system. As a case study, the hostel load is analyzed using both methods. Method I sizes the system to 312 PV panels, 19557 battery Ah, and a 41580W inverter. Method II develops a load chart and sizes the PV array based on the total load w
This document describes research on enhancing the performance of microstrip patch antennas using metamaterials. Microstrip patch antennas have advantages like low profile and weight but suffer from narrow bandwidth and low gain. The researchers designed a patch antenna operating at 2GHz on an FR4 substrate. Metamaterial structures like split ring resonators (SRR) and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) were placed on the patch, substrate, and ground plane. Simulation results showed the metamaterial antenna achieved a bandwidth of 145MHz, an improvement over the 71.1MHz bandwidth of the basic patch antenna. In conclusion, metamaterials can effectively overcome limitations of conventional patch antennas.
Vibration Energy Harvesting: Going Beyond Idealizationjwcryns
This document summarizes research conducted on experimental analysis of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system under various vibration conditions. The research aims to show that accurate experimental testing is essential for harvester development by determining the implications of complex vibration characteristics on harvester performance. The research tests a commercially available piezoelectric transducer and conditioning circuit under harmonic, random, and sine on random vibration scenarios. The results show that theoretical power harvesting predictions require simplifying assumptions about input vibration and transducer characteristics that do not apply to real-world conditions. Testing more complex vibration profiles provides a more accurate representation of ambient vibrations and is valuable for harvester development.
IRJET- Wireless RF Energy Harvesting using Inverted F AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop a wireless RF energy harvesting system using an inverted F antenna. Key points:
- An array of 20 inverted F antennas will be used to harvest RF energy from surrounding wireless devices like mobile phones and WiFi routers.
- The antennas will capture RF signals and convert them to AC which will then be rectified to DC using Schottky diodes.
- The DC output will be stored in a supercapacitor and can then be used to charge batteries for low-power applications.
- Simulation software HFSS was used to design and optimize the inverted F antenna, achieving a maximum gain of 3.1 dB. PCB design software KiCad was used to lay
This document provides an overview of optical nano antennas. It begins by defining nano antennas and their role in transmitting and receiving optical signals at the nanoscale. Next, it discusses the characteristics of metallic and dielectric nano antennas, including their directivity, radiation efficiency, gain, and ability to enhance localized electric fields. Applications mentioned include medicine, photovoltaics, spectroscopy, and near-field microscopy. The document concludes by introducing seebeck nano antennas for solar energy harvesting and discusses limitations of current photovoltaic technology.
This document summarizes research on harvesting energy from passive human power through a piezoelectric fiber composite insole. Key points:
1) A piezoelectric fiber composite was tested to convert mechanical energy from foot vibrations into electrical energy.
2) Testing showed the composite produced sufficient voltage and current to power low-power electronics when vibrated.
3) An energy harvesting circuit was designed using components like a rectifier and buck-boost converter to efficiently convert, regulate, and store the energy in a battery.
4) An instrumentation circuit with op-amps was used to observe voltage outputs from the composite and charge levels of storage capacitors during vibration testing.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a Simulink model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell to study the effects of shading. The model accounts for the reduction in output power due to partial shading of cells. It was found that power losses increase with higher irradiation levels and greater rates of shading. The model can also examine the reverse bias characteristics of shaded solar cells in a PV module. In conclusion, the proposed Simulink model accurately models the decrease in maximum output power of a PV module from shading effects across different lighting conditions.
Analysis of MOS Capacitor Loaded Annular Ring MICROSTRIP AntennaIJMER
In this paper a new technique is proposed for achieving increased frequency agility by loading
the patch antenna with a MOS capacitor. Theoretical investigations have been carried out for the MOS
capacitor loaded Annular Ring microstrip antenna, for oxide thicknesses from 100 A to 500 A, to predict
the achievable range of operational bandwidth. In spite of numerous advantages, the simple patch antenna
has a low operational bandwidth, which limits its applicability. Hence this technique of MOS capacitor
loaded Annular Ring microstrip patch antenna is to improve the operating frequency range.
This document describes research on enhancing the performance of microstrip patch antennas using metamaterials. Microstrip patch antennas have advantages like low profile and weight but suffer from narrow bandwidth and low gain. The researchers designed a patch antenna operating at 2GHz on an FR4 substrate. Metamaterial structures like split ring resonators (SRR) and complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) were placed on the patch, substrate, and ground plane. Simulation results showed the metamaterial antenna achieved a bandwidth of 145MHz, an improvement over the 71.1MHz bandwidth of the basic patch antenna. In conclusion, metamaterials can effectively overcome limitations of conventional patch antennas.
Vibration Energy Harvesting: Going Beyond Idealizationjwcryns
This document summarizes research conducted on experimental analysis of a piezoelectric energy harvesting system under various vibration conditions. The research aims to show that accurate experimental testing is essential for harvester development by determining the implications of complex vibration characteristics on harvester performance. The research tests a commercially available piezoelectric transducer and conditioning circuit under harmonic, random, and sine on random vibration scenarios. The results show that theoretical power harvesting predictions require simplifying assumptions about input vibration and transducer characteristics that do not apply to real-world conditions. Testing more complex vibration profiles provides a more accurate representation of ambient vibrations and is valuable for harvester development.
IRJET- Wireless RF Energy Harvesting using Inverted F AntennaIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop a wireless RF energy harvesting system using an inverted F antenna. Key points:
- An array of 20 inverted F antennas will be used to harvest RF energy from surrounding wireless devices like mobile phones and WiFi routers.
- The antennas will capture RF signals and convert them to AC which will then be rectified to DC using Schottky diodes.
- The DC output will be stored in a supercapacitor and can then be used to charge batteries for low-power applications.
- Simulation software HFSS was used to design and optimize the inverted F antenna, achieving a maximum gain of 3.1 dB. PCB design software KiCad was used to lay
This document provides an overview of optical nano antennas. It begins by defining nano antennas and their role in transmitting and receiving optical signals at the nanoscale. Next, it discusses the characteristics of metallic and dielectric nano antennas, including their directivity, radiation efficiency, gain, and ability to enhance localized electric fields. Applications mentioned include medicine, photovoltaics, spectroscopy, and near-field microscopy. The document concludes by introducing seebeck nano antennas for solar energy harvesting and discusses limitations of current photovoltaic technology.
This document summarizes research on harvesting energy from passive human power through a piezoelectric fiber composite insole. Key points:
1) A piezoelectric fiber composite was tested to convert mechanical energy from foot vibrations into electrical energy.
2) Testing showed the composite produced sufficient voltage and current to power low-power electronics when vibrated.
3) An energy harvesting circuit was designed using components like a rectifier and buck-boost converter to efficiently convert, regulate, and store the energy in a battery.
4) An instrumentation circuit with op-amps was used to observe voltage outputs from the composite and charge levels of storage capacitors during vibration testing.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a Simulink model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell to study the effects of shading. The model accounts for the reduction in output power due to partial shading of cells. It was found that power losses increase with higher irradiation levels and greater rates of shading. The model can also examine the reverse bias characteristics of shaded solar cells in a PV module. In conclusion, the proposed Simulink model accurately models the decrease in maximum output power of a PV module from shading effects across different lighting conditions.
Analysis of MOS Capacitor Loaded Annular Ring MICROSTRIP AntennaIJMER
In this paper a new technique is proposed for achieving increased frequency agility by loading
the patch antenna with a MOS capacitor. Theoretical investigations have been carried out for the MOS
capacitor loaded Annular Ring microstrip antenna, for oxide thicknesses from 100 A to 500 A, to predict
the achievable range of operational bandwidth. In spite of numerous advantages, the simple patch antenna
has a low operational bandwidth, which limits its applicability. Hence this technique of MOS capacitor
loaded Annular Ring microstrip patch antenna is to improve the operating frequency range.
RF Energy Harvesting for Wireless DevicesIJERD Editor
Radio Frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to empower the next generation wireless networks. As this emerging technology enables proactive energy replenishment of wireless devices, it is advantageous in supporting applications with quality of service requirements. In this paper, some wireless power transfer methods, RF energy harvesting networks, various receiver architectures and existing applications are presented. Finally, some open research directions are envisioned.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6.The
resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2
. It offers dual band characteristics with - 10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier.
Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC
voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
IRJET- Dual Band Cylindrical DRA with Carbon Nano TubeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on a dual-band cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Key points:
- The antenna is designed to operate in both L and S bands using the fundamental TE11 mode and higher-order TE13 mode of the cylindrical DRA.
- CNTs are used to miniaturize the antenna structure due to their high permittivity. Simulation and experimental results show reasonable agreement on return loss, radiation pattern, and gain.
- The paper reviews properties of CNTs that make them suitable for antenna applications, such as conductivity, permittivity, and impact on resonance frequency. Modeling tools are discussed for designing C
Design and validation of piezoelectric energy harvesting systemsIlyas Caluwé
The aim of this study is to examine how small amounts of ambient energy, such as in vibrations or wind flow, can be converted to electrical energy and to build a working design.
The different energy harvesting principles found in literature are studied first. Piezoelectric energy harvesting was found suitable for both energy harvesting out of ambient vibrations and wind flow. A cantilevered beam setup with a piezopatch (MFC patch) is chosen because it has good power conversion characteristics, it is robust and versatile. Both vibration and wind flow harvesting devices can be constructed with this setup.
Vibration harvesting setups were constructed with both a commercially available bimorph piezoceramic harvester and with an unimorph harvester consisting of a stainless steel plate and a composite-reinforced piezoceramic patch attached to it. The power output is reported. The parameters that are of importance to optimize the setup are discussed.
The possibilities to use the beam for wind flow harvesting were explored. Different aeroelastic phenomena were studied to give insight into possible working principles. A number of designs are proposed and some are tested using the stainless steel plate with the MFC patch. The possibility of using aeroelastic stability to harvest energy is shown, and suggestions for further improvements are given.
Vibration Energy Harvesting - Between theory and realityKarim El-Rayes
This is the slides for a talk I have given at Sensors expo & conference 2017 in San Jose, CA, on vibrations energy harvesting. The talk discussed approaches in VEH, transduction mechanisms, common mechanical structures, design challenges and how to tackle them, in addition to a short survey on some VEHs and associated circuitry.
WI:PIE- ENERGY HARVESTING IN MOBILE ELECTRONICSAparna Vijayan
This document presents a model for harvesting energy from mobile electronic devices using piezoelectric materials and RF energy scavenging. It discusses using piezoelectric crystals beneath phone keys to harvest energy from key presses and storing it in thin film batteries. It also discusses using printed dipole antennas to harvest stray RF energy from mobile networks and convert it to DC power. The goal is to power mobile devices without disposable batteries to reduce e-waste and total cost of ownership.
The document discusses energy harvesting for sensor nodes. It describes various energy harvesting architectures and technologies that can power sensor nodes, such as solar, piezoelectric, wind, and radio frequency. It provides examples of sensor node implementations that use different energy storage solutions like batteries, supercapacitors, and tiered storage. The document also discusses implications for sensor network design, including performance adaptation techniques at the node and network levels to enable energy neutral operation of harvesting-powered sensor networks.
This document discusses the design and operation of a satellite-based solar power system (SSPS). It describes how an SSPS would collect solar energy using photovoltaic cells, convert it to microwave power using a DC to microwave converter, and transmit the power to rectennas on Earth using a large transmitting antenna. It discusses the technical requirements and challenges of SSPS including high efficiency power transmission and conversion, deployment in space, and addressing problems like interference. SSPS could help meet increasing energy demand through a renewable source with uninterrupted 24/7 power generation and without pollution.
This document describes an all optically driven integrated deformable mirror device. The device uses cascaded micromirrors on wafer fused GaAs-GaP photodiodes that can be actuated vertically through optical addressing of the individual photodetectors. Mirror displacements of up to 500 nm were observed using a 5 mW optical signal to address the photodetectors through microlenses. This approach allows for faster and denser adaptive optics without requiring integrated electrical circuitry to individually address each actuator.
1) The document describes using Kelvin probe force microscopy combined with localized photoexcitation to diagnose the performance of individual subcells in a multi-junction solar cell.
2) Experiments were able to selectively excite different subcells by focusing laser light onto specific semiconductor layers. This allowed measuring the surface photovoltage response of each subcell.
3) Measurements showed dips and peaks in the photovoltage profiles that matched simulations and could be used to identify the weakest performing subcell, which ultimately limits the efficiency of the entire multi-junction solar cell.
Kartik Goyal presented his dissertation on the design and optimization of optical Yagi-Uda nantennas for beam steering applications. He discussed the need for optical nantennas in applications such as communication, photovoltaics, and medical imaging. Through his research, he analyzed different nantenna designs, materials, and substrates. His final optimized design was a 9-element circular loop optical Yagi-Uda nantenna made of gold with a gallium arsenide substrate that achieved high directivity for beam steering.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses theorems related to list coloring of graphs. It begins with definitions of graph coloring, list coloring, and other graph theory concepts. It then discusses several important theorems in the area, including:
- Thomassen's 5-list coloring theorem, which states that planar graphs are 5-list colorable.
- A result showing that the list chromatic number of a graph is bounded above by the maximum degree plus one.
- Examples showing that planar graphs require lists of size at least 4, as 4-list coloring is not always possible.
- A relationship between list coloring and sum-list coloring, and results relating their parameters.
The document summarizes a study determining atmospheric stability classes in Mazoe, Zimbabwe over two years. The modified Pasquill-Gifford method was used to classify stability based on wind speed, solar radiation, temperature and other factors. Results showed neutral stability conditions (class D) were most prevalent, occurring over 60% of the time with moderate to strong winds and over 50% cloud cover. Classes A-C represented unstable conditions up to 20% of the time, while very stable classes E and F were rare or non-existent in 2012. In general, the atmosphere was found to be neutrally stable for dispersion of pollutants.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes several circuit-level techniques for reducing leakage current in cache memories, including gated-Vdd, gated-ground, drowsy caches, and asymmetric SRAM cells. Gated-Vdd and gated-ground work by adding transistors to gate the supply voltage or ground in unused sections of the cache, reducing leakage through stacking effects. Drowsy caches put unused cache lines in a low-power "drowsy" mode instead of fully powering them off. Asymmetric SRAM cells use different threshold voltages for transistors to reduce leakage when certain bit values are stored. The techniques provide varying levels of leakage reduction from 40-97% but can increase access time or circuit area as tradeoffs
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique for data embedding and extraction in high resolution AVI videos. The technique encrypts a secret message before embedding it by alternately changing the LSB and LSB+3 bits of alternate bytes in the cover video file. An index is also created for the secret information and placed in a video frame to aid extraction. This technique aims to provide higher security, capacity and robustness compared to typical data embedding methods. The paper discusses related work on digital steganography techniques and the proposed video steganography algorithm in more detail.
RF Energy Harvesting for Wireless DevicesIJERD Editor
Radio Frequency (RF) energy transfer and harvesting techniques have recently become alternative methods to empower the next generation wireless networks. As this emerging technology enables proactive energy replenishment of wireless devices, it is advantageous in supporting applications with quality of service requirements. In this paper, some wireless power transfer methods, RF energy harvesting networks, various receiver architectures and existing applications are presented. Finally, some open research directions are envisioned.
ENERGY HARVESTING USING SLOT ANTENNA AT 2.4 GHZjantjournal
Slot antenna is designed with microstrip feed line for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. The first patch is designed as a rectangular shape and the other is designed as an inverted L shape. The antenna is printed on a FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8mm and relative permittivity of 4.6.The
resulting antenna is found to have a compact size of 22.75x22mm2
. It offers dual band characteristics with - 10dB return loss and it radiates in omnidirectional pattern. The antenna receives RF signals which are converted into DC power by connecting it through the matching circuit, rectifier and voltage multiplier.
Matching circuit is needed for matching the impedance of the antenna and the impedance of the rectifier. Rectifier uses schottky diode (HSMS 2850) which has high switching speed and low forward voltage convert the input RF signal received by the antenna into suitable DC supply voltage. The produced DC
voltage can be doubled by using voltage doubler. The output power from the voltage doubler is given to low power devices for charging. These designs are simulated by using ADS 2011 (Advanced Designs System) software
Modeling Simulation and Design of Photovoltaic Array with MPPT Control Techni...IJAPEJOURNAL
The Renewable energy is important part of power generation system due to diminution of fossils fuel. Energy production from photovoltaic (PV) is widely accepted as it is clean, available in abundance, & free of cost. This paper deals with modeling of PV array including the effects of temperature and irradiation. The DC-DC converter is used for boosting low voltage of the PV array to high DC voltage. Since the efficiency of a PV array is around 13% which is low, it is desirable to operate the module at the peak power point to improve the utilization of the PV array. A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for extracting the maximum power from the solar PV array and transferring that power to the load. To track maximum power point (MPP) Perturb & Observe (P & O) algorithm is used which periodically perturbs the array voltage or current and compare PV output power with that of previous perturbation cycle which controls duty cycle of DC-DC converter. The entire system is simulated in MATLAB /SIMULINK and simulation results are presented.
IRJET- Dual Band Cylindrical DRA with Carbon Nano TubeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on a dual-band cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Key points:
- The antenna is designed to operate in both L and S bands using the fundamental TE11 mode and higher-order TE13 mode of the cylindrical DRA.
- CNTs are used to miniaturize the antenna structure due to their high permittivity. Simulation and experimental results show reasonable agreement on return loss, radiation pattern, and gain.
- The paper reviews properties of CNTs that make them suitable for antenna applications, such as conductivity, permittivity, and impact on resonance frequency. Modeling tools are discussed for designing C
Design and validation of piezoelectric energy harvesting systemsIlyas Caluwé
The aim of this study is to examine how small amounts of ambient energy, such as in vibrations or wind flow, can be converted to electrical energy and to build a working design.
The different energy harvesting principles found in literature are studied first. Piezoelectric energy harvesting was found suitable for both energy harvesting out of ambient vibrations and wind flow. A cantilevered beam setup with a piezopatch (MFC patch) is chosen because it has good power conversion characteristics, it is robust and versatile. Both vibration and wind flow harvesting devices can be constructed with this setup.
Vibration harvesting setups were constructed with both a commercially available bimorph piezoceramic harvester and with an unimorph harvester consisting of a stainless steel plate and a composite-reinforced piezoceramic patch attached to it. The power output is reported. The parameters that are of importance to optimize the setup are discussed.
The possibilities to use the beam for wind flow harvesting were explored. Different aeroelastic phenomena were studied to give insight into possible working principles. A number of designs are proposed and some are tested using the stainless steel plate with the MFC patch. The possibility of using aeroelastic stability to harvest energy is shown, and suggestions for further improvements are given.
Vibration Energy Harvesting - Between theory and realityKarim El-Rayes
This is the slides for a talk I have given at Sensors expo & conference 2017 in San Jose, CA, on vibrations energy harvesting. The talk discussed approaches in VEH, transduction mechanisms, common mechanical structures, design challenges and how to tackle them, in addition to a short survey on some VEHs and associated circuitry.
WI:PIE- ENERGY HARVESTING IN MOBILE ELECTRONICSAparna Vijayan
This document presents a model for harvesting energy from mobile electronic devices using piezoelectric materials and RF energy scavenging. It discusses using piezoelectric crystals beneath phone keys to harvest energy from key presses and storing it in thin film batteries. It also discusses using printed dipole antennas to harvest stray RF energy from mobile networks and convert it to DC power. The goal is to power mobile devices without disposable batteries to reduce e-waste and total cost of ownership.
The document discusses energy harvesting for sensor nodes. It describes various energy harvesting architectures and technologies that can power sensor nodes, such as solar, piezoelectric, wind, and radio frequency. It provides examples of sensor node implementations that use different energy storage solutions like batteries, supercapacitors, and tiered storage. The document also discusses implications for sensor network design, including performance adaptation techniques at the node and network levels to enable energy neutral operation of harvesting-powered sensor networks.
This document discusses the design and operation of a satellite-based solar power system (SSPS). It describes how an SSPS would collect solar energy using photovoltaic cells, convert it to microwave power using a DC to microwave converter, and transmit the power to rectennas on Earth using a large transmitting antenna. It discusses the technical requirements and challenges of SSPS including high efficiency power transmission and conversion, deployment in space, and addressing problems like interference. SSPS could help meet increasing energy demand through a renewable source with uninterrupted 24/7 power generation and without pollution.
This document describes an all optically driven integrated deformable mirror device. The device uses cascaded micromirrors on wafer fused GaAs-GaP photodiodes that can be actuated vertically through optical addressing of the individual photodetectors. Mirror displacements of up to 500 nm were observed using a 5 mW optical signal to address the photodetectors through microlenses. This approach allows for faster and denser adaptive optics without requiring integrated electrical circuitry to individually address each actuator.
1) The document describes using Kelvin probe force microscopy combined with localized photoexcitation to diagnose the performance of individual subcells in a multi-junction solar cell.
2) Experiments were able to selectively excite different subcells by focusing laser light onto specific semiconductor layers. This allowed measuring the surface photovoltage response of each subcell.
3) Measurements showed dips and peaks in the photovoltage profiles that matched simulations and could be used to identify the weakest performing subcell, which ultimately limits the efficiency of the entire multi-junction solar cell.
Kartik Goyal presented his dissertation on the design and optimization of optical Yagi-Uda nantennas for beam steering applications. He discussed the need for optical nantennas in applications such as communication, photovoltaics, and medical imaging. Through his research, he analyzed different nantenna designs, materials, and substrates. His final optimized design was a 9-element circular loop optical Yagi-Uda nantenna made of gold with a gallium arsenide substrate that achieved high directivity for beam steering.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses theorems related to list coloring of graphs. It begins with definitions of graph coloring, list coloring, and other graph theory concepts. It then discusses several important theorems in the area, including:
- Thomassen's 5-list coloring theorem, which states that planar graphs are 5-list colorable.
- A result showing that the list chromatic number of a graph is bounded above by the maximum degree plus one.
- Examples showing that planar graphs require lists of size at least 4, as 4-list coloring is not always possible.
- A relationship between list coloring and sum-list coloring, and results relating their parameters.
The document summarizes a study determining atmospheric stability classes in Mazoe, Zimbabwe over two years. The modified Pasquill-Gifford method was used to classify stability based on wind speed, solar radiation, temperature and other factors. Results showed neutral stability conditions (class D) were most prevalent, occurring over 60% of the time with moderate to strong winds and over 50% cloud cover. Classes A-C represented unstable conditions up to 20% of the time, while very stable classes E and F were rare or non-existent in 2012. In general, the atmosphere was found to be neutrally stable for dispersion of pollutants.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes several circuit-level techniques for reducing leakage current in cache memories, including gated-Vdd, gated-ground, drowsy caches, and asymmetric SRAM cells. Gated-Vdd and gated-ground work by adding transistors to gate the supply voltage or ground in unused sections of the cache, reducing leakage through stacking effects. Drowsy caches put unused cache lines in a low-power "drowsy" mode instead of fully powering them off. Asymmetric SRAM cells use different threshold voltages for transistors to reduce leakage when certain bit values are stored. The techniques provide varying levels of leakage reduction from 40-97% but can increase access time or circuit area as tradeoffs
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new technique for data embedding and extraction in high resolution AVI videos. The technique encrypts a secret message before embedding it by alternately changing the LSB and LSB+3 bits of alternate bytes in the cover video file. An index is also created for the secret information and placed in a video frame to aid extraction. This technique aims to provide higher security, capacity and robustness compared to typical data embedding methods. The paper discusses related work on digital steganography techniques and the proposed video steganography algorithm in more detail.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
- The document analyzes the effect of adding viscoelastic damping material (rubber) to propeller shaft structures made of steel, carbon epoxy, and e-glass epoxy.
- Finite element analysis is used to calculate damping factors, natural frequencies, and deflections both with and without the damping material.
- For all materials, the damping factor and natural frequency increased while deflection decreased when rubber was added, indicating improved vibration suppression. The increases ranged from 1.8-14.69% and decreases from 5.96-17.86% depending on the material.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed an anti-lock braking system controller using an FPGA. The system uses wheel speed sensors and an ADC to provide input to the FPGA controller. Based on the wheel speeds, the FPGA calculates required adjustments and sends control signals to drive circuits to adjust hydraulic pressure at each wheel. This helps regulate slip and improves braking performance compared to non-ABS systems. The FPGA design was implemented using VHDL and tested experimentally on a test vehicle.
La terapia inhalatoria es la administración de fármacos directamente en el árbol traqueo bronquial y alveolar para lograr un efecto más rápido y menos efectos secundarios que la vía sistémica. Existen varios sistemas como inhaladores de dosis medidas, nebulizadores e inhaladores de polvo seco que permiten administrar la mayor dosis posible en los pulmones. El éxito de la terapia depende de factores como la técnica, el dispositivo, el fármaco y la condición del pac
Sherry Pratt is a medical transcriptionist currently transcribing pathology reports for one of the largest healthcare facilities in Atlanta, Georgia. She has over 10 years of experience as a medical transcriptionist. She is RHDS and RMT certified and has membership in the Association for Healthcare Documentation Integrity. Her experience includes transcribing pathology, acute care, and clinical reports for various hospitals and healthcare providers.
Este documento trata sobre la obesidad infantil. Define la obesidad como un aumento excesivo de grasa en el cuerpo y explica que puede ser causada por factores como la ingesta excesiva de grasas y azúcares, el sedentarismo, factores hereditarios y psicológicos. Detalla algunas consecuencias de la obesidad infantil como alteraciones ortopédicas, hipertensión, diabetes y baja autoestima. El objetivo es dar a conocer los problemas de salud que causa la obesidad y posibles soluciones a los niños
Eva María González Fernández nació en 1976 en Mairena del Alcor, Sevilla. Fue coronada Miss España en 2003 y mide 1,76 metros. Actualmente sale con el torero Cayetano Rivera y ha presentado programas de televisión como La isla de los famosos.
As entidades sindicais autora ajuizaram Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade contra o Decreto no 7.777/2012 que regulamenta os efeitos da greve dos servidores federais. Alegam que o decreto infringe o direito de greve constitucional e que vêm tentando negociar com o governo recomposição salarial e pagamento de valores devidos, sem sucesso. Argumentam ter legitimidade para a ação por representarem servidores federais em todo o país.
This document discusses the design and development of a solar grid-tied photovoltaic power inverter for Nagpur, India. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goals of designing an inverter to use renewable solar energy and save conventional energy resources. It then describes the key components of the inverter, including the maximum power point tracker, DC to AC inverter, filter, and protections. The document also discusses factors like solar irradiance and monthly insulation levels specific to Nagpur. It concludes that a grid-tied solar inverter can help satisfy power requirements locally while reducing emissions from fossil fuel power plants.
Cost Analysis of Small Scale Solar and Wind Energy SystemsIJMER
Abstract: The recent dramatic increase in the use of
renewable energy systems leading towards competitive
markets within the various individual renewable energy
systems. The aim of this paper is to prove the hypothesis
i.e. in next few years, when the cost of the solar PV
modules come down below 1$ per Watt, small wind
turbines become more costlier because of the cost of
structures required to support the wind generator. And
also if the threat from the market is not addressed both
technically and commercially, small wind turbine
manufactures will lose the competition to solar PV module
manufactures in the near visible future. Objective of this
paper is to do cost analysis on the industry data and prove
hypothesis and to arrive at the cutoff point, where after the
generating energy from the wind is not economically
feasible. With this cost analysis, author here by alarm for
the small scale wind turbine manufactures to take
necessary measures to survive the competitive markets of
small scale renewable energy systems.
Keywords: Renewable energy, Solar PV, Wind Turbine, Curve Fitting, Cost analysis.
This document summarizes a study on connecting a wind farm to an AC load through a rectifier-inverter system and using batteries for energy storage. It discusses how batteries can be charged during periods of high wind by storing surplus power generated, and can discharge to supply the AC load during periods of low wind. MATLAB simulation results are presented showing voltage waveforms with and without batteries connected in parallel to the wind farm. The study highlights the importance of energy storage devices like batteries for ensuring continuous power supply to loads, even during low wind conditions, by charging batteries when wind is high and discharging them when wind is low.
PV SYSTEMS, COMPONENTS DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS.pptArpoMukherjee1
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Load Estimating and Calculating the Components of Solar Systemijtsrd
This document discusses the design of a solar power system for a village in central Myanmar. It estimates the village's daily energy load at 18 kW/day and maximum peak hourly load at 55 kW. The system components are then sized to meet this demand. The solar array will consist of 440 photovoltaic panels connected in 8 series strings of 55 parallel panels each, providing a total output of 252 volts. The battery bank will include 608 12-volt 200-ampere-hour lead-acid batteries connected in 16 series strings of 38 parallel batteries each. Other system components include a 600 ampere maximum power point tracker charge controller and a 70 kVA three-phase pure sine wave inverter. Calculations are shown
This document discusses an intelligent home energy management system for an Indian residential home using a hybrid solar (PV)-grid/diesel generator (DG) power system controlled by a fuzzy adaptive control model. The system is designed to meet the daily energy demand of 60-70 kWh through optimal power sharing between the PV, grid, and DG sources. Simulation results show the fuzzy control strategy reduces grid/DG usage and results in average electricity cost savings of 50% per day through intelligent battery and load energy management.
IRJET-Performance Evaluation of Centralized Inverter and Distributed Micro In...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the performance evaluation of centralized inverter and distributed micro inverter systems for solar photovoltaic systems based on a solar radiation model. A computer model of hourly solar radiation was designed using the Liu and Jordan solar radiation model. The power output of the centralized inverter system and distributed micro inverter system were simulated in MATLAB Simulink under changing solar radiation values. The mean power output of the centralized inverter system was 0.6kW, while the distributed micro inverter system achieved a higher mean power output of 1.5kW at standard testing conditions of 1000W/m2 irradiance and 25°C temperature. The distributed micro inverter system was able to extract more power from the solar
solar power satellite & microwave power transmissionbhavisha patel
In this seminar topic,I included all the things related SPS system & how microwave power transmission can done through magetron,retro directive beam controlling scheme & all.I also mentioned the design of optical rectenna & economic evolution of the topic.
This document presents a study on modeling a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control using neural networks. It discusses modeling the photovoltaic module and cell using equations. An artificial neural network model with three layers (input, hidden, output) is proposed to identify the maximum power point. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink show the effectiveness of the neural network technique in improving photovoltaic system performance and maximizing power extraction compared to conventional MPPT methods. The document also analyzes how temperature and solar radiation influence the current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics of the photovoltaic module.
Design of Isolated DC Solar Powered Microgrid with Storage SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for an isolated DC solar powered microgrid with battery energy storage. The microgrid would use a photovoltaic system and lithium-ion battery energy storage system to provide renewable energy. The photovoltaic system would use a boost converter with maximum power point tracking to control the variable output power from the solar panels. The battery energy storage system would use lithium-ion batteries controlled by a buck-boost converter with a PID controller. The document discusses modeling the photovoltaic system and battery storage system components to design and optimize the microgrid system.
Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Ac Micro-GridIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on modeling and analyzing a hybrid AC microgrid system using MATLAB. The microgrid combines solar and wind energy sources along with a battery backup system. Photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine are modeled to generate DC power from solar and wind energy. A boost converter increases the low DC voltage from the sources before passing it to an SPWM inverter that converts it to AC. The battery provides backup power storage. Simulation results are presented for the different components and the integrated hybrid microgrid system. The microgrid can operate both connected to and isolated from the main utility grid to provide reliable power for local loads.
Valuation and Determination of Seven and Five Parameters of Photovoltaic Gene...Ah Roueiha
The mathematical modeling of solar cells is essential for any optimization operation of the efficiency or the diagnosis of photovoltaic generator. The photovoltaic module is generally represented by an equivalent circuit whose parameters are experimentally calculated by using the characteristic current-tension, I-V. The precise determination of these parameters stays a challenge for the researchers, making to a big difference in the models and the digital methods dedicated to their characterizations. In the present paper, We are interested to characterize the parameters of single diode and two diodes models, in order to plan the behavior of the photovoltaic generator under real functioning conditions. We developed an identification method of the parameters using Newton Raphson method by using the software Matlab/Simulink. This method is the faster technique which allows the identification of several parameters and can be used in real time applications. The results of the proposed method show an accordance with the experimental and simulated characteristics of photovoltaic generator.
This document provides a review of RF energy harvesting techniques for powering wireless sensors. It discusses the basic components of a rectenna system for converting RF energy to DC power, including receiving antennas, impedance matching networks, rectifiers, and filters. Challenges in rectenna design are also addressed. State-of-the-art rectenna designs are compared based on parameters like efficiency, output power, and frequency range. RF energy harvesting is presented as a promising green technology for providing unlimited, zero-power energy for low-power wireless devices.
An efficient optical inspection of photovoltaic modules deploying edge detec...IJECEIAES
With the enhanced industrial and domestic energy needs, there is a great urge for renewable energy sources because of their eco-friendly nature. Solar energy is crucial among renewable energy sources and there is a great need to optimize and enhance the performance of solar energy usage that is mainly dependent on the system components. The current work has been aimed to discuss the fault detection of photovoltaic (PV) modules by evaluating an efficient, facile inspection algorithm electrical analysis for real-time applications. The paper presents a real-time experimental model for infrared thermography using a thermal imager mounted on a tripod at a suitable distance from the PV modules to capture the images in the best possible way. A novel hybrid algorithm has been proposed and the fault detection along with the electrical parameter analysis has been accurately performed on the PV modules to analyze and process various externally induced faults in the PV systems.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR CHARGING LOW POWER DEVICESJournal For Research
Finite electrical battery life is encouraging the companies and researchers to come up with new ideas and technologies to drive wireless mobile devices for an infinite or enhance period of time. Common resource constrained wireless devices when they run out of battery they should be recharged. For that purpose main supply & charger are needed to charge drained mobile phone batteries or any portable devices. Practically it is not possible to carry charger wherever we go and also to expect availability of power supply everywhere. To avoid such disadvantages some sort of solution should be given and that can be wireless charging of mobile phones.[4] If the mobile can receive RF power signals from the mobile towers, why can’t we extract the power from the received signals? This can be done by the method or technology called RF energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting holds a promise able future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. RF power harvesting is one of the diverse fields where still research continues. The energy of RF waves used by devices can be harvested and used to operate in more effective and efficient way.
This document summarizes a research paper on maximizing the power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system using perturb and observe (P&O) control applied to maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It describes how PV output is affected by solar irradiance and temperature. A boost converter is used along with a P&O MPPT algorithm to continuously adjust the duty cycle and extract maximum power from the PV panel. Simulation results show that using MPPT improves efficiency from 73% without MPPT to 97.6% with MPPT by ensuring the PV operates at its maximum power point under changing conditions. The study demonstrates that MPPT effectively increases PV system performance compared to direct connection without MPPT control.
Performance Enhancement of MPPT Based Solar PV System using Neural Networkijtsrd
In this paper, using artificial neural network ANN for tracking of maximum power point is discussed. Error back propagation method is used in order to train neural network. Neural network has advantages of fast and precisely tracking of maximum power point. In this method neural network is used to specify the reference voltage of maximum power point under di erent atmospheric conditions. By properly controlling of dc dc boost converter, tracking of maximum power point is feasible. To verify theory analysis, simulation result is obtained by using MATLAB SIMULINK. Rakesh Kumar | Pramod Kumar Rathore "Performance Enhancement of MPPT Based Solar PV System using Neural Network" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50540.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/50540/performance-enhancement-of-mppt-based-solar-pv-system-using-neural-network/rakesh-kumar
This document proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in solar photovoltaic systems that can operate under partial shading conditions. It begins by reviewing existing MPPT methods and their limitations in partial shading scenarios. It then models the photovoltaic system and designs a boost converter for interfacing solar panels with the grid. The proposed PSO-based MPPT algorithm modifies the standard PSO to track the global maximum power point under non-uniform irradiance. Simulation results show the algorithm can reach the maximum power point in fewer iterations compared to other methods.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
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- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
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11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
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12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
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Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
20240609 QFM020 Irresponsible AI Reading List May 2024
Ce32510515
1. Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp510-515
Design of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System – A Case Study
Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari *, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu**
* (Department of EEE, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, AP. )
* (Department of EEE, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, AP. )
ABSTRACT Lnm Average night time load
In this paper the design of a stand-alone PV Photo voltaic
photovoltaic system has been explained in two (Rb)mi Tilt factor for direct solar radiation
methods; method-I, considering the solar radiation Rd Tilt factor for daily diffuse solar
data of the location and the load, and method-II, radiation
considering only the load. The various constraints Rr Tilt factor for daily ground reflected
considered in the preliminary phase and the later solar radiation
stages have been thoroughly discussed along with a XC Critical radiation
case study pertaining to a college. The paper β Tilt angle
describes various parameters required for the δm Declination angle
design of a photovoltaic system taking the load Latitude of the location
conditions and economic constraints in the end.
Cost analysis of conventional and stand alone Solar radiation utilizability
mi
photovoltaic system for both the methods is carried Ƞb Average energy efficiency of the battery
out. Ƞc Cabling efficiency
Keywords – photovoltaic system, PV system, solar ȠT Maximum power point tracking
energy, inverter efficiency
Ƞ vr Voltage regulator efficiency
I. INTRODUCTION Ƞw PV array wiring efficiency
The ever increasing demand for electrical ω mi Hour angle
energy due to rapid industrialization and increasing ω sm Sunset hour angle
population brings in a need to go for sustainable ω stm Sunrise hour angle
energy sources i.e. renewable energy sources like PV Photovoltaic
solar, wind, ocean energy, etc. Solar energy is
ultimate source of energy which is abundant in nature
and is available irrespective of location. III. METHOD-I
The complete analytical methodology has
This paper attempts to design a standalone photo been presented in Method-I. Solar radiation data, tilt
voltaic system in two methods. The Method-I is an factor and instantaneous solar radiation the location
analytical method which takes solar radiation data have been used to estimate the stand-alone PV
into consideration to design the PV system and the system.
Method-II does not consider the data from solar
radiation but still can give the design of the PV A. ESTIMATION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENT
system. The Method-II can be considered to be more
The load demand must be met by the energy output of
simple and practical. Cost analysis of conventional the PV array installed. So, for a certain load, the
system and stand alone system for both analytical required daily output from the PV array (Epl)m should
method and practical method are carried out and be equal to
economical solution is recommended.
(Epl)m = (Ldm + Lnm / ηb)/(ηw ηT ηvr ηc )
II. LIST OF NOTATIONS USED (1)
Hbm Direct solar radiation
Hdm Diffuse solar radiation where Ldm is the average daytime load, and Lnm is the
Hgm Ground reflected part of global solar average night time load, ηb is the average energy
radiation efficiency of the battery, ηw is the PV array wiring
HTm Monthly average daily solar radiation efficiency, ηT is the maximum power point tracking
(Ib)mi Hourly direct solar radiation efficiency, ηvr is the voltage regulator efficiency,and
(Id)mi Hourly diffuse solar radiation ηc is the cabling efficiency.
(Ig)mi Total solar radiation
(ITb)mi Instantaneous solar radiation Annual daily average energy Epl, required by the load
is given by
Ldm Average day time load
510 | P a g e
2. Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp510-515
1 12 ( Ldm Lnm / b) like Sine wave inverter, PWM inverter, etc are
Epl
12 m 1 ( w T vr c)
(2) available in market which can be selected depending
upon requirement.
B. REQUIREMENT OF PV ARRAY AREA
Inverter o/p power rating = 1.5 x Total maximum load
PV array must be capable of covering load and power
(8)
conditioning unit losses on a yearly basis for
calculating minimum PV array area (Amin) which can
F. SOLAR RADIATION UTILIZABILITY
be estimated from the equation given by
The PV battery systems are based on an important
design tool, namely solar radiation utilizability which
12 ( Ldm Lnm / b )
( w T vr c )
is very vital in designing of PV battery systems. This
A min INT
1
A (3) solar radiation utilizability (Φ) is defined as the
A HTm ( e ) ( d )
12
fraction of total radiation incident on the array that
m
exceeds a specified intensity called critical level. The
1
critical level (Ic)mi is a radiation level at which the rate
where ΔA is the incremental step in array area, which of electrical energy production is just equal to the
depends on the array configuration (e.g., it can be the hourly load (Ld)mi which is given by
area of an additional module or sub-array). The
( Ld )mi
maximum PV array area (Amax) can be estimated as a ( Ic)mi (9)
multiple (say two times) of Amin. For a given value of A(( e)m( d )( w)(T )( vr )( c))
PV array area A, between Amin and Amax, it is possible
to compute the energy flow in a PV system. The solar radiation utilizability (Φ)mi is defined as
C. PV SIZING ( IT )mi ( Ic)mi
The number of PV panels required for the system is mi (10)
estimated from PV array area „A‟ required and area of ( IT )mi
the module chosen for the design.
A The average daily utilizability is defined as a fraction
Number of panels required = (4) of the monthly total solar radiation that is above a
Area of Module critical radiation level.
D. BATTERY SYSTEM SIZING IV. METHOD-II
The total capacity of battery required is obtained from
supply watt hour and days of autonomy i.e. number of In Method-II, first a load chart is developed based on
days the battery alone should supply power to load. the load and consumption of energy. Different
This is taken based on number of cloudy days. appliances, their wattage, number of appliances and
duration of usage are required to develop the load
The supply watt hour is calculated by: chart. The load chart is prepared by multiplying the
number of appliances with wattage of each appliance
Supply Wh = Load Wh x Battery Autonomy (5) to get maximum watts. This maximum watt is
multiplied with duty factor to get average watts. This
The battery watt hour is calculated from: is multiplied with number of hours of usage to get
watt hours. For different appliances the maximum
Supply Wh watts, average watts and total watt hours are
Battery Wh = (6) aggregated individually for calculation purpose.
(DOD BEF ACEF )
A. PV SIZING
And, battery ampere hour is obtained from: PV sizing means determining the number of panels
required to support the load. Initially the total power
BatteryWh that is required to be generated from panels is
Battery Ah = (7)
VAT calculated from the formula
E. INVERTER SIZING Load Wh
Peak PV watts (Total Wp) = (11)
Most of the electrical appliances work on alternative (PSH) SYSEF
current and the electricity generated from PV system
is direct current in nature. Hence inverters are used in Here load Wh is obtained from the load chart. PSH is
PV system to convert DC electricity to AC and make the average daily peak sun hour in design month for
it suitable for AC applications. Inverters are placed selected tilt and orientation of the PV array. This is
between PV arrays and the load. Various Inverters
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3. Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp510-515
the amount of time where useful solar energy is 23:00 Television 2 x 150 5 1500
present. This value varies from location to location. Total 27720W 138600
23:00 Fans 336 x 60 8 161280
PSH – average daily peak sun hours in design month to Lights 25 x 40 8 8000
for selected tilt and orientation of PV array. 6:00 Total 21160W 169280
Table 2: Daily Load Data of G.V.P.C.O.E. Girls
SYSEF is the overall system efficiency i.e. product of Hostel
AC system efficiency, Battery efficiency and DC
system efficiency. A. ESTIMATION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENT
From Equation 2,
SYSEF = DCEF x BEF x ACEF (12) 307880
(123020 )
The number of modules required is estimated ( Epl ) m 0.80 = 568062Wh
from the formula: (0.97 0.95 0.99 0.98)
Number of PV modules = Total Wp / Module Wp B. REQUIREMENT OF PV ARRAY AREA
(13) From Equation 3,
568062
The battery and inverter sizing are similar to Method- A min INT 1.98 = 618.13m
2
I. 1.98 919
1 12
V. CASE STUDY AND CALCULATIONS
Where,
12 1
HTm( e)m( d ) = 919 (Refer Appendix-A)
Girls Hostel Block in Gayatri Vidya Parishad College
of Engineering & Technology in Visakhapatnam, C. PV SIZING
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA has been considered for From Equation 4,
making the model calculations. A panel or 280Wp 618.13
Number of panels required = = 312
manufactured by EMMVEE with area of 1.98m 2 is 1.98
considered for the purpose of calculation.
Therefore, 312 panels of 280Wp are required.
(i) METHOD-I
The collected data and the calculations are as below: D. BATTERY SYSTEM SIZING
The total hostel load is as From Equations 5, 6 and 7,
Appliance Qty Wattage (W)
Tube lights 144 40 Supply Wh = 430890 2 = 861780
Fans 361 60
Geysers 10 2000 861780
Television 2 150 Battery Wh = = 1877516Wh
(0.60 0.85 0.90)
Grinder (large) 2 1000
Table 1: Hostel Load
1877516
Battery Ah = = 19557Ah
The daily load data of G.V.P.C.O.E. Girls Hostel has 96
been tabulated as shown below: E. INVERTER SIZING
Time QtyxWatts Energy From Equation 8,
Appliance Hrs Inverter o/p power rating = 1.5 x 27720 = 41580W
(Hrs) of appliance (Wh)
6:00 Lights 32 x 40 3 3840
to Fans 61 x 60 3 10980 F. SOLAR RADIATION UTILIZABILITY
9:00 Geysers 10 x 2000 2 40000 From Equation 9,
Grinders 1 x 1000 1 1000 123020
( Ic)mi
Total 25940W 55820 721 0.13 0.90 0.97 0.95 0.99 0.98
9:00 Fans 25 x 60 6 9000 = 1631.16
to Lights 4 x 40 6 960
16:00 Television 2 x 150 6 1800 (IT)mi = (Ib)mi(Rb)mi + (Id)mi Rd + (Ig)mi Rr (14)
Total 1960W 11760
16:00 Fans 361 x 60 2 43320 (Ig)mi = (Ib)mi + (Id)mi (15)
to Lights 144 x 40 2 11520 ( Ib)mi ( Id )mi (Cos mi Cos sm)
18:00 Television 2 x 150 2 600 (a bCos mi )
Hgm 24 (Sin sm smCos sm)
Total 27720W 55440
18:00 Fans 361 x 60 5 108300 (16)
to Lights 144 x 40 5 28800
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4. Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp510-515
(Cos mi Cos sm) has been done. Conventional cost analysis is same in
( Id )mi Hdm (17) Method-I and Method-II, whereas the stand-alone PV
24 ( Sin sm smCos sm)
system cost analysis differs. 60% of the load is
a 0.409 0.5016 Sin( sm - ) (18) considered to be supplied from state electricity board
3 (SEB), and 40% from diesel powered generators due
to the power outages at the location selected.
b 0.6609 0.4767 Sin( sm - ) (19)
3
A. CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM
here,
Non peak hour unit cost = Rs.5.97/-
mi = 300
Peak hour unit cost = Rs.6.97/-
sm = 89.686 Diesel generation cost per unit = Rs.12/-
a = 0.6574, b = 0.4124 Non peak hour units = 292.3KWh
(Ig)mi = 92.8547, (Id)mi = 18.7707 & (Ib)mi =
292.3
74.6839 Non peak hour KWAh = 324.77 KWAh
0.9
and hence Non peak hour units from S.E.B. = 194.86KWAh
(IT)mi = 7179 Non peak hour units from S.E.B. cost per day =
Rs.1163/-
From Equation 10, Non peak hour units from diesel generator =
7179 1631 129.91KWAh
mi = 0.772 Diesel generation cost per day = Rs.1558/-
7179 Non peak hour cost per year = 2722.2 x 365
= Rs.993615/-
The solar radiation utilizability =0.772 is 77%, i.e. Peak hour units = 154KWAh
77% of the energy from the PV arrays is available for Peak hour units from S.E.B. = 92.4KWAh
charging the batteries during day time. Peak hour units from diesel generator = 61.6KWAh
S.E.B. units cost per day = Rs.647/-
(i) METHOD-II Diesel generation cost per day = Rs.739.2/-
A. PV SIZING Peak hour cost per year = 1358 x 365
The load chart we considered for the calculations is = Rs.504868/-
shown below in Table 3. KVA cost per year = Rs.75000/-
Tota Total cost of the system = Rs.1573483/-
H
W l Total
Qt o
Load att Max avg. Wh B. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM OF METHOD-I
y u
s .Wat watts Total watts of the system = No. of panels x peak
rs
t power of each panel
Tube 14 = 364 x 280
40 5760 5760 7 40320
lights 4 = 101920W
36 2166 1 32490 Cost per one watt = Rs.165/-
Fans 60 21660
1 0 5 0 Total cost of the system = 101920 x 165
20 2000 = Rs.16816800/-
Geyser 10 20000 3 60000
0 0 The payback period can be estimated by dividing the
Televisio 15 30 1 Total cost of the stand alone PV system by Total cost
2 300 4800 per year of conventional system.
n 0 0 6
4772 43002 16816800
Total
0
47720
0 10.68
1573483
Duty factor = 1.0 for all appliances In this case the payback period is 10 years, 8 months.
Table 3: Load Chart Annual savings after payback period is Rs.1573483/-
Load Wh 430020
Total Wp = =
5.6 0.072 5.6 0.72 C. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM OF METHOD-II
= 106651W Cost per watt = Rs.165/-
106651 Total maximum watts = No. of panels x peak power
Number of PV panels = = 381 of each panel
280 = 381 x 280
381 panels of 280Wp are required. = 106680W
Total cost of system = 106680 x 165
VI. COST ANALYSIS = Rs.17602200/-
The cost analysis for the conventional system and The payback period can be estimated by dividing the
stand alone photovoltaic system for both the methods Total cost of the stand alone PV system by Total cost
513 | P a g e
5. Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp510-515
per year of conventional system. of the panel to be 20 years as claimed by the industry,
17602200 the remaining 50% of the life, electrical energy
= = 11.18 generated will be at a very small cost because of
1573483
Therefore payback period is 11 years, 3 months. batteries and the maintenance.
Annual savings after payback period is Rs.1573483/- Keeping in view, the present power shortages, and
also frequent interruption of power supply particularly
D. COMPARISON BETWEEN METHOD I & II
for institutions in rural areas (like ours), it is
A tabular column has been constructed using all the economical to utilize solar energy for meeting
above data for comparison between the two methods electrical energy requirement. This will improve
employed so as to get a clear picture of the reliability of power supply at a reasonably low cost
advantageous method based on resources. This tabular
which benefits the organization.
column is as shown in Table 4.
REFERENCES
Sl. Descripti
Method I Method II
No. on
Total Journal Papers:
1 430890Wh 430020Wh
Energy
No. of PV Mohan Kolhe, “Techno-economic optimum sizing
2 panels 364 381 of a stand-alone solar photo voltaic system”, IEEE
required Transactions on energy conservation, Vol.24, No.2,
Total June 2009, Pg. 511-519.
3 Capacity of 19557Ah 19517Ah
Battery (Ah)
Total Conferences:
Inverter
4
capacity
41580W 48000W Proceedings of Work shop on “Off-grid Solar PV
required Components and Systems” by National Centre for
Promotion of Photovoltaic Research and Education
Total Cost
5 Rs.16816800/- Rs.17602200/- (NCPRE) at IIT Bombay from April 11th to 13th, 2012
of System
at New Delhi.
Payback 10 years, 8 11 years, 3
6
Period months months
Books:
Annual
Savings
Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes – 2nd
7 after Rs.1573483/- Rs.1573483/-
edition by John A. Duffie , William A. Beckman,
payback
New York; Wiley Publications; 1991
period
Table 4: Comparison between Method I & Method A. Mani, Handbook of solar radiation data for
II India, 1980 New Delhi, India; Allied Publishers
Private Limited 1981
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The objective of this paper was to design a Planning and Installing Photovoltaic Systems – 2nd
standalone photovoltaic system on radiation data edition by EARTHSCAN Publications
(available for the location) to optimize the space
requirement and cost of installation. A standalone Websites Referred:
photovoltaic system for meeting the electrical energy
and for the energy requirement for Girls Hostel is www.leonics.com
presented as a case study for explaining the www.sunpossible.com
methodology adapted. www.powermin.nic.in
www.wikipedia.com
From the work presented, it can be concluded that the www.emmvee.com
design based on monthly average daily energy
generated (Method I) gives a requirement of 364
panels whereas the calculation based on thumb rule
(Method II) gives 380 panels.
The initial investment is very high; the rate of return
is less, i.e. 10 years, 8 months for Method I and 11
years, 3 months for Method II. Assuming the life span
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6. Miss. L. Raja Rajeswari, Dr. C. V. Krishna Bhanu / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp510-515
APPENDIX-A
Hb Hd Hg Rb Htm= A Htm*A
m m m HbmR *ƞd
(K bm+H
Wh dmRd
/ m2) +
HgmR
r
Jan 7000 1416 8416 1.20 9863.9 0.13 1171.8
6 1 2 3
Feb 7272 1490 8762 1.13 9764.0 0.13 1151.1
7 4 1 8
Mar 6589 1863 8452 1.06 8869.0 0.13 1053.6
4 5 2 4
Apr 5870 2167 8037 0.99 8011.3 0.13 951.75
8 5 2
May 5117 2640 7757 0.95 7484.7 0.13 889.19
2 9 2
Jun 2811 2965 5776 0.93 5541.0 0.13 678.23
2 7 6
Jul 2027 3100 5127 0.94 4955.2 0.13 615.45
8 8
Aug 2487 3046 5533 0.97 5431.4 0.13 669.69
8 1 7
Sep 3559 2552 6111 1.03 6210.4 0.13 760.15
7 6
Oct 5220 1829 7049 1.11 7623.1 0.13 898.77
2 6 1
Nov 6149 1555 7704 1.18 8853.0 0.13 1051.7
7 6 2 4
Dec 6650 1397 8047 1.22 9567.8 0.13 1136.6
8 1 2 6
Sum Sum
92175.33 11028.28
Average Average
7681.28 919.02
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