- The document analyzes the effect of adding viscoelastic damping material (rubber) to propeller shaft structures made of steel, carbon epoxy, and e-glass epoxy.
- Finite element analysis is used to calculate damping factors, natural frequencies, and deflections both with and without the damping material.
- For all materials, the damping factor and natural frequency increased while deflection decreased when rubber was added, indicating improved vibration suppression. The increases ranged from 1.8-14.69% and decreases from 5.96-17.86% depending on the material.
This document summarizes the modeling and analysis of a spur gear for a sugarcane juice machine using finite element analysis. The goal is to replace the existing cast iron spur gear with a plastic gear made of either nylon or polycarbonate to reduce weight and noise. A 3D model of the spur gear was created in Pro-E software and imported into ANSYS for static load analysis. The stresses and deflections from the analysis will be used to determine the best plastic material that can replace the cast iron gear. Initial calculations show that both nylon and polycarbonate materials meet the allowable stress requirements and are viable alternatives to cast iron for this application.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono composite leaf springIAEME Publication
The document discusses experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono-composite leaf springs. Two composite leaf spring samples were fabricated - one with 60% epoxy and 40% fiberglass, and another with 50% of each. Physical tests were performed on the samples and compared to steel leaf springs. Tensile, flexural, dynamic mechanical and heat deflection tests were conducted. The tensile test results showed the 50% composite sample had higher tensile stress and strain values than the 60% sample. In general, the study aims to compare composite and steel leaf springs under different testing conditions.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Reinforced Concrete Deep BeaIJMER
This document summarizes an experimental and analytical study on reinforced concrete deep beams. Three deep beams were cast with different span-to-depth ratios (L/D) of 1.5, 1.6, and 1.71 and tested under two-point loads. Additionally, finite element models of the beams were created in ANSYS software. The results found that as L/D decreased, the deviation of strain patterns at the mid-section increased. Experimentally measured strains, strengths, and deflections were generally higher than values predicted by the finite element models, especially for deeper beams. Crack patterns from the models were also presented.
Analysis of R.C Deep Beam by Finite Element MethodIJMER
ABSTRACT : The analytical study of reinforced concrete simply supported deep beams subjected to two point loads was
carried out using finite element method to study the behavior of deep beam by considering flexural stress, flexural strain,
and shear stress variations at different sections for various effective lengths to depth ratio and compared with EulerBernoulli Theory. The effective span to depth ratios of the beams considered were 1.25, 1.375 and 1.5
Keywords: Finite Element Method (FEM), Reinforced Concrete (R.C) deep beam, Shear strength.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Bending moment of galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panelIJERA Editor
The main objective of this project is to prepare a laminated with Galvanized iron thickness fractions, fiber
volume fractions and orientation in the layers of GF were fabricated by hand lay-up method and evaluated for
their bending moment properties of the sandwich panel using universal testing machine. This paper theoretically
calculates the bending behavior of sandwich panel. The recent need to develop a new range of materials has
resulted in the development of high performance lightweight composites with excellent properties. Metal–
composite systems consist of alternating layers of metal and fiber-reinforced polymer composites which are
bonded by an adhesive. Sandwich beams were tested under Air Bending. Stress-strain and stress-displacement
were recorded by using AIMIL UTM. The beam face sheets exhibited a softening non-linearity on the bending
side. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from simple models. On an overall basis, the
sandwich panel exhibited better bending moment performance than the monolithic galvanized iron.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural performance of a propeller blade made of composite material compared to one made of nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) metal. Finite element analysis was used to model and analyze both materials. The results showed that the composite blade experienced lower maximum von Mises stress (44.032 MPa vs. 125.484 MPa) and deflection (0.897 mm vs. 0.597 mm) compared to the NAB blade under the same loading conditions. Modal analysis also found that the natural frequencies of the composite blade were around 22% higher than the NAB blade. Therefore, replacing NAB with composite material improved the structural performance and stiffness of the propeller blade.
This document summarizes the modeling and analysis of a spur gear for a sugarcane juice machine using finite element analysis. The goal is to replace the existing cast iron spur gear with a plastic gear made of either nylon or polycarbonate to reduce weight and noise. A 3D model of the spur gear was created in Pro-E software and imported into ANSYS for static load analysis. The stresses and deflections from the analysis will be used to determine the best plastic material that can replace the cast iron gear. Initial calculations show that both nylon and polycarbonate materials meet the allowable stress requirements and are viable alternatives to cast iron for this application.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono composite leaf springIAEME Publication
The document discusses experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono-composite leaf springs. Two composite leaf spring samples were fabricated - one with 60% epoxy and 40% fiberglass, and another with 50% of each. Physical tests were performed on the samples and compared to steel leaf springs. Tensile, flexural, dynamic mechanical and heat deflection tests were conducted. The tensile test results showed the 50% composite sample had higher tensile stress and strain values than the 60% sample. In general, the study aims to compare composite and steel leaf springs under different testing conditions.
Experimental and Analytical Study on Reinforced Concrete Deep BeaIJMER
This document summarizes an experimental and analytical study on reinforced concrete deep beams. Three deep beams were cast with different span-to-depth ratios (L/D) of 1.5, 1.6, and 1.71 and tested under two-point loads. Additionally, finite element models of the beams were created in ANSYS software. The results found that as L/D decreased, the deviation of strain patterns at the mid-section increased. Experimentally measured strains, strengths, and deflections were generally higher than values predicted by the finite element models, especially for deeper beams. Crack patterns from the models were also presented.
Analysis of R.C Deep Beam by Finite Element MethodIJMER
ABSTRACT : The analytical study of reinforced concrete simply supported deep beams subjected to two point loads was
carried out using finite element method to study the behavior of deep beam by considering flexural stress, flexural strain,
and shear stress variations at different sections for various effective lengths to depth ratio and compared with EulerBernoulli Theory. The effective span to depth ratios of the beams considered were 1.25, 1.375 and 1.5
Keywords: Finite Element Method (FEM), Reinforced Concrete (R.C) deep beam, Shear strength.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Bending moment of galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panelIJERA Editor
The main objective of this project is to prepare a laminated with Galvanized iron thickness fractions, fiber
volume fractions and orientation in the layers of GF were fabricated by hand lay-up method and evaluated for
their bending moment properties of the sandwich panel using universal testing machine. This paper theoretically
calculates the bending behavior of sandwich panel. The recent need to develop a new range of materials has
resulted in the development of high performance lightweight composites with excellent properties. Metal–
composite systems consist of alternating layers of metal and fiber-reinforced polymer composites which are
bonded by an adhesive. Sandwich beams were tested under Air Bending. Stress-strain and stress-displacement
were recorded by using AIMIL UTM. The beam face sheets exhibited a softening non-linearity on the bending
side. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from simple models. On an overall basis, the
sandwich panel exhibited better bending moment performance than the monolithic galvanized iron.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural performance of a propeller blade made of composite material compared to one made of nickel aluminum bronze (NAB) metal. Finite element analysis was used to model and analyze both materials. The results showed that the composite blade experienced lower maximum von Mises stress (44.032 MPa vs. 125.484 MPa) and deflection (0.897 mm vs. 0.597 mm) compared to the NAB blade under the same loading conditions. Modal analysis also found that the natural frequencies of the composite blade were around 22% higher than the NAB blade. Therefore, replacing NAB with composite material improved the structural performance and stiffness of the propeller blade.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ...AM Publications
The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prediction of behaviour in forming of sintered copper 10%tungsten nano powder...iaemedu
The document discusses experimental investigations to predict the deformation behavior of sintered copper-10% tungsten nano composite during cold upset forming. High-energy mechanical milling was used to produce Cu and W nano powders. Cylindrical preforms with initial theoretical density of 85% and aspect ratios of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 were cold pressed and sintered. The preforms underwent incremental cold deformation testing. Relationships between stress, strain, density ratio, and other parameters were evaluated to understand the densification behavior during forming.
Densification and deformation behaviour of sinteredIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the densification and deformation behavior of sintered powder metallurgy copper-7% tungsten composite during cold upsetting. The study evaluated the effect of initial preform density and aspect ratio on the densification properties. Preforms with an initial theoretical density of 0.85 and aspect ratios of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 were upset at 750°C. Properties like linear strain, lateral strain, and true stress were evaluated. Results showed that composites obtained higher stress and strain values than pure tungsten powder. The composite with the lowest initial aspect ratio of 0.4 achieved the highest stress and strain.
Investigation of mechanical behaviour in forming of sintered copper 15%tungst...iaemedu
This document summarizes an investigation into the mechanical behavior of sintered copper-15% tungsten nano powder composites during cold forming. Copper and tungsten powders were milled to a particle size of 400nm and below and compacted into cylindrical preforms with initial densities of 85% and aspect ratios of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. The preforms were sintered and then subjected to cold deformation testing. Results showed that stresses increased with strain levels and aspect ratio, with lower aspect ratios exhibiting higher stresses. Fractional density was also found to correlate with a strain parameter according to a power law relationship.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregateijsrd.com
This paper gives a research on Sintered fly ash. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant . The sintered fly ash is procuder from Gallantt group of industries .This industries is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. The plant is an establishment of 14th November, 2006 .It has a generation capacity of 25 MW. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely: 33, 43 and 53 which are commonly used in construction industry.This research paper in use of the Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43grade and use the sintered fly ash many percentage 5%, 10% ,15%, and 20% remove the aggregate. The high emission of CO2 from cement industry, steel plants, waste products from the thermal plants for the generation of electric power to meet the demand of growing population resulted in the production of 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation .This research paper explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concrete.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study on the performance of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). The objective was to optimize the properties of SFRSCC in both fresh and hardened states. Various materials were used to produce SFRSCC mixes with steel fiber contents ranging from 0% to 3% by volume. Cubes and beams were tested to determine the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that both strengths generally increased with fiber content up to around 2%, above which the strengths decreased. This suggests the steel fibers can improve the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete if used at an optimal dosage.
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
The document describes a study that uses finite element analysis and Taguchi's method to optimize the preform shape of a connecting rod forging. The goal is to minimize forging load and produce defect-free forgings. Finite element software was used to simulate hot forging of the connecting rod under different preform design parameters, including flash thickness, width, and radii. Taguchi's method was then applied to design parameter combinations to determine the most influential parameters. Through several optimization iterations, the optimal preform shape that gave minimum forging load and complete die filling was obtained. The approach aims to reduce design time and costs compared to traditional trial and error methods.
The document examines the effect of heat treatment on the hardness and microstructure of En 353 steel. Vickers hardness tests found that heat treatment significantly increased the hardness of the steel case from 193.7 HV before heat treatment to 684.5 HV after. Microstructure images showed the before treatment microstructure was ferrite and spheroidized pearlite, while the after treatment microstructure was fine tempered martensite and retained austenite. X-ray diffraction analysis found the heat treatment reduced crystallite size and dislocation density. The study concludes that heat treatment improves the mechanical properties of En 353 steel by increasing hardness and changing the microstructure.
20 Ideas for your Website Homepage ContentBarry Feldman
Perplexed about what to put on your website home? Every company deals with this tough challenge. The 20 ideas in this presentation should give you a strong starting point.
This document outlines 50 essential content marketing hacks presented by Matt Heinz, President of Heinz Marketing Inc. at CMWorld. It provides an agenda for the presentation and covers topics such as content planning, measurement, formats, distribution, influencer engagement, repurposing content, and getting sales teams to leverage content. The goal is to provide new tools, tricks and best practices to help convert readers into customers through effective content marketing.
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Ballistic Performance of Bi-Layer Alumina/Aluminium and Honeycomb Sandw...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes numerical simulations of the ballistic performance of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with alumina ceramic face plates compared to a bi-layer alumina/aluminum armor. The simulations were conducted using HyperWorks Radioss finite element software. Validation of the model showed it could approximate the results for a bi-layer armor from a reference with 2.5% error. The simulations found that decreasing the honeycomb foil thickness and increasing the honeycomb thickness (while maintaining total thickness) resulted in lower residual velocities of the projectile, indicating better energy absorption. A honeycomb sandwich structure with 0.04mm foil thickness had the best performance overall compared to the bi-layer armor, absorbing more kinetic energy from the projectile
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ...AM Publications
The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prediction of behaviour in forming of sintered copper 10%tungsten nano powder...iaemedu
The document discusses experimental investigations to predict the deformation behavior of sintered copper-10% tungsten nano composite during cold upset forming. High-energy mechanical milling was used to produce Cu and W nano powders. Cylindrical preforms with initial theoretical density of 85% and aspect ratios of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 were cold pressed and sintered. The preforms underwent incremental cold deformation testing. Relationships between stress, strain, density ratio, and other parameters were evaluated to understand the densification behavior during forming.
Densification and deformation behaviour of sinteredIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the densification and deformation behavior of sintered powder metallurgy copper-7% tungsten composite during cold upsetting. The study evaluated the effect of initial preform density and aspect ratio on the densification properties. Preforms with an initial theoretical density of 0.85 and aspect ratios of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 were upset at 750°C. Properties like linear strain, lateral strain, and true stress were evaluated. Results showed that composites obtained higher stress and strain values than pure tungsten powder. The composite with the lowest initial aspect ratio of 0.4 achieved the highest stress and strain.
Investigation of mechanical behaviour in forming of sintered copper 15%tungst...iaemedu
This document summarizes an investigation into the mechanical behavior of sintered copper-15% tungsten nano powder composites during cold forming. Copper and tungsten powders were milled to a particle size of 400nm and below and compacted into cylindrical preforms with initial densities of 85% and aspect ratios of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. The preforms were sintered and then subjected to cold deformation testing. Results showed that stresses increased with strain levels and aspect ratio, with lower aspect ratios exhibiting higher stresses. Fractional density was also found to correlate with a strain parameter according to a power law relationship.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregateijsrd.com
This paper gives a research on Sintered fly ash. Which is a waste material of coal firing Thermal power plants (TPPs) and its accumulation near power plant . The sintered fly ash is procuder from Gallantt group of industries .This industries is located near Sector-23, GIDA Sahjanwa city in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh state. The plant is an establishment of 14th November, 2006 .It has a generation capacity of 25 MW. These theses explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concretecauses severe pollution problems. Its utilization as a raw material for cube (Brick) making will be a very usefully solution in our economical and environmental aspects. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) namely: 33, 43 and 53 which are commonly used in construction industry.This research paper in use of the Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43grade and use the sintered fly ash many percentage 5%, 10% ,15%, and 20% remove the aggregate. The high emission of CO2 from cement industry, steel plants, waste products from the thermal plants for the generation of electric power to meet the demand of growing population resulted in the production of 70 million tons of coal ash per year from burning about 200 million tons of coal per year for electric power generation .This research paper explain the various utilization of sintered fly ash and its ordinary Portland cement and properties in concrete.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study on the performance of steel fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC). The objective was to optimize the properties of SFRSCC in both fresh and hardened states. Various materials were used to produce SFRSCC mixes with steel fiber contents ranging from 0% to 3% by volume. Cubes and beams were tested to determine the compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that both strengths generally increased with fiber content up to around 2%, above which the strengths decreased. This suggests the steel fibers can improve the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete if used at an optimal dosage.
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
The document describes a study that uses finite element analysis and Taguchi's method to optimize the preform shape of a connecting rod forging. The goal is to minimize forging load and produce defect-free forgings. Finite element software was used to simulate hot forging of the connecting rod under different preform design parameters, including flash thickness, width, and radii. Taguchi's method was then applied to design parameter combinations to determine the most influential parameters. Through several optimization iterations, the optimal preform shape that gave minimum forging load and complete die filling was obtained. The approach aims to reduce design time and costs compared to traditional trial and error methods.
The document examines the effect of heat treatment on the hardness and microstructure of En 353 steel. Vickers hardness tests found that heat treatment significantly increased the hardness of the steel case from 193.7 HV before heat treatment to 684.5 HV after. Microstructure images showed the before treatment microstructure was ferrite and spheroidized pearlite, while the after treatment microstructure was fine tempered martensite and retained austenite. X-ray diffraction analysis found the heat treatment reduced crystallite size and dislocation density. The study concludes that heat treatment improves the mechanical properties of En 353 steel by increasing hardness and changing the microstructure.
20 Ideas for your Website Homepage ContentBarry Feldman
Perplexed about what to put on your website home? Every company deals with this tough challenge. The 20 ideas in this presentation should give you a strong starting point.
This document outlines 50 essential content marketing hacks presented by Matt Heinz, President of Heinz Marketing Inc. at CMWorld. It provides an agenda for the presentation and covers topics such as content planning, measurement, formats, distribution, influencer engagement, repurposing content, and getting sales teams to leverage content. The goal is to provide new tools, tricks and best practices to help convert readers into customers through effective content marketing.
The document discusses prototyping and provides examples of different types of prototypes including paper prototypes, digital prototypes, storyboards, role plays, and space prototypes. It explains that prototyping is used to make ideas tangible and test reactions from users in order to gain insights. Prototypes should be iterated on and fail early to push ideas further and save time and money. Both low and high fidelity prototypes are mentioned as ways to test ideas at different stages of the design process.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
The document discusses how personalization and dynamic content are becoming increasingly important on websites. It notes that 52% of marketers see content personalization as critical and 75% of consumers like it when brands personalize their content. However, personalization can create issues for search engine optimization as dynamic URLs and content are more difficult for search engines to index than static pages. The document provides tips for SEOs to help address these personalization and SEO challenges, such as using static URLs when possible and submitting accurate sitemaps.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET-Ballistic Performance of Bi-Layer Alumina/Aluminium and Honeycomb Sandw...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes numerical simulations of the ballistic performance of aluminum honeycomb sandwich structures with alumina ceramic face plates compared to a bi-layer alumina/aluminum armor. The simulations were conducted using HyperWorks Radioss finite element software. Validation of the model showed it could approximate the results for a bi-layer armor from a reference with 2.5% error. The simulations found that decreasing the honeycomb foil thickness and increasing the honeycomb thickness (while maintaining total thickness) resulted in lower residual velocities of the projectile, indicating better energy absorption. A honeycomb sandwich structure with 0.04mm foil thickness had the best performance overall compared to the bi-layer armor, absorbing more kinetic energy from the projectile
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaftiaemedu
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
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Dl32700710
1. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
Design And Dynamic Analysis Of Viscoelastic Structures For
Propellar Shaft
DAVIDCLAUDE GOLLAPUDI1 P.Veera Raju2 Associate professor at
Dept of Mechanical Engineering G.I.E.T in the Dept of Mechanical
Pursuing M.Tech in G.I.E.T Engineering, pursuing Ph.D in
Rajahmundry (JNTUK) KAKINADA
ABSTRACT
High-technology structures often have be analyzed by using Finite Element Analysis
stringent requirements for structural dynamics.
Suppressing vibrations is crucial to their Keywords: laminated composite materials, damping
performance. Passive damping is used to suppress factor, natural frequency, deflection using finite
vibrations by reducing peak resonant response. element analysis.
Viscoelastic damping materials add passive
damping to structures by dissipating vibration INTRODUCTION
strain energy in the form of heat energy. The PROPULSION SHAFT:
incorporation of damping materials in advanced The torque transmission capability of the propeller
composite materials offers the possibility of highly shaft for ship should be larger than 3,500 Nm and
damped, light-weight structural components that fundamental natural bending frequency of the
are vibration-resistant. The effect of damping on propeller shaft should be higher than 6,500 rpm to
the performance of isotropic (like Steel) and avoid whirling vibration. The outer diameter of the
orthotropic (like Carbon Epoxy & E-Glass Epoxy) propeller shaft should not exceed 100 mm due to
structures are analysed by using Finite Element space limitations. The propeller shaft of transmission
Analysis. Damping factors, fundamental natural system is shown in figure for following specified
frequencies are increased for Steel Shaft, Carbon design requirements as shown in Table. Due to space
Epoxy Shaft and E- Glass Epoxy Shaft limitations the outer diameter of the shaft is restricted
respectively, while embedding the rubber into the to 90.24 mm. The one-piece hollow composite drive
structure. The deflection value is decreased for shaft should satisfy three design specifications, such
same Shaft respectively, when rubber is embedded as static torque transmission capability, torsional
into the structure. The effect of damping on the buckling capacity and the fundamental natural
performance of isotropic (steel) and orthotropic bending frequency. For given specification, the
(Carbon Epoxy & E-Glass Epoxy) structures is to damping factor for Steel, carbon Epoxy and E-Glass
Epoxy are to be calculated and compared with and
without damping material (Rubber).
Table Problem Specification
Sl. No. Parameter Notation Units Value
1. Torque T N-m 3500
2. Max Speed N RPM 6500
3. Length L m 1.250
700 | P a g e
2. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
Pictorial representation of shaft transmission system.
Material Properties
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Composite materials are those containing more than one bonded material, each with different material
properties. The major advantages of composite materials are that they have a high ratio of stiffness to weight
and strength to weight. A principal advantage of composite materials lies in the ability of the designer to tailor
the material properties to the application.
The matrix material may be a plastic or rubber polymer, a metal or a ceramic. The most common form in
which fiber reinforced composites are used in structural applications is called a laminate. It is obtained by
stacking a number of thin layers of fibers and matrix consolidating them to the desired thickness. Fiber
orientation in each layer as well as the stacking sequence of various layers can be controlled to generate a wide
range of physical and mechanical properties for the composite laminate.
701 | P a g e
3. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITES
High strength to weight ratio, High stiffness, High impact resistance, Better fatigue resistance, Improved
corrosion resistance, Good thermal conductivity
VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL
A Viscoelastic material sometimes is called material with memory. This implies that a Viscoelastic
material's behavior depends not only on the current loading conditions, but also on the loading history. They are
characterized by possessing both viscous and elastic behavior. A purely elastic material is one in which all the
energy stored in the sample during loading is returned when the load is removed. As a result, the stress and
strain curves for elastic materials move completely in phase. For elastic materials, Hooke’s Law applies, where
the stress is proportional to the strain, and the modulus is defined at the ratio of stress to strain.
FEM
The Basic concept in FEA is that the body or structure may be divided into smaller elements of finite
dimensions called “Finite Elements”. The original body or the structure is then considered as an assemblage of
these elements connected at a finite number of joints called “Nodes” or “Nodal Points”. Simple functions are
chosen to approximate the displacements over each finite element. Such assumed functions are called “shape
functions”. This will represent the displacement with in the element in terms of the displacement at the nodes of
the element
7.1 table Specification for Steel Shaft
Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Outer Diameter 0.09024 m
2 Thickness 2.1 e -3
Deflection of Steel Shaft without Rubber
. STEEL SHAFT WITH DAMPING MATERIAL
702 | P a g e
4. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
In this type a damping material (i.e.) Rubber is inserted between the two layers of shaft and the
deflection value is calculated using ANSYS. The specification of the shaft with damping material is shown in
the Table.
Table Specifications for Steel Shaft with Rubber
Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Outer Diameter 0.09024 m
2 Thickness of each layer 1.05 e -3 m
3 Number of layers 3
4 Damping Material Rubber
5 Element Shell 99
Fig Stacking Sequence for Steel Shaft with Rubber
CARBON EPOXY SHAFT WITHOUT DAMPING MATERIAL
In this case Carbon Epoxy shaft is modeled with 13 layers by considering the shell element. The
specifications are shown in the Table .
Table Specification for Carbon Epoxy Shaft
Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Outer Diameter 0.09024 m
2 Thickness of each layer 1.5 e -4 m
703 | P a g e
5. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
3 Number of layers 13
4 Element Shell 99
Fig Stacking Sequence for Carbon Epoxy Shaft
In fig the stacking sequence of the Carbon Epoxy shaft without damping material is shown. Using ANSYS 11.0
the deflection value is calculated. The value is 0.93 e -4 m. The deformed shape of the shaft is shown in the Fig ..
Fig Static Deflection for Carbon Epoxy Shaft
CARBON EPOXY SHAFT WITH DAMPING MATERIAL
In this case Carbon Epoxy shaft is modeled with damping material (Rubber) and it is incorporated in
between the layers. The specification of the shaft is shown in the Table .
Table Specification for Carbon Epoxy Shaft with Rubber
Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Outer Diameter .09024 m
2 Thickness of each layer 1.5 e -4 m
3 Number of layers 14
4 Damping Material Rubber
5 Element Shell 99
The stacking sequence of the Carbon Epoxy shaft with damping material (Rubber) is shown in the fig. Here the
704 | P a g e
6. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
8th layer is the rubber.
Fig Stacking Sequence for Carbon Epoxy Shaft
Fig Static Deflection for Carbon Epoxy Shaft with Rubber
Using ANSYS 11.0 the deflection value is calculated.The value is 0.930 e -4 m. The deformed shape of the shaft
is shown in the Fig .
E-GLASS EPOXY SHAFT WITHOUT DAMPING MATERIAL
In this case E-Glass Epoxy shaft is modeled with 23 layers by using the shell 99 element. The
specifications are shown in the Table .Table Specification for E- Glass Epoxy Shaft
Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Outer Diameter .09024 m
2 Thickness of each layer 1.5 e -4 m
3 Number of layers 23
4 Element Shell 99
705 | P a g e
7. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
Fig Stacking Sequence Layers from 1 to 15
Fig Stacking Sequence Layers from 16 to 23
The stacking sequence of the Carbon Epoxy shaft without damping material is shown in fig .
706 | P a g e
8. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
Fig Static Deflection for E-Glass Epoxy Shaft
Using ANSYS 11.0 the deflection value is calculated. The value is 0.282 e -3 m. The deformed shape of the
shaft is shown in the Fign
E-GLASS EPOXY SHAFT WITH DAMPING MATERIAL
In this case E-Glass epoxy shaft is modeled with damping material (Rubber) and it is incorporated in
between the layers. The specification of the shaft is shown in the Table .
Table Specification for E- Glass Epoxy Shaft with Rubber
Sl. No. Parameters Values
1 Outer Diameter .09024 m
2 Thickness of each layer 1.5 e -4 m
3 Number of layers 14
4 Damping Material Rubber
5 Element Shell 99
707 | P a g e
9. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
Fig Stacking Sequence Layers from 16 to 24 The stacking sequence of the E-Glass Epoxy shaft with
damping material (Rubber) is shown in fig
Here the 12th layer is the rubber.
Fig Static Deflection for E-Glass Epoxy Shaft with Rubber
Using ANSYS 11.0 the deflection value is calculated. The value is 0.263 e -3 m. The deformed shape of the
shaft is shown in the Fig .
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS DISCUSSIONS ON PROBLEM
In this case all the results of Static, Modal and Transient Dynamic Analysis of Steel Shaft, Carbon
Epoxy Shaft and E-Glass Epoxy shaft with and without damping polymer are tabulated and compared
COMPARISON OF STEEL SHAFT WITH AND WITHOUT DAMPING MATERIAL
Comparison of Results for Steel Shaft
Type of the
Steel with Viscoelastic Deviation
Shaft Steel without Viscoelastic
Material (%)
Results Material
Static Deflection
0.117 e-3 0.961 e -4 17.86
(in m)
Fundamental Natural
Frequency 57.368 64.011 10.38
(in Hz)
Damping Factor 0.04297 0.05037 14.69
From the above results shown in the Table
a. The damping value and the fundamental natural frequency of the steel shaft is increased to 14.69% and
10.38 % respectively, when the shaft is embedded with viscoelastic polymer.
708 | P a g e
10. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
b. The static deflection value of the steel shaft is decreased by 17.86% when the damping material is
embedded.
COMPARISON OF CARBON EPOXY SHAFT WITH AND WITHOUT DAMPING MATERIAL
Comparison of Results for Carbon Epoxy Shaft
Type of the
Shaft Carbon Epoxy with Deviation
Results Carbon Epoxy without Damping Material (%)
Damping Material
Static Deflection
(in m) 0.930 e -4 0.814 e -4 12.47
Modal Frequency
(in Hz) 64.049 68.568 6.59
Damping Factor 0.08268 0.08945 7.57
From the above results shown in the Table
a. The damping value and the fundamental natural frequency of the Carbon Epoxy shaft is increased to
7.57 % and 6.59 % respectively, when the shaft is embedded with viscoelastic polymer.
b. The static deflection value of the Carbon Epoxy shaft is decreased by 12.47 % when the damping
material is embedded.
COMPARISON OF E-GLASS EPOXY SHAFT WITH AND WITHOUT DAMPING MATERIAL
Comparison of Results for E- Glass Epoxy Shaft
Type of the
Deviation
Shaft Glass Epoxy without Glass Epoxy with
(%)
Results Damping Material Damping Material
Static Deflection
0.285 e -3 0.268 e -3 5.96
(in m)
Modal Frequency
32.9 33.50 1.8
(in Hz)
Damping Factor 0.02702 0.02842 4.93
From the above results shown in the Table
a. The damping value and the fundamental Steel, Carbon Epoxy and E- Glass
natural frequency of the E- Glass Epoxy Epoxy Shafts respectively.
Shaft is increased to 4.93 % and 1.8 % The fundamental natural frequency
respectively, when the shaft is embedded increased by 10.38%, 6.59% and
with viscoelastic polymer. 1.8% for Steel, Carbon Epoxy and
b. The static deflection value of the E- Glass E- Glass Epoxy Shafts respectively.
Epoxy Shaft is decreased by 5.96 % when The deflection value decreased by
the damping material is embedded. 17.84%, 12.48% and 5.69% for
Steel , Carbon Epoxy and E- Glass
CONCLUSIONS Epoxy Shafts respectively.
The damping factor has been found out for The increase in damping factor
Steel Shaft, Carbon Epoxy Shaft and E- results in further suppression of
Glass Epoxy Shaft with and without vibrations and hence results in
Viscoelastic polymer (Rubber). increased structural life.
The Static, Modal and Transient Dynamic An optimal relation between design
Analyses have been carried out using parameters such as the length, diameter,
Finite Element Analysis. spacing, and Young’s modulus of fibers
The following observations were made by and the shear modulus of viscoelastic
embedding the Viscoelastic polymer matrix has been derived for achieving
(Rubber) into the structure. maximum damping performance. It has
Damping factor increased by been found that for maximum damping
14.69%, 7.57% and 4.93% for performance, the characteristic value of
the composite should be set to 0.75.
709 | P a g e
11. Davidclaude Gollapudi, P.Veera Raju / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 2, March -April 2013, pp.700-710
Adhesively Bonded Joints for Composite
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