This document provides an overview of critical discourse analysis (CDA). It defines CDA as the study of written and spoken language use to reveal social sources of power and inequality. The document outlines the theoretical origins of CDA in Western Marxism and discusses three influential models: Norman Fairclough's dialectical-relational approach examines text, processes of production/interpretation, and social conditions; Teun van Dijk's socio-cognitive approach analyzes the interaction of cognition, discourse and society; and Ruth Wodak's discourse-historical approach was developed in sociolinguistics and focuses on large research programs of language use related to issues like racism.
Engaging in Critical Language and Cultural Studies Approaches for an Examination of Racism and Migration in the British Public Space
Rasha Ali Dheyab,
Ph.D. Student, Department of English, Faculty of Letters, Ovidius University of Constanța, Constanța, Romania
This article focuses on the relevance of Critical Discourse Analysis and of cultural studies approaches to an examination of racism and migration in the British public space. Critical Discourse Analysis as an active engagement with discourse in the social space is one of these critical approaches. The article is based on Halliday’s systematic functional grammar in terms of transitivity and modality. The main goal of this study is to investigate transitivity and modality about migration as it appears in a number of British tabloids. The focus is on aspects of racism in western countries, where there is a majority of white people and on issues related to patterns of access to the public and issues of inequality, racism and discrimination in the public space. Racism's reproduction and promotion by certain segments of the media is not a simple or straightforward process. It is important to see how the media plays a role in the reproduction of racism.
Keywords: Cultural Studies, Critical Language, Media, Migration, Racism
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Engaging in Critical Language and Cultural Studies Approaches for an Examination of Racism and Migration in the British Public Space
Rasha Ali Dheyab,
Ph.D. Student, Department of English, Faculty of Letters, Ovidius University of Constanța, Constanța, Romania
This article focuses on the relevance of Critical Discourse Analysis and of cultural studies approaches to an examination of racism and migration in the British public space. Critical Discourse Analysis as an active engagement with discourse in the social space is one of these critical approaches. The article is based on Halliday’s systematic functional grammar in terms of transitivity and modality. The main goal of this study is to investigate transitivity and modality about migration as it appears in a number of British tabloids. The focus is on aspects of racism in western countries, where there is a majority of white people and on issues related to patterns of access to the public and issues of inequality, racism and discrimination in the public space. Racism's reproduction and promotion by certain segments of the media is not a simple or straightforward process. It is important to see how the media plays a role in the reproduction of racism.
Keywords: Cultural Studies, Critical Language, Media, Migration, Racism
The Sixth International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature
9-10 October 2021 , Ahwaz
For more information, please visit the conference website:
WWW.LLLD.IR
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.1998. Handbook of Methods in Cul.docxbartholomeocoombs
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.
1998. Handbook of Methods
in Cultural Anthropology.
Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
BRENDA FARNELL Æh
LAURA R. GRAHAM 88
Twelve
Discourse-Centered Methods
Discourse analysis comprises methods used by researchers across the social sciences
as well as in literary studies (see, for example, Josselson 1953 and Bernard and
Ryan in this volume). It is also used in clinical fields (see, for example, Labov and
Fanshel 1977; Cicourel 1981, 1982, 1992; West 1984). What unites this work is
analytic attention to the use of language in social contexts.
The term “discourse centered” (Sherzer 1987; Urban 1991) is an expedient label
with which to describe recent movements in linguistic anthropology. It does not,
however, constitute a single theoretical “school.”1 Discourse-centered approaches
draw on theoretical resources from several intellectual ancestries and build on earlier
work in sociolinguistics, the ethnography of speaking/communication, and perfor
mance approaches to language.2 These approaches distinguish themselves by
focusing on the dialogical processes through which persons, social institutions, and
cultural knowledge are socially constructed through spoken discourse and other
signifying acts/forms of expressive performance.
In current anthropological practice, discourse-centered methods are used in
participant observation, within the context of ethnographic fieldwork. Within this
general orientation, researchers pay close attention to how language is used in and
across social situations, focusing particularly on “naturally occurring discourse”—
that is, utterances that occur in the context of social interaction, in contrast to
utterances specifically elicited by a linguist or ethnographer.
We focus here on approaches in linguistic anthropology in which discursive
practices are seen as constitutive of culture. That is, culture and self are viewed as
411
412 FARNELL / GRAHAM
Discourse-Centered Methods 413
actually constituted by speech and other signifying acts. Discourse-centered work
emphasizes the heterogeneous, multifunctional, and dynamic character of language
use and the central place it occupies in the social construction of reality. A central
proposition of discourse-centered research is that “culture is localized in concrete
publicly accessible signs, the most important of which are actually occurring
instances of discourse” (Urban 1991:1). Edward Sapir (1949) prefigured discourse
centered approaches when he wrote: “The true locus of culture is in the interactions
of specific individuals and, on the subjective side, in the world of meaning which
each one of these individuals may unconsciously abstract for himself from his
participation in these interactions” (p. 515).
According to a discourse-centered framework, culture is an emergent dialogic
process, historically transmitted but continuously produced and revised through
dialogues among its members. It is constantly op.
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
Evasive/Deceptive Use of Euphemistic Language in Discourse: Barak Obama’s Spe...inventionjournals
Obama mourns Japanese and other causalities in Hiroshima and calls for „a world free of nuclear weapons‟ as he became the first sitting U.S chief of staff to visit the site of dropping the first nuclear weapon in history. His speech neither mentioned anything about the 1945 atomic bombing nor showed an intention to apologize for the committed treacherous and odious military act. The completely extravagant speech appeared to be carefully crafted to draw the attention to reconciliation rather than expressing guilt and asking for forgiveness. His speech stunned so many people who saw that his presence only should have been enough to appease the Japanese. All Japanese people who witnessed the catastrophe (dead or surviving victims) are in need for Obama‟s apology to find comfort and are willing to forget and forgive. Quite the contrary, an impish rhetoric impinged upon them, and Obama appeared to be an extrovert who is seeking support for the upcoming election as well as for his plan of nuclear weapon proliferation as U.S. national interest bristles with tens of thousands of nuclear heads used as threat to the entire world. Furthermore, Euphemism is used in his speech to add insult to injury and to emphasize the “no regret” situation. Some went further to declare that the speech symbolizes the second nuclear bomb dropping which will take the Japanese people too long to heal. Obama‟s predicament is that his blurred speech seems to have lost much of its initial impetus when he should have felt impelled to bluntly apologize to the Japanese people.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.1998. Handbook of Methods in Cul.docxbartholomeocoombs
Bernard, H. Russell, ed.
1998. Handbook of Methods
in Cultural Anthropology.
Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
BRENDA FARNELL Æh
LAURA R. GRAHAM 88
Twelve
Discourse-Centered Methods
Discourse analysis comprises methods used by researchers across the social sciences
as well as in literary studies (see, for example, Josselson 1953 and Bernard and
Ryan in this volume). It is also used in clinical fields (see, for example, Labov and
Fanshel 1977; Cicourel 1981, 1982, 1992; West 1984). What unites this work is
analytic attention to the use of language in social contexts.
The term “discourse centered” (Sherzer 1987; Urban 1991) is an expedient label
with which to describe recent movements in linguistic anthropology. It does not,
however, constitute a single theoretical “school.”1 Discourse-centered approaches
draw on theoretical resources from several intellectual ancestries and build on earlier
work in sociolinguistics, the ethnography of speaking/communication, and perfor
mance approaches to language.2 These approaches distinguish themselves by
focusing on the dialogical processes through which persons, social institutions, and
cultural knowledge are socially constructed through spoken discourse and other
signifying acts/forms of expressive performance.
In current anthropological practice, discourse-centered methods are used in
participant observation, within the context of ethnographic fieldwork. Within this
general orientation, researchers pay close attention to how language is used in and
across social situations, focusing particularly on “naturally occurring discourse”—
that is, utterances that occur in the context of social interaction, in contrast to
utterances specifically elicited by a linguist or ethnographer.
We focus here on approaches in linguistic anthropology in which discursive
practices are seen as constitutive of culture. That is, culture and self are viewed as
411
412 FARNELL / GRAHAM
Discourse-Centered Methods 413
actually constituted by speech and other signifying acts. Discourse-centered work
emphasizes the heterogeneous, multifunctional, and dynamic character of language
use and the central place it occupies in the social construction of reality. A central
proposition of discourse-centered research is that “culture is localized in concrete
publicly accessible signs, the most important of which are actually occurring
instances of discourse” (Urban 1991:1). Edward Sapir (1949) prefigured discourse
centered approaches when he wrote: “The true locus of culture is in the interactions
of specific individuals and, on the subjective side, in the world of meaning which
each one of these individuals may unconsciously abstract for himself from his
participation in these interactions” (p. 515).
According to a discourse-centered framework, culture is an emergent dialogic
process, historically transmitted but continuously produced and revised through
dialogues among its members. It is constantly op.
Aims of DHA:
The DHA attempts to integrate a outsized quantity of
available knowledge about the historical sources and the
background of the social and political fields in which
discursive “events” are embedded.
Further, it analyzes the historical dimension of discursive
actions by exploring the ways in which particular genres
of discourse are subject to diachronic change.
DHA lays emphasis on the practice-related quality of the
discourse, the context dependence of discourse, and the
structures as well as constructive character of discourses.
DHA focuses on the systematic analysis of context and its
dialectical relationships to meaning-making process.
This approach entails trans-disciplinary and multitheoretical methods with other disciplines.
Like the other critical anlysts, the proponents of DHA
make practical claims of emancipation and criticize
discursively constituted power abuse, injustice, and social
discrimination and they make epistemic claims of
reduction.
DHA sustains that language is not powerful on its own, it
is a means to gain and maintain power by the powerful
people make use of it.
Aims of DHA
The first study for which the DHA was developed
analyzed the constitutions of anti-semantic stereotyped
images as they emerged in public discourses in the 1986
Austrian presidential campaign of former UN General
Kurt Waldheim, who for along time had kept secrets his
national-socialist past.
This type of analysis first time introduce by Wodak, who
argues that discourse has different practices in society.
Wodak pays attention to the multi-model macro as well
as micro phenomena to inter-textual and inter-discursive
relationships as well as social, historical, and political
factors relating to the verbal and non-verbal phenomena
of communication.
The Origin of DHA:
This approach is inter-disciplinary. He explains that interdisciplinary involves theory, methods, methodology research
practice, and practical application.
This approach is problem oriented, like the any other theoretical
and methodological approach, is relevant as long as it is able to
successfully study relevant social problems such as sexism, racism,
and other forms of inequality.
.
Evasive/Deceptive Use of Euphemistic Language in Discourse: Barak Obama’s Spe...inventionjournals
Obama mourns Japanese and other causalities in Hiroshima and calls for „a world free of nuclear weapons‟ as he became the first sitting U.S chief of staff to visit the site of dropping the first nuclear weapon in history. His speech neither mentioned anything about the 1945 atomic bombing nor showed an intention to apologize for the committed treacherous and odious military act. The completely extravagant speech appeared to be carefully crafted to draw the attention to reconciliation rather than expressing guilt and asking for forgiveness. His speech stunned so many people who saw that his presence only should have been enough to appease the Japanese. All Japanese people who witnessed the catastrophe (dead or surviving victims) are in need for Obama‟s apology to find comfort and are willing to forget and forgive. Quite the contrary, an impish rhetoric impinged upon them, and Obama appeared to be an extrovert who is seeking support for the upcoming election as well as for his plan of nuclear weapon proliferation as U.S. national interest bristles with tens of thousands of nuclear heads used as threat to the entire world. Furthermore, Euphemism is used in his speech to add insult to injury and to emphasize the “no regret” situation. Some went further to declare that the speech symbolizes the second nuclear bomb dropping which will take the Japanese people too long to heal. Obama‟s predicament is that his blurred speech seems to have lost much of its initial impetus when he should have felt impelled to bluntly apologize to the Japanese people.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
Critical_Discourse_Analysis.ppt
1. ASSIST. PROF. ADEL AL -THAMERY (PHD)
D E P A R T M E N T O F E N G L I S H
C O L L E G E O F A R T S
Critical Discourse Analysis: An
Overview
2. Outline
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Definition of CDA
Development of CDA
Theoretical Origins
Models:
Dialectical – Relational ( Fairclough)
Socio-cognitive ( Van Dijk)
Discourse Historical (Wodak)
3. Definition of CDA
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
According to van Dijk (1998a) Critical Discourse
Analysis is a field that is concerned with studying
and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal
the discursive sources of power, dominance,
inequality and bias. It examines how these
discursive sources are maintained and reproduced
within specific social, political and historical
contexts.
4. 2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Fairclough (1993) defines CDA as discourse analysis
which aims to explore often opaque relationships of
causality and determination between (a) discursive
practices, events and texts, and (b) wider social and
cultural structures, relations and processes; to
investigate how such practices, events and texts
arise out of and are ideologically shaped by relations
of power and struggles over power; and to explore
how the opacity of these relationships between
discourse and society is itself a factor securing
power and hegemony.
5. Being Critical
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
The term ‘critical’ can be particularly associated with the
Frankfurt School of Philosophy. The Frankfurt School
re-examines the foundations of Marxist thought.
Kantian ‘critique’ entails the use of rational analysis to
question the limits of human knowledge and
understanding of, for example, the physical world. The
Frankfurt School extends this to an analysis of cultural
forms of various kinds, which are seen as central to the
reproduction of capitalist social relations. According to
Jürgen Habermas, a critical science has to be self
reflexive (reflecting on the interests that underlie it)
and it must also consider the historical context in
which linguistic and social interactions take place.
6. Development of CDA
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
In the late 1970s, Critical Linguistics was developed
by a group of linguists and literary theorists at the
University of East Anglia. Their approach was
based on Halliday's Systemic Functional
Linguistics (SFL). CL practitioners aimed at
"isolating ideology in discourse" and showing "how
ideology and ideological processes are manifested
as systems of linguistic characteristics and
processes.". Following Halliday, these CL
practitioners view language in use as
simultaneously performing three functions:
ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions.
7. 2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Halliday's view of language as a "social act" is central
to many of CDA's practitioners .According to
Fowler et al. (1979, 185), CL, like sociolinguistics,
asserts that, "there are strong and pervasive
connections between linguistic structure and social
structure" However, whereas in sociolinguistics
"the concepts 'language' and 'society' are
divided…so that one is forced to talk of 'links
between the two'", for CL "language is an integral
part of social process" (Fowler et al., 1979, p. 189).
8. 2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Another central assumption of CDA and SFL is that
speakers make choices regarding vocabulary and
grammar, and that these choices are consciously or
unconsciously "principled and systematic"(Fowler
et al., 1979, p. 188). Thus choices are ideologically
based. According to Fowler et al. (1979), the
"relation between form and content is not arbitrary
or conventional, but . . . form signifies content" .In
sum, language is a social act that is ideologically
driven.
9. Theoretical Origins
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
CDA, in its various forms, has its academic origins in
‘Western Marxism’. In broad terms, Western
Marxism places a particular emphasis on the role
of cultural dimensions in reproducing capitalist
social relations. This necessarily implies a focus on
meaning (semiosis) and ideology as key
mechanisms in this process. Western Marxism
includes key figures and movements in twentieth-
century social and political thought – Antonio
Gramsci, the Frankfurt School, Louis Althusser.
Critical discourse analysts do not always explicitly
place themselves within this legacy, but
nevertheless it frames their work.
10. Gramsci
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Gramsci’s observation that the maintenance of
contemporary power rests not only on coercive force
but also on ‘hegemony’ (winning the consent of the
majority) has been particularly influential in CDA.
The emphasis on hegemony entails an emphasis on
ideology, and on how the structures and practices of
ordinary life routinely normalize capitalist social
relations.
11. Althusser
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Althusser made a major contribution to the theory of
ideology, demonstrating how these are linked to
material practices embedded in social institutions
(e.g. school teaching). He also showed their
capacity to position people as social ‘subjects’,
although he tended toward an overly deterministic
(structuralist) version of this process which left
little room for action by subjects.
12. Foucault
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Directed against such structuralist accounts of
ideology, Foucault’s work on discourse has generated
immense interest in discourse analysis, but also
analysis of a rather abstract sort that is not anchored
in a close analysis of particular texts. For Foucault ,
discourses are knowledge systems of the human
sciences (medicine, economics, linguistics, etc.) that
inform the social and governmental ‘technologies’
which constitute power in modern society
13. Bourdieu
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
A further influential figure has been the French
sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, in particular his (1991)
work on the relationship between language, social
position and symbolic value in the dynamics of
power relations.
14. Bakhtin
2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
From within linguistics and literary studies the work of
Bakhtin has also been important in discourse
analysis. Volosinov (1973) work is the first linguistic
theory of ideology. It claims that linguistic signs are
the material of ideology, and that all language use is
ideological. As well as developing a theory of genre,
Bakhtin’s work emphasizes the dialogical properties
of texts, introducing the idea of ‘intertextuality’ (see
Kristeva, 1986). This is the idea that any text is a link
in a chain of texts, reacting to, drawing on, and
transforming other texts.
17. 2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Looking at language as discourse and social practice, someone cannot
analyse the text only, not just analyse the process of production and
interpretation, but also analyse the texts, processes, and their social
conditions. Accordingly, Fairclough distinguishes three stages of Critical
Discourse Analysis:
Description is the stage which is concerned with formal properties of the
text.
Interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and
interaction ; viewing the text as the product of a process of production,
and as a resource in the process of interpretation.
Explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and
social context with social determination of the process of production and
interpretation, and their social effects.
19. 2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
Socio-Cognitive Discourse Analysis is an approach
characterised by the interaction between cognition,
discourse and society. It began in formal text
linguistics and subsequently incorporated elements
of the standard psychological model of memory,
together with the idea of frame taken from
cognitive science. A large part of van Dijk's
practical investigation deals with stereotypes, the
reproduction of ethnic prejudice, and power abuse
by elites and resistance by dominated groups.
21. 2/27/2023
Assist. Prof. Adel Al-Thamery (PhD)
This approach was developed by Ruth Wodak and
other scholars in Vienna working in the traditions of
Bernsteinian sociolinguistics and the Frankfurt
School. The approach is particularly associated with
large programmes of research in interdisciplinary
research teams focusing on sexism, antisemitism and
racism. One of the major aims of this kind of critical
research has been its practical application