1) Low agricultural productivity in India is caused by human, technical, and institutional factors. Human factors include an unsupportive social atmosphere and high population pressure on limited land resources. 2) Technical factors involve traditional cultivation methods, outdated farm implements, insufficient irrigation, soil problems, pest and disease issues, weak cattle, lack of credit access, underuse of high-yield seeds, and improper marketing. 3) Institutional challenges are small farm sizes, fragmented land holdings, and a defective land tenure system that previously discouraged investment in agriculture. These interrelated issues have collectively constrained productivity growth.

1. Agriculture – Causes Of Low
Agriculture Productivity
Presented by :-
Khushbu Bhalodiya(03)
Pinal Vekariya (33)
Presented to :-
Hiral Ma’am
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3. Meaning of Agriculture
“ Agriculture can be defined
as the cultivation and/or production
of crop plants or livestock products. ”
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5. Contribution of GDP in agriculture
during 2015 - 2016
• Agriculture sector 17.4% contributed in
Indian GDP
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6. Causes Of Low Productivity In
Agriculture Sector
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7. Main Causes For Low Productivity
1. Human Factors
2. Technical Factors
3. Institutional factors
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8. • Social atmosphere:
• Pressure of
population on land:
1.
Human
Factors:
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9. (i) Social atmosphere:
• Social climate includes customs and traditions.
• Indian farmer is illiterate and has no
knowledge for latest techniques of
production.
• He believes in God and fatalist in thought.
• He wastes money on customs and traditions.
So social climate is not suitable for agriculture.
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10. (ii) Pressure of population on land:
• Heavy pressure of population is the main
cause of the Low Productivity of Agriculture in
India.
• 70 % people were dependent on agriculture.
• The number has gone up to 58.80 crore. So
per capita cultivable land had reduced from
0.43 hectare to 0.23 hectare.
• Heavy pressure has led to subdivision and
fragmentation of land holdings
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11. 2. Technical Factors:
1) Traditional methods of Cultivation:
2) Old implements:
3) Insufficient irrigation facilities:
4) Problems of soil:
5) Problems of pests and diseases of crops:
6) Feeble cattle:
7) Lack of credit facility:
8) Lack of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds:
9) Improper marketing:
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12. (i) Traditional methods of Cultivation:
• Traditional methods of cultivation like manual
ploughing , two crop pattern are mainly responsible
for low productivity of agriculture.
• Due to improper irrigation facility, farmer can
produce one crop only in a year.
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13. (ii) Old implements:
• Traditional equipment’s like wooden ploughs, and
sickles are commonly used.
• Tractors & Combines are not so common in use.
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14. (iii) Insufficient irrigation facilities:
• Indian agriculture is mainly dependent on
rain.
• Even after 60 years of Independence only 40%
of the agricultural land has permanent
irrigation Causes of the Low Productivity of
Agriculture in India facility.
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15. (iv) Problems of soil:
• Indian soil has many problems like
• soil erosion
• water logging
• nitrogen deficiency.
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16. (v) Problems of pest and diseases of
crops:
• Plant diseases like rust and smut and rats,
insects and pest destroy large portion of
crops.
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smut rust rat

17. (vi) Feeble cattle:
• Due to limited mechanization of Indian
agriculture, cattle has significant place in
agriculture.
• Cattle are generally weak.
• Farmer has to spent a lot on these Cattle farming
is more time consuming and expensive than
tractor.
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18. (vii) Lack of credit facility:
• Credit facilities are inadequate in rural areas.
• Farmers can not be able to raise credit from
rural banks easily.
• They have to depend on ‘Mahajans’ and
‘Shahukars’.
• These money lenders charge heavy rate of
interest.
• Farmers have to sell their produce at low price to
these money lenders.
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19. (viii) Lack of High Yielding Variety (HYV)
seeds:
• HYV seeds are not commonly used.
• Farmers do not understand their significance.
• They cannot afford to buy them and also
these seeds are not easily available.
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20. (ix) Improper marketing:
• Farmers fail to get suitable price for their produce.
• Inadequate means of transport forces the farmers to
sell their produce to local money lenders at low
prices.
• Due to lack of warehousing facilities, farmers can not
able to store their produce when prices are low.
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21. • Small size of farms:
• Defective land tenure
system:
3.
Institutional
Factors:
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22. (i) Small size of farms:
• Land holdings in India are of very small size.
• These holdings are fragmented. Due to these
small holdings, mechanised cultivation is
difficult.
• Implements and irrigation facilities are not
properly utilized.
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23. (ii) Defective land tenure system:
• Zamindari system has been an important factor
responsible for the low productivity of Indian
agriculture.
• In this system cultivator is not owner of land.
• So the cultivator does not take interest in the
development of land and Zaminderi does not
take interest in the development of cultivation.
• Though Zamindari system was abolished after
independence yet the position of cultivator has
not improved.
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25. Thank you……
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