Causal comparative research attempts to determine the cause or consequence of existing differences between groups. It is used when the independent variable cannot be manipulated, such as age, gender, or past experiences. There are two types: retrospective research starts with effects and investigates causes, while prospective research starts with causes and investigates effects. Key characteristics include that the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher and groups are already formed. The steps involve selecting a problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, defining variables, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results.

1. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH

2. Definition:
■ A research in which an investigator
attempts to determine the cause or
consequence of differences that already
exist between or among the groups.

3. Purpose:
■Purpose of this research is to
find cause and effect.

4. Usage:
■ This research design is used when
independent variable cannot or should
not manipulated.
■ For example, age, gender, ethnicity
and past experiences cannot be
manipulated.

5. Types Of Causal
Comparative Research
It has two types:
1)Retrospective
2) Prospective

6. Retrospective Causal
Comparative Research:
■This involves starting with
effects and investigating
causes.

7. Prospective Causal
Comparative Research:
■This involves starting with
causes and investigating
effects.

8. Characteristics Of Causal
Comparative Research
1.Either retrospective or prospective.
2.Independent variable is not
manipulated by the researcher.
3.The groups are already formed.
4.Typically explore and compare one
variable.

9. Steps In Causal
Comparative Research:
1.Select the problem.
2.Review the literature.
3.Develop the hypothesis.
4.Define the independent variable.

10. 5. Select participants and control
extraneous variables.
6. Select measurement instrument.
7. Collect data.
8. Analyze data.
9. Interpret the results.

11. THANK YOU.
Prepared by:
Muhammad Rizwan
Khan