causal comparative research.pptx
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Causal comparative research attempts to determine the cause or consequence of existing differences between groups. It is used when the independent variable cannot be manipulated, such as age, gender, or past experiences. There are two types: retrospective research starts with effects and investigates causes, while prospective research starts with causes and investigates effects. Key characteristics include that the independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher and groups are already formed. The steps involve selecting a problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, defining variables, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting results.
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causal comparative research.pptx
- 2. Definition: ■ A research in which an investigator attempts to determine the cause or consequence of differences that already exist between or among the groups.
- 3. Purpose: ■Purpose of this research is to find cause and effect.
- 4. Usage: ■ This research design is used when independent variable cannot or should not manipulated. ■ For example, age, gender, ethnicity and past experiences cannot be manipulated.
- 5. Types Of Causal Comparative Research It has two types: 1)Retrospective 2) Prospective
- 6. Retrospective Causal Comparative Research: ■This involves starting with effects and investigating causes.
- 7. Prospective Causal Comparative Research: ■This involves starting with causes and investigating effects.
- 8. Characteristics Of Causal Comparative Research 1.Either retrospective or prospective. 2.Independent variable is not manipulated by the researcher. 3.The groups are already formed. 4.Typically explore and compare one variable.
- 9. Steps In Causal Comparative Research: 1.Select the problem. 2.Review the literature. 3.Develop the hypothesis. 4.Define the independent variable.
- 10. 5. Select participants and control extraneous variables. 6. Select measurement instrument. 7. Collect data. 8. Analyze data. 9. Interpret the results.
- 11. THANK YOU. Prepared by: Muhammad Rizwan Khan