Catholic Church Reformation Research Paper

Catholic Church Reformation Research Paper
There were many factors that lead to the weakening of the Catholic Church and the beginning of the
Reformation. The Reformation began in the early 1500s into the 1600s. Problems within the Church
were displayed by Catholic bishops and clergy members who used questionable practices to get
money. Some broke away from the Church and became known as Protestants. There were various
leaders of the Reformation. Clearly, these were the factors that lead to the weakening of the Church.
PART 1: The Weakening of the Catholic Church
There were two major problems within the Church that weakened it. One, was worldliness and
corruption that existed within the Church. Many Catholics felt that the Church had become too
corrupt and worldly. The Church officials did not live up to their titles of spiritual leaders. They had
vowed to not marry nor have children, but many had broken that vow. Other leaders acted royal–like
instead of servants of God. People were worried about the way the Church had raised money, such
as indulgences. An indulgence is a way to pay to be released from punishment for their bad acts. It
was a way to buy forgiveness for their sins. Later on, they even sold leadership positions, this act
was called simony. Second, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Worldliness and corruption along with political conflicts weakened the Church. Later on, they made
indulgences, which was a way to buy forgiveness for sins. Also, simony which was a way to buy
leadership positions in the Church. Many Catholics criticized about the Church, which lead to calls
for the Reformation. The Reformers wanted to clean the Church, not ending it. Some broke away
from the Church. Martin Luther began the first Protestant church and started Lutheranism, which
gave way to other thinkings. The The movement made by Martin Luther spread across much of
Europe. Clearly, the Church was weakened and the Reformation
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Key Factors Of The Division Over Instrumental Integration...
What were the key factors of the division over instrumental integration into worship? This paper
will discuss the thought process behind the rejection of instruments, explaining; why those who
favored it chose to keep peace, why it was seen as impure worship to those who rejected it, and why
it was not ordained according to positive law. During the Stone Campbell movement, music was a
strict topic because of its significant in worship to God. Since the time that Europeans first arrived to
North America, music has been a very crucial factor to the development and spreading of
Christianity. Christianity is known for the diversity of traditions, as well as the diversity of music
expressions of these traditions. (Stowe, 2010) "The instrumental ... Show more content on
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McGarvey leads his argument by presenting as fact, the idea that,
...any part of the Jewish worship was discontinued by those who organized the Christian church, is a
direct condemnation of it by the Spirit of God as unsuited to the new institution. (Campbell 1865,
187)
This claim is unsubstantiated, therefore the entire argument is fallacious.
When a church of Disciples of Christ played its first instrument (a melodeon) in worship, it caused
huge controversy. An elder of the church removed it from the church one night and sold it because
he saw it as unscriptural. A man named Huldrych Zwingli who was a well–known instrumentalists,
also rejected instrumental music and banned all playing of organs in worship. Under his influence,
some of his followers went to their churches and destroyed their organs. Reading Monroe Hawley's
article, "Controversy in St. Louis," the "First Church" built a building that included expensive
commodities. One of which was a $3000 organ. (Hawley 1984, 4) Though it seemed like a blessing,
it brought a debt upon the congregation, which led to prompting members to actually rent pews.
This caused a lot of commotion. A woman named Louise Hockday, along with many other members,
pushed to have the organ torn out and sold. But as a vote was made, the organ was decided to stay
and members who opposed left. Because of this, both sides of the controversy met to settle it on
December 27th–30th, 1870.
Some of these arbitrators were Alexander Proctor,

Analysis Of The Letter ' Letter From The Holy Spirit '
Letter to Utinger – This letter is Zwingli's efforts of defending himself and dispelling false rumors
about him having inappropriate relations with a daughter of a high official. After saying how he has
taken a vow of celibacy and that studying theology and Scripture weakens any sensual desires, he
does concede that he had relations with her in a time of temptation. So, he denies the rumors that he
seduced her (and possibly raped her) and says that not only was the decision mutual, but also that
the entire town of Einsiedeln knew about it and did not care. Of the Freedom of Choice in the
Selection of Food – After some of his friends broke the Lent fast by eating some sausages, Zwingli
used the opportunity to preach on this matter in 1522. He says that the decision to fast or not to fast
does not matter, so long as Christians are given a choice to decide for themselves in the first place.
His argument comes from the desire to listen and receive guidance from the Holy Spirit. Besides, he
says, the fasting of Lent and other seasons is yet another form of works, and therefore does not
matter in regards to salvation as only the grace of God can save a person. Petition to the Bishop of
Constance – In light of his own relationship with Anna Reinhard and the fact that other members of
the clergy are taking wives for themselves, Zwingli writes to the bishop to beg him not to oppose or
interfere in the matter of married clergy. Vows of celibacy are for the very few, Zwingli

Causes Of The German Peasant Revolt
The German Peasants Revolt took place in the lands of the Holy Roman Empire. The peasant's
revolt was the result of the reformation in which Martin Luther and others went against the religion
and traditions of the Catholic Church . The protestant reformation was led by Martin Luther who in
1517, nailed the Ninety–Five Theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg. The Ninety Five theses
which pointed out the pope or the head of the church was suppressing the peasants by taking their
money to sell them an indulgence. The clergy told the peasants if an indulgence paper was not
purchased, their deceased loved one would suffer in purgatory . In the year 1522, the Pope
excommunicated Luther from the church for the crime of heresy because of what he wrote in the
ninety five thesis about the pope and the papacy. After this, Martin Luther and his followers broke
away from the Catholic Church. Martin Luther then started to preach that the pope was "antichrist" .
Martin Luther's followers did not believe in teachings of the Catholic Church, and instead believed
that only the relationship that mattered is their relationship with God. Followers of Martin Luther
only believed in two of the seven sacraments, baptism, and the Eucharist or Holy Communion.
Martin Luther did not believe that violence would help solve the problem of how the church made
money of the peasants, through indulgences sold. So, Luther told his followers that even though they
were suppressed by their rulers, they

The Roman Catholic Church: The Protest Of Reformation And...
DON'T GIVE IN, RESIST! The protest of reformation was very strong going through the streets.
The movement was a very big resistance. Reform is important because it is from the 16th century.
it's a movement, created the protestant and reformed churches, it's from the roman catholics and it
was against King Gustav.
Reformation is from the 16th century. This is where it was first spoken of for the first time.
Reformation is a 16th–century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church
ending in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches (Google). Reformation is also
the action or process of reforming an institution or practice. Therefore saying that in the 16th
century, they could have practiced it. This is how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Doing the 16th century were a lot of riots. Consequently these riots were mostly roman catholics
and other people who wanted their religion. In this time a the age they were going through
reformation.The reformation was very strong because the roman catholics really wanted their
religion in the church. The Reformed churches was the churches that came from the Roman
Catholics.
The Protestant churches where the churches who were protesting. These churches were they one
who was fighting back for the christian and catholic ways. Furthermore they were fighting against
King Gustav for the beliefs in the churches. They also had a lot of riots against the preacher's for the
beliefs. That's how reformation created the protestant and reformed churches. After they created the
churches they used them to praise as a christian or a catholic.
Reformation is from the Roman catholics. In the 16th century mostly all the churches were ruled by
one preacher. They rioted up against this preacher for the catholic and christian faiths. Most of the
Roman Catholic fought to get their religion on the churches. Therefore King Gustav would not
allow it, so they fought back.After a long time of fighting back

Peasant Rebellion In Germany
Peasant Wars
A small peasant revolt broke out after the peasants and plebeians submitted complaints in numerous
towns and villages to no avail. The classes split into three groups according to class structure. The
princes were divided as to which group they supported. The Catholic camp consisted of the clergy,
princes and patricians. The moderate reforming party was mainly the burghers and princes. The
burghers saw an opportunity to gain more power if Luther's reformed church became centralized.
Some of the princes would abandon Catholicism for more political and financial power in their
territories. The peasants, plebeians and others, who were sympathetic to the peasant revolt, were led
by reformer Thomas Muntzer.
The Peasant Wars were regional rebellions pertaining to ownership of land, agriculture and rural
matters, and the Reformation had a major influence. Common people began to question the Catholic
Church after Martin Luther translated the Bible into German. Church reformers such as Huldrych
Zwingli and Thomas Muntzer further convinced them they had equal rights ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By March 1525, the rebellion expanded with stunning speed and engulfed the Klettgau, the Hegau,
the Black Forest and much of the land between Lake Constance and the Danube River. Ties to
evangelical preachers were established. Small towns joined the rebels. By April, the rebels had five
well organized bands, totaling 40,000 peasants, and controlled much of upper Swabia. The response
of the Swabian League to the early stages of the Peasants War was like previous experiences with
peasant disobedience. The procedures the Swabian League developed in previous encounters were
force or a threat of force, but they did try to reach mediated settlements that returned the peasants to
lasting obedience by granting some of their demands. The Swabian League did negotiate a
settlement in Upper Swabia, and then swung north to confront rebel armies in

Essay on The Reformation in Geneva Was Not a French Takeover
The intention of this assignment is to argue the reformation in Geneva was not a French take–over.
This assignment will be comparing the views of Peter G. Wallace in The Long European
Reformation and Unit 7 of The European Reformation. It is worth noting Peter G. Wallace is
covering the reformation over long historical period and on across the whole Europe; however, half
of Unit 7 of the European Reformation discussing the reformation in Geneva in some depth. This
assignment will be discussing influence of the Swiss city–state of Berne. Later, this assignment will
be covering impact of French refugees in Geneva, the corruption of the opposition and Calvin's
attempt to create a godly society. When looking at the Calvinist reformation in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peter G. Wallace believes the growing number of French refugees helped Calvin defeat his main
opponents (Wallace, 2004, p.105). The European Reformation does acknowledge almost all the
Pastors were French; however, The European Reformation and some Primary Sources suggest
Calvin showed tolerance of his opponents. In a letter to Oswald Myconius, a reformer in Basel,
written in 1541 talks of tolerating the hostility of his critics 'to avoid disturbing the peace of the
church' (Anthology, 2007, 2.11, p.138). Furthermore, The European Reformation tells us about a
case in 1546 when the magistracy showed they still had power over Calvin. Following a dispute
over dancing, of which Calvin disapproved, the magistracy stamped their authority. The magistracy
ordered Calvin and influential members of the city accused of dancing to reconcile (Grell et al.,
2011, p.59). But Peter G. Wallace's opinion does have some merit, as the number of French refugees
within the church meant they had much power. However, the letter to Oswald Myconius shows
Calvin that was willing to work with colleagues who how did not share his ideology, which suggests
Calvin was not power–hungry. Furthermore, Calvin was forced to reconcile with people whom he
probably believed were morally inferior. This shows the strong influence French was not akin to a
take–over is the magistracy showed there still had supreme power in Geneva. It is also

How Did Martin Luther Contribute To The Reformation Of...
University of Basal, in 1522 he began to preach the ideas of a reformation and attacked the custom
of fasting during the lent, a time of penitence 6 weeks before Easter Sunday which I presume was
for repentance of sins to show that they where ready to be saved before Easter where Christ died for
their sins. Huldrych Zwingli also spoke out against the corruption of the church. In 1523 he
published his 67 Article's which where similar to Martin Luther's 95 Theses, the 67 Article's where
received with resistance within Switzerland and was called to defend him self. The 67 Article's
where taken up by many reformed priests and played a key roll in the reformation of Switzerland.
Martin Luther Martin Luther is the most famous of the

Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a European movement in the 16th century which initially attempted
to reform the beliefs and traditions of the Roman Catholic Church. Changing attitudes towards the
Bible influenced the Reformation Movement. Martin Luther and other reformers considered the
bible to be the only reliable source of instructions, as opposed to the teachings of the church. Similar
to Humanists, Reformers wished to return to the source to analyze and examine the truth. Upon
evaluation of the Bible, reformers found that many of the teachings of the church in regards to
achieving Salvation did not match the teachings in the Bible. The accessibility of the Bible to the
general population due to the vernacular Bible and printing press allowed for different
interpretations between reformers. This eventually led to Protestantism to have different branches.
The change in viewpoint and the emergence of Protestant religions undermined the Roman Catholic
Church. In response, the Catholic Church incorporated new ideas and reforms in order to address the
contentious issues that were put forth by Protestants.
The reformation was influenced by both the changing interpretations of the Bible and ease of access
of the Scripture by the common man. Luther noted in his Address to the Christian Nobility of
German Nation that he was opposed to the idea that only the papacy is competent to expound
Scripture (Spitz 338). During the Leipzig debate Luther pointed out that the popes and

Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation
Rahul Mangal The Protestant Reformation was a European movement in the 16th century which
initially attempted to reform the beliefs and traditions of the Roman Catholic Church. Changing
attitudes towards the bible influenced the Reformation Movement. Martin Luther and other
reformers considered the bible to be the only reliable source of instructions, as opposed to the
teachings of the church. Similar to Humanists, Reformers wished to return to the source to analyze
and examine the truth. Upon evaluation of the Bible, reformers found that many of the teachings of
the church in regards to achieving Salvation did not match the teachings in the Bible. The
accessibility of the Bible to the general population due to the vernacular Bible and ... Show more
At the beginning of the reformation, the viewpoint that started to develop was that anything which
was not included in the bible could be regarded as insignificant and therefore permissible. For
example, he noted that there was nothing in Scripture requiring celibacy and therefore permitted, in
fact it is encouraged that preachers are married so that they aren't tempted by sin. During the
Reformation more emphasis was placed on the individual and the church's interpretation was
starting to be questioned. Luther describes in his Preface to the First Volume of His Latin Writings
how he came up with his "solas" of salvation by soteriology by reading a sentence from the Bible.
"'In it the righteousness of God is revealed' that had stood in my way. For I hated that word
"righteousness of God," which, according to the use and custom of all the teachers, I had been
thought to understand philosophically...with which God is righteous and punishes the unrighteous
sinner" (Hillerbrand 29). He had determined that people could not be saved by good deeds or
sacraments but by "faith alone" or Sola fide. This meant that followers rejected some of the
traditional teachings of the Church and resulted in a theological dispute with the Church.
Furthermore, Luther thought of Scripture being divided into two parts "...that faith alone, without
works, justifies, frees and saves; ...Scripture is divided

Government And Law In Reformation Theology . The Protestant
Government and Law in Reformation Theology The Protestant Reformation's initiation through
Martin Luther's criticism of the Catholic Church with his Ninety–Five Theses brought about a united
front of Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and Martin Luther and their attempts to reform the Catholic
Church, all of whom eventually split from the Church and started their own religious movements.
As the Reformation movement flourished under each leader, their theological differences eventually
split the movements apart drastically, their differences eventually turning into a massive feud
between Zwingli and Luther, each declaring the other as a heretic [1]. Of their many differences,
their opinions on the relationship between religion and the state ... Show more content on
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Calvin had a very similar viewpoint to Zwingli's beliefs on the authority of the church and state,
with some slight differences regarding the level of importance placed upon the church. In agreement
with Zwingli, Calvin affirmed that "if it be his pleasure to appoint kings over kingdoms, and
senators or other magistrates over free cities, it is our duty to be obedient to any governors whom
God has established over the places in which we reside" [3]. While Zwingli placed more of a
balance upon the relationship between the state and church, Calvin asserted that the state only held
authority as a direct result of the church, the authority directly approved of by God. In his view, any
influential entities within the state only held their influence under God. Calvin first pushed for his
theology to be implemented after writing Institutes of the Christian Religion, attempting to reform
the religious life within Geneva, Switzerland for two years until he and a contemporary, William
Farel refused to adopt religious practices enforced in other parts of Switzerland. Calvin escaped the
city under persecution, only to return in 1541 once the council of Geneva had finally agreed to
implement his previous reforms under the diminishing influence of the church there. His
Ecclesiastical Ordinances were implemented in the city except for the most significant aspect, the
Consistory. The Consistory was

Revolution Of The Rome Catholic Church In The 19th Century
Around 16 century there was a revolution of the Rome Catholic Church.The church had all people
like slaves ,people were scared of the church because they knew what they were capable of. ,the
church was powerful ,they had rules everybody needed to follow.But some revolutioners started to
realize the church was abusing of the people the church abused of power and that caused people to
criticize and start questioning if it was true the rituals and the salvations they did or it was all a
lie,people were mad at the church cause they saw how they used them so they stoped believing on
what they said.moreover people started a Protestant reformation,some of them principals were
Erasmus,Thomas More,Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther and John Calvin

The Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church
At the dawn of the 16th century, the Catholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the
Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church
started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine
councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any
noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the
Church's rules and the abuses of the Catholic Church continued. As a result of conflict in the
Catholic Church, Western Europe underwent extensive changes in society, in the arts and in politics.
This conflict, the Protestant Reformation, began in 1517 when German Augustinian Friar, Martin
Luther, displayed a list of grievances, now known as the Ninety–Five Theses, against the Catholic
Church. As the reformation spread, other reformers joined the cause: John Calvin, in Geneva, John
Knox in Scotland and Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland. In response to the accusations against the
Church, the church called the Council of Trent in 1545.
In the 16th century, the Church linked "membership" in the Catholic Church with the people's
salvation. The church used the threat of excommunication as a tool to keep followers in line and to
punish those who dared to defy the Church's rules of conduct. The Church taught that only the
Catholic Church alone was instrumental to God and the only link to salvation on Earth. The

Huldrych Zwingli's Swish Reformation
Huldrych Zwingli was a Swish reformer who wanted to cooperate a major role change in reforming
a movement within the Swiss Confederation, and his focus for this change was to happen in the city
and specifically in the region of Zurich. Huldrych Zwingli had a start to interesting life, an
experience that left an impact on him, causing him to bring about a change in the Protestant Church.
Huldrych Zwingli was born on January 1, 1484 in the Toggen Valley in the Eastern part of the
Confederation to a farming family of means, Ulrich which was also his father names. Young Ulrich
changed his name to Huldrych which means in dialect 'rich on grace (Gordon). Growing up
Huldrych was fortunate enough to have parents that able finance his education. His uncle a priest,
took an interest in him and provided Huldrych with Latin lessons. At the age of ten Zwingli was sent
to Latin schools in Basel and Bern (Gordon). After ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zwingli like many other reformers in eastern Switzerland, he had a vision for institutional and moral
based on an educational program that would be grounded in the classic and the New Testament
(McGrath, 177). To make the changes that Zwingli wanted the church would need to return to the
simple ways of the New Testament and behave according to the moral teaching of Christ (McGrath,
177). The reformation was about the church and its followers reshape their lives in the light of that
ethical teaching. The day after his arrival at Zurich in 1519, Zwingli announced his intention to
deliver a continuous course on the gospel according to Matthew. That he would base his sermons
directly on the scriptural text and not on the commentaries. Then in Huldrych's 1522 treatise The
Clarity and Certainty of the Word, he argued that the capacity of the Bible to interpret itself clearly
in any matter of

The Next Reformation in William Beckham's Book, The Second...
So what could the next Reformation be? There are many opinions of what this Second Reformation
will look like. William Beckham in his book "The Second Reformation," believes that the cell group
movement will be the next Reformation. Speaking of the cell church Beckham says, "This is where
love, community, relationships, ministry, and evangelism spring up naturally and powerfully.
Therefore, the life of the church is in the Cells not in a building. The church is a dynamic, organic,
spiritual being that can only be lived out in the lives of believers in community." Beckham believe
that the original model of the reformed church was broken. Luther's Reformation was a discovery of
spiritual truths in objection to the Catholic Church and their view of authority and scripture. Luther
gave us no outlet for individual ministry or community life. Beckham believes that the Second
Reformation will be a departure from organized denominational structures to a more organic,
grassroots model of church that is best expressed in cell churches. Another Pastor, Dr. Rick Warren
also concurs that we are in need of a new reformation and that this new reformation will be centered
in cell groups. "You know, 500 years ago, the first Reformation with Luther and then Calvin, was
about beliefs. I think a new reformation is going to be about behavior. The first Reformation was
about creeds; I think this one will be about deeds. I think the first one was about what the church
believes; I think this one

Christianity And Deism : A Worldview Comparison
Christianity and Deism
A Worldview Comparison
Ivy Jane Avanzado
Arizona Christian University
June 4, 2015
Abstract
Worldview is mankind's tool in understanding the concept of life and how the world works. In order
to fully understand this concept, a comparison of Christian and Deism worldview is being presented.
The main purpose of this paper is to examine and compare the beliefs of Christianity and Deism by
identifying and analyzing specifically on their similarities and differences.
In order to dig deeper on this topic, facts were gathered from authors of different books and other
materials. This analysis suggests that both Christianity and Deism believe in God, however, they
have different views and convictions on what they consider as the truth. This paper will also explain
the reasons for each belief by revealing relevant facts and information on the subject matter.
Keywords: Christianity, Deism, Worldview
Christianity and Deism
A Worldview Comparison
Christianity and Deism have the same worldview in believing that there is a God but differ in their
system of faith. As defined by Philip G. Ryken in his pocket book "Christian Worldview, A Student's
Guide", worldview is the structure of human's understanding to make sense of the world (Ryken,
2013). Though it may be hard to understand others' worldview, it is helpful to gain such knowledge
and understanding.
Christianity believes that a God exists and that God is the creator of the universe

Protestant Reformation Dbq
The protestant Reformation was a significant event in Christianity. It took place over the years of
1517 to the year of 1648. The Protestant Reformation was a 16th century movement that occurred
throughout Europe. The Protestant Reformation was the event of a significant figure challenging the
Roman Catholic Church, there teachings and religious way. There were earlier protests about the
certain ways and aspects of the Roman Catholic Church but it wasn't until a monk called Martin
Luther that these became successful and led to major changes. Also Martin Luther challenged some
of the techniques that were being used to extort money off people, an example of this is the sales of
indulgences. This then lead to the end of the dominant figure of ... Show more content on
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His studies lied at the University of Vienna and University of Basel before being occupied as a
Pastor in Glarus. The early stages of Zwingli began with protests towards the reformation of The
Catholic Church started in 1518 when he occupied the job of the Pastor of the 'Grossmünster' in
Zurich. The year of 1522 during his first publicated protests he used this to attack the custom of
fasting during Lent ("Lent is the period of 40 days which comes before Easter in the Christian
calendar"). Once announcing his written protests, he clinically distingushed the promotion of the
'marriage' of church state, corruption in the high up ranks of The Christian Church and finally
addressed the use of images in areas used for prayer and worship. 3 years later in 1525 he brought in
a new 'Holy Communion' in replacement for the 'Mass'. Due to the actions of Huldrych Zwingli the
Reformation began to advance throughout the Swiss Conferderation, but several states refused
because of the preferred ways of The Catholic Church. Zwingli combined an partnership of the
Reformed states to form an alliance that boarded the Swiss Conferderation along religious lines.
This then caused an eruptio between the two sides in 1529 causing a war. Simultaneously the ideas
of Huldrych Zwingli catched the attention of other Reformers most importantly Martin

History Of Western Civ II : A Period Of Religious Freedom
Mercedez Valentin
Professor Acevedo
History of Western Civ II
1 March 2016
"Was the Sixteenth Century CE (Reformation Era) A Period of Religious Freedom In Europe"
Reformation is an act of improvement in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices
etc.; intended to make a striking change for the better in social or political or religious affairs. The
Reformation of the sixteenth century in Europe began as an attempt to reform the practices of the
Catholic Church and was sparked by Martin Luther's 95 theses which objected to the abuses he
perceived within the church. The Catholic leaders had negatively painted the church through the
evils practiced there; corruption, discrimination of the lower class by upper class who were the
priest and clergy who received their position by money but not by a call or religion knowledge, their
greed and scandalous lives pushed of the selling tickets of indulgences from sin to heaven and many
other evils revolving around the church called for reformation (Blick and Tekippe 46). Martin
Luther, John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli and other Protestant reformers came forward to rectify and
amend the vicious and depraved behavior of the church. Their effort to renaissance the church was
opposed by the Catholic leaders and this brought about religious war like French War of Religion
and others which took quite some time.
The sixteenth century was the age of the revival of religion, literature, and art. The spirit of progress
and

The Weakening Of The Catholic Church
The weakening of the Church was a big thing in their time. The Catholic Church was the only
Church that has ever went down. There were two main factors that lead to the Church's weakening.
First, the Church weakened by worldliness and corruption within the Church. The corruption started
to get really bad during the 1300s. The Church was so corrupted the priests sold indulgences which
was a release from punishments for sin. The high Church officials would fail to live up to the roles
which is really important to follow your vows that they committed to become an official. The
second reason the Church fall was because of political conflict. The Church believed the pope was
not only their religious leader but their political leader. The pope got

The Anabaptist Madness : The Overthrow Of Munster, The...
Jak Kramer GH 301 Apocalypse Source Explication For my primary source, I decided to choose a
letter found in Narrative of the Anabaptist Madness: The Overthrow of Munster, the Famous,
Metropolis of Westphalia by Hermann von Kerssenbrock. Although this was a letter in a book
written by Herman von Kerssenbrock, it was actually written by Bernard Rothman; a radical
preacher that strained the boundaries of what religious reformed looked like at that time. Rothman
was born in Swabisch Hall around 1495 in southwestern Germany. A furrier by trade, Rothman
often travelled to different parts Livonia around the Baltic Sea. In the places that Rothman would
stop for business, he would also begin to preach radical ideas about need for church reform and
Anabaptism in general. Putting a more controversial spin on the teachings of Luther, Rothman
would sometimes cause riots in the towns that he stayed in, and because of this, he was often banned
from the places he traveled. Eventually, Rothman gained an officially role of preacher in Stockholm
in 1527, but he was soon expelled from their as well for his radical preaching. Relocating to and
being expelled from places such as Lubek, Denmark, Wittenberg, and East Frisia, Rothman reached
out to Luther to receive a letter of commendation. Luther refused to supply Rothman with this based
on the fact that he did not agree with Rothman's preaching iconoclasm, his allegorical interpretation
of the Eucharist, and, most prominently his apocalyptic

How Did The Reformation Affect The Catholic Church
Daniel Nakla
Professor Stefan Chrissanthos
History 10
10 August 2017
The Reformation sparked great change in the Catholic Church. Many became skeptical of the source
of traditional aspects of the Church as well as the corruption within the Church. The wealth and
absolute power of those in a position of authority in the Church and sale of indulgences inspired
some leaders to argue for changes to be made. With the problems inside of the Church came a need
to change and many rose up to address those needs. In sixteenth century Europe, the actions of
Meister Eckhart, John Wycliffe, Huldrych Zwingli, Henry VIII, Jan Hus, and other like–minded
people in advocating for church reform would have set in motion the events that created a schism
within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Bible was not in the hands of the average person due to inaccessibility and the fact that the
Bible was only available in Latin, a language which only few educated people understood at this
time, inspired change. With the invention of the printing press and English translation of the Bible
by a team led by John Wycliffe came down the language and accessibility barriers. As people read
the Bible for themselves, they began interpreting it themselves, leaving them to wonder why the
Church had kept the Bible for clerical use only. John Wycliffe began to find Church traditions that
were not based on the Bible or Christ's teachings. Wycliffe essentially inspired the leaders of the
Reformation with his findings as well as with his condemnation of the selling of indulgences.
Wycliffe wrote, "They chatter on the subject of grace as if it were a thing to be bought and sold like
an ass or an ox; by so doing they learn to make a merchandise of selling pardons, the devil having
availed himself of an error in the schools to introduce after this manner heresies in morals." Wycliffe
stated that the Bible should be the highest moral authority in the Christian faith as Luther later did.
This was contrary to Church teachings that claimed the Pope to be the highest moral authority. Part
of the idea that the Bible is the highest authority meant that people could be pious Christians without
the help of clergy. This was also inspiring to Martin Luther as this was part of his Reformist
ideology. Wycliffe declared, "England belongs to no pope. The pope is but a man, subject to sin; but
Christ is the Lord of lords, and this kingdom is held directly and solely of Christ alone." Wycliffe
went further to condemn confessions to saints, the iconography of the Church, and

Comparing The Renaissance And The Reformation
The Reformation period sought to reform thinkers and to reinstate the spiritual beliefs of early
Christianity, while the Renaissance sought to imitate and revive classical art and literary forms.
However, in several important ways, they both created to the shaping of the modern world. This
essay will evaluate both the Reformation and the Renaissance and their effect on the formation of
the modern era. The Reformation was the beginning of the split of the Catholic Church in Europe.
Leaders like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry the VIII challenged the Pope's authority. They
believed that the bible should be the source of spiritual authority; not the tradition. In Germany,
Martin Luther protested the Pope's sale of indulgences. He was excommunicated ... Show more
The Pope refused to allow him an annulment from his wife of 18 years so that he could marry again.
King Henry declared that he alone should be the head of the church, hence, he granted himself a
divorce. He remarried Anne Boleyn and she produced two heirs. During the same time, the
Renaissance focused on humanism, and therefore turned away from many ideals of the church.
Before the Renaissance, writers mainly focused on issues of a religious matter. The Renaissance
brought out the potential to break out of the old ways, and to pursue a more realistic version of life.
Writers who were well known include Boccaccio, who wrote The Decameron. His works show
characters in a more life–like down to earth style. Another famous writer from the Renaissance was
Machiavelli, who wrote The Prince. This book explores that of an individuals' relation with the state.
The Renaissance brought forth painters as well. Some well–known painters include Michelangelo,
who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and Leonardo Da Vinci, who is known for the Mona
Lisa, which brought out the human spirit, and for the creation of ideas that include the

Key Events in the Reformation
Thesis Statement: These key events reforming religion are what shaped the world for good and for
bad in the 14th to the 19th century. The Reformation was full of war and inventions that many had
never seen before, affecting the religious and social political systems in positive and negative ways.
The first event in the Reformation was the Printing Press. The Printing Press enabled the circulation
of the bible, starting the spread of Christianity and the Catholics. The Printing Press was created by
Johannes Gutenberg in 1450. Before the Printing Press the bible had to be printed by hand, which
meant that the copies had to be written word for word. Because they had to be written word for word
only the important people had them such as Popes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were wars during this Reformation in the 16th and 17th century that took place in many parts
of Europe. The first wars took place in central and southern Europe, between the Christians and the
Muslims. The Christians and the Muslims had been fighting each other ever since the Crusades from
the 11th to the 13th century; also in the Spanish Reconquista from the 8th to the 15th century; and
the Ottoman Wars in Europe from the 15th to 19th century. The wars that were the longest lasting
were the wars between the Protestant and the Catholics. These wars were some of the bloodiest wars
in the European wars of religion. The war between the Protestants and Catholics is called the 30
Year's War which was the longest in the war of religions. The Counter–Reformation came better late
than never as they were much needed. The Council of Trent had a major role in the counter. The
Council of Trent fought for the Reformers in every way possible. "The Council of Trent believed in
the areas of tradition, original sin, justification, sacraments, the holy masses, and the veneration
(honoring) of saints." The Council of Trent and the Catholics fought to become more spiritual,
educated, and literate. The reformation was a long and bloody time. There are many ways to look at
this time period. Some say it is from the church perspective and say these religions were fighting for
what is right. I for sure will be

The Reformation : Four Challenges For The Catholic Church
The Reformation: Four Challenges to the Catholic Church The Reformation was a European
religious movement of monumental proportions and consequences, during which a new Christian
religion, Protestantism, was created. Protestantism differs from other forms of Christianity in that it
is not a single church, but many different churches, denominations, and congregations, it is
extremely diverse. The first proto–Protestant congregations, even predate the Reformation, drawing
their origins from an earlier religious movement, the Hussites. However, it is the Protestant
Reformation that gave a start to the first major denominations of Protestantism, of which we list
four: Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. Lutheranism was started by Martin
Luther, a German theologian who instigated the very beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther 's protest was written down in his famous 95 Theses of 1517, which critiqued the Roman
Catholic Church as a system, which claimed to be essential for human salvation, yet was
noticeably–corrupt and hypocritical. Luther attacked the very dogma that stated the unique and
divinely sanctioned role of the papacy and church. Hence, he was excommunicated from the
Catholic Church; Luther responded to it by translating the Bible from Latin to German, writing the
"Book of Concord" – a collection of theological texts meant to replace the Catholic tradition – and
building a new religious movement based on these works. In this new

Zwinglianism
Running Head: The Beliefs of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism
3
The Beliefs of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism
Hieu Le
Columbia Southern University
The main reasons for the major reformations of the religions occurred in the fifteen century were
based on the freedom of beliefs, the disruptive of the pope to intervene people?s life and the pope?s
ultimate power in the roman church system which restricted freedom of beliefs. Thus, the three
beliefs arrived, the Lutheranism, the Zwinglianism, and the Anabaptism. Each of the belief represent
its own unique characteristics, religious concerns, and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Anabaptism?s ultimate goal was to form a holy community and independent group and separated
themselves from the Roman church system. With a great dedication and effort, the Anabaptists
successfully achieved their goal to form their own community. Also, Anabaptist believed the
restructure of religion was necessary in religious segment (Levack et al., 2011). Therefore, they did
not consider the harsh punishment in their community when the violence occurred was the solution.
There were couple ideal characteristics that the Anabaptism demonstrated on, the infant was not
allowed to baptize and the candidate must be confessed to be faithful in Christ to consider becoming
an Anabaptist (Levack et al., 2011). By contrast, Lutheranism, and Zwinglianism did not conduct
Anaptism?s idea, both religions a person become their nominee as well as they believe the nominee
shown his/her faithful in Christ. Another unique character in Anabaptism that distinguished
themselves from the other two reformed beliefs that they solely conducted meetings, religious
activities within their community without other party involved nor

Balthasar Hubmaier Research Paper
Balthasar Hubmaier was born c.1480 in Friedberg, Bavaria. He went to Latin School in Augsburg.
In 1503 he attended the University of Freiburg, he was unable to finish his degree due to lack of
funds but he returned in 1507 and got his bachelors and masters degrees in 1511(Vedder, 27). In
1512 he studied under John Eck, a theologian and protester of the reformation, at the University of
Ingolstadt and received his doctorate in theology. He became the university vice–rector in
1515(Vedder,36). As his fame as a preacher grew, in 1516 he decided to leave the University to take
the pastor position in the Catholic church in Regensburg. In 1521 he moved to Waldshut, still a
Catholic. In 1522 we begin to see signs of Hubmaier sympathizing with the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The government was in place by God and so as Christians we need to support our government
through paying taxes.The government also had its own responsibility to defend the innocent,
helpless, and good people of the nation. This is reflected in his writing "On the Sword". It is the duty
of the government to,"...protect the righteous and to punish the evil with the sword..." he justifies
this with Romans 13(Hubmaier,507,508). He says that if we take up the sword of our own accord it
is wrong, but if it is given to us for a good cause we are justified(Hubmaier,498). Another point he
made regarding the sword was from Luke 22, he discusses that if you have been chosen by God as a
preacher you should abstain from the sword but this does not apply if you are just a citizen. If the
government is fighting for a just cause you should take up the sword and help them,"For he who
does not protect the righteous kills him and is guilty of his death..."(Hubmaier,516) One of the
reasons that he may have held these views is that he had a very positive view of government,
especially when he was in Nikolsburg as he was preaching with the full support of the local
authorities. This was also a way to share your abilities with the less fortunate. He put these views
into practice when between 1526 and 1528 he led Anabaptist in Nikolsburg against the

Reformation Reflection
The Reformation undoubtedly is the most significant moment in history for Protestantism since the
life of Christ. Without it, all these 'churches' of Christ that are breakaways from the Catholic Church
would not have arisen and many of us would still be locked in the shackles of the Pope's tyranny.
Consequently, praise God for such a joyous moment in history. Withal, it is a period that is not given
the attention and affirmation that it's due from those who reap in the benefits of it today. Sure, many
of us have heard of Martin Luther pinning to the Church in Wittenberg his Ninety–five theses, but
when other figures, lesser known ones, are mentioned, even Huldrych Zwingli, often a look of
bemusement follows. This is a travesty because we can learn not only doctrines from them, but also
the cost of following Christ. Per contra what follows by no means does the events justice for its
complications and intricacy, as space limits me, but I will do my best. Furthermore, I only follow the
events in the Reformation as a period and not the ideas, since arguably these ideas can be traced
back to earlier reformers in the Catholic Church, those like Wycliffe, Hus and Waldo. Igniting the
Reformation was Luther's pinning up of his Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, an act of
gargantuan disobedience. Clerical selling of indulgences primarily (buying paper to limit suffering/
time in purgatory) and the authority of the papacy inadvertently were attacked and questioned.

Reformer Influence On John Calvinism
Calvinism is a movement within orthodox Protestantism associated with the Reformer John Calvin
that emphasizes the rule of God over all things. The concept of Calvinism began not with John
Calvin (as it is commonly mistaken) but rather with a Reformer in Switzerland named
Ulrich/Huldrych Zwingli. Zurich was well–known for urging the reformation of the Catholic
Church, criticising the use of images in worship and generally attempting to spread the Reformation.
Some parts of the country conformed to the change but others resisted, staunchly remaining
Catholic. This resulted in a theocratic division within the nation. During this time of tense stand–off,
Zwingli met Martin Luther, known as the father of the Lutheran denomination. They agreed on

The Leaders Of The Roman Catholic Church
Anabaptist Leaders Many religions came about during the Christian Reformation 16th and 17th
century. Martin Luther opposed the Roman Catholic Church, Huldrych Zwingli led the protestant
reformation in Switzerland, and this led to more radical reform in Switzerland led by Conrad Grebel
with Anabaptists. One of the main causes of the reformation was individuals looking at the church
and scriptures and seeing where things did not line up biblically. There was a distinct difference
between the views of the Roman Catholic Church and Protestant Churches. Anabaptist however did
not see themselves as Protestant or Catholic but rather a completely separate entity with their own
set of beliefs and views. They felt that the church had strayed too far way form the scriptures and
wanted to return to the early church. They held the Sermon on the Mount is such high regards which
in itself went against the Church and State being together in their beliefs. The Anabaptist felt that the
State should grant religious liberty and in doing so they were willing to suffer and die rather than go
against their beliefs imposed by the state. This lead to several Anabaptist leaders and followers to be
martyred because of their strong belief in Doctrine and their beliefs to return to the Early Church
where the State and Church were separate. The reason the Anabaptist held doctrine is such high
accord was because they felt they should be able to make the choice as to what they can believe and
not be

Christian Religion Research Paper
Over 2.4 billion people around the world believe in the Christian religion. For some it is a river of
faith, but there are many branches to Christianity. Jesus Christ in Judea (present day Israel) started
Christianity about 2000 years ago. Jesus was initially Jewish and he lived in an area that was under
Roman rule. This Roman rules posed a big problem for the Jews due to the polytheistic cultural
beliefs the Romans had. This is when Jesus Christ played a major role in the development of
Christianity. Jesus traveled from village to village, teaching in the various synagogues and healing
those who were suffering. This teaching was revolutionary, he challenged the already established
Roman religious authorities to repent from their self–righteousness and hypocrisy and realize ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Catholic Communion is a faith and practice of Christianity that is in communion with the Pope.
It is also shaped by its original growth and development in Western Europe and now it has the
largest body of Christians with strong centers in Latin America and Africa as well as parts of Asia,
Europe, and North America. Orthodox Christian churches represent about twelve percent of the total
Christian population worldwide. It has its roots in the earliest Christian communities established
after the death and resurrection of Jesus throughout the eastern Mediterranean region, the Roman
Empire, Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, and Greece. Here the Orthodox churches are in communion with
each other. The Protestant Churches began as a reform movement within Western European Catholic
Christianity in the sixteenth century by Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, and John Calvin. . Most
Protestants recognize only two sacraments, Baptism and Holy Communion even though they may
also practice other practices such as conformation, marriage, and

Analysis Of Grace Life Bible School : The Reformation
Grace Life Bible School "The Reformation" When thinking about the historical events that are
associated with the reformation movement that can be traced back to the late 1300s and early 1400s
with men like John Wycliffe, The Lollards, and Jan Hus (Men who rejected the Divine origin of the
Roman Catholic Church and the alleged authority of the Pope) I can't help but feel the table had
been set, that is, the conditions were perfect for Martin Luther's placing of the ninety–five theses on
the church door at Wittenberg in 1517. By God's providence Luther was to undertake the most
difficult task of returning the church to its intended authority – The Scriptures. Luther understood as
well as anyone the sad state of affairs as it related to the Church, the Papacy, its politics and the
increasing corruption of the sale of indulgences to his fellow countrymen. Although not without
fault, for he was merely a man, Luther had all the characteristics of someone who could take on the
church leadership. A leadership that had strayed away from biblical teachings, but had instead
developed man–made ordinances and methods for increasing political and financial power. As a
young man Luther struggled with his conscious and finding peace with God. During some very
difficult years while living in the monastery he would discover that the more he tried to do for God,
the more he became aware of his own sinfulness. However, he would get the opportunity to study
the Bible as a professor of Biblical Theology at the University of Wittenberg. It was there, while
studying the bible over several years, that he would conclude that there was nothing he could do to
obtain Salvation through the rules of monastic life, works of men, or by anything other than the
Scriptures alone by Grace through Faith alone. He now understood saving faith based on the
promises of God found in the Word of God. The free Grace of God for sinners was the revived
message that Luther and the Reformers stressed to anyone who would listen. Luther made it clear
that it was a falsehood to believe that only the the pope may interpret scripture, but rather the whole
community should be able to interpret scripture. A message that was welcomed and readily accepted
by

The Pros And Cons Of The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a development that promoted Catholic opposition and initially
began when Martin Luther posted his Ninety–Five Theses in the year 1517. Such an act sparked the
progressive fury of other leaders, who had desired to reform Catholicism years before Luther's
action. Internal division of the church encouraged multiple religious intellectuals to form their own
methods when attempting to challenge Catholic leaders. Although it can be proven that active
reformers during the time of the Reformation were discontented with the proceedings of the
Catholic Church, individual Protestant improvisers had conflicting outlooks regarding the way the
church should be organized. United views among reformers focused on the sale of indulgences and
the distribution of religious authority. Thus, when considering the complete aspects of the time, the
Protestant Reformation was both a cohesive and divided effort of opposition.
Sponsoring the selling of indulgences was a common practice within the Catholic church that was a
glorified way to purchase forgiveness which was revoked and criticized by Protestant establishments
and reformers. Martin Luther was the most recognized figure that disgraced the Catholic church for
the popularization of indulgences directly in his Ninety–Five Theses stating that, "Any true
Christian, whether living or dead, participates... even without indulgence letters," (Document 4).
Luther believed that any deserving Christian was permitted by God to take part in the blessings of
the church without having to purchase indulgences first. Luther further criticized Johannes Tetzel's
support of indulgences which he believed was "unchristian" and was not an efficient way to receive
salvation, rather it was a method to compensate the church. (Document 2). An additional prominent
reformer, Ulrich Zwingli and his co–worker Conrad Grebel, were in agreement with Luther on the
subject of indulgences and condemned religious superstition during the Swiss Reformation. John
Calvin, a promoter of the later Genevan Reformation, was also disturbed by the idea that
indulgences represented the falsification of the scripture. Luther essentially had similar views
present in a letter to Albert of Mainz and

Opposing Viewpoints on The Lord´s Supper of Luther and...
The ceremony of the Lord's Supper at Marburg in 1529 triggered numerous heartless debates
amongst two protagonists Luther and Zwingli. Throughout the Reformation era, debates played an
important role, as they were a main mechanism in familiarizing the Reformation into countless
towns. Debates were a means of resolving differences amongst like–minded Protestant groups.
Landgrave Philip of Hesse had summoned the Hessian Chancellor Feige to send for both Luther and
Zwingli for the express and urgent purpose of settling their dispute over the Lord's Supper.
Therefore, the purpose of this debate was to solve the dispute over how Luther and Zwingli saw the
sacrament of the Lord's Supper.
Luther undoubtedly believed the colloquy is well ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
433). The opinions of Luther and Zwingli were neither new nor sacrilegious, but were based on
belief and the Scripture.
After Oecolampadius spoke, Zwingli said the Lord's Supper must be symbolic. It is ever apparent
and even required by the article of faith: "taken up into heaven, seated at the right hand of the
Father" (p. 433). It is ridiculous to search for him in the Lord's Supper the identical time in which
Christ is telling individuals that he is located in heaven. One and the identical body cannot be in
dissimilar locations. Zwingli stated they call upon Luther to provide glory to God as well as to stop
begging the query. Zwingli questioned the proof of Luther's position as Zwingli willingly
contemplates the words Luther says extremely carefully. He knew Luther was trying to outwit him.
At this point Zwingli stands by the sixth chapter of John, verse 63, and says that he will not be
shaken from it.
Due to the excerpt from the vivacious and often brutal debate between Zwingli and Luther, I believe
that the Reformation debates led to further hostility rather than compromise and unity between
religious and sectarian opponents. I mainly believe that due to this debate being frequently brutal.
There was only one major implication that this caused for the future of the Protestant Reformation.
That one major implication was that debates continued to be brutal and

The Renaissance: The Middle Ages
Medieval
In the history of Europe, the middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of
Discovery. The middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western
history: classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is itself
subdivided into the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages. Renaissance
The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the 17th century in Europe. This era bridged
the time between the middle Ages and modern times. The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth".
Coming out of the Dark. The Middle. The Renaissance was a period of time from the 14th to the
17th century in Europe Ages began with the fall of the Roman Empire.
Reformation
The Reformation, also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Martin Luther basically explains to us that every individual should have the equal and free
opportunity to learn and educate their selves because everyone is ultimately responsible for their
own works by faith.
John Calvin (1509–1564)
Calvin made major contributions are education and church government. The excellence of his own
educational training is attested by the fact that his writings have had a lasting effect on the French
language. He is considered one of the creators of modern French prose. Perhaps more important, he
encouraged the development of universal education. Calvin was convinced that for every person to
be adequately equipped to "rightly divide" God's Word, he or she had to be educated in language and
the humanities. To that end he founded an academy for Geneva's children, believing that all
education must be fundamentally

Causes Of The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was the 16th–century religious movement that took place in the Western
church. Having far–reaching political, economic, and social effect, the Reformation became the
basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Without the
changes caused by the Renaissance during the fifteenth century, the Reformation would not have
been possible (Haigh). Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the
Catholic church. These reformers' disruptions triggered wars, persecutions, and later the "Counter–
Reformation." The Reformation ended the unity imposed by medieval Christianity. Many events in
the years leading up to the sixteenth century caused individuals ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Scholars, upper class, and middle class were able to get their hands on the Bible and understand
what it said ("The Reformation: An Overview"). Many other factors played a part in the process
such as the decline of feudalism (a combination of legal and military customs), the rise of
nationalism, and the rise of the common law (Kerr). All of these factors led to great individuals
putting their foot down and telling the Catholic Church that enough was enough, and they were no
longer going to stand idly by while the church abused its power.
As the Catholic Church's grievances were brought to light more and more people started to move
away from the church. There were three main people that are credited for helping to start the
Protestant Reformation in each of their own countries –– Martin Luther who was an Augustinian
monk who nailed his "95 Theses" on the church door in Germany, Huldrych Zwingli who started the
reformation in Switzerland, and Henry VIII who caused England to leave the church because of his
quest for a male heir ("The Reformation: An Overview"). These four people, although from
completely different backgrounds, helped the Protestant Reformation move throughout Europe.
Martin Luther was born November 10, 1483. In 1505, Luther received his master's degree from the
University of Erfurt. Following his father's wishes, Martin enrolled in law school at the same
university, but dropped

Impact Of The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation during 1518–1648 was a key period in the Church's history that saw the
acts and teachings of all relifgions come under great scrutiny. Through the contributing social,
cultural, politcal and religous factors that lead to the Reformation it has undoubtedy had a
significant impact not only on the 16th centruy but also in our world today.
Political/Religious :
During the 16th century the monarchy was still actibely utilizing their power. As well as this, the
whole of Europe were Christians time, which lead to the Church having primary authorty over
people's lifestyles. Due to this, it lead to many discrepancies in scoeity as they believed the Catholic
Church was focused more on money and power tthan in saving ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Specifically, churchmen disagreed about the primary issues as God's sovereignty, gaining salvation,
effects of sin and grace on the soul etc. With the abundance of universities and printed books around
1500, many people in society became aware of these debates of Christian faith, which therefore
sparked the Reformation controversies.
Due to the protestant reformation, the schism from the Catholic Church was primarily initiated by
Martin Luther, who actively protested and therefore made him an enemy of the pope and so was
excommunicated. However, many people such as John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli continued
Martin Luther's protests and their theologies resulted in Lutheranism and Calvanism, which were
both one of the major branches of Protestanism.
Moreover, in c. 1524, millions of peasants rebelled against the nobles for equality and humanity.
Many countries in Europe therefore followed this notion of reformation and therefroe lead to Europe
dividing by denomination. This consequently brought religious wars such as the French Wars of
Religion.
Counter Reformation:
As a result of the movement of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church responded to this
with the counter reformation, which began with the Council of Trent in 1545 and ended at the close
of the 30 years war in 1648. The Roman Catholic Church at the time made new religious orders such
as Jesuits, which were made to combat Protestantism and inform people about Catholicism. The
Church

Martin Luther's Ninety Five Theses
Although Protestantism's followers have the same, general belief system as other branches of
Christianity, they do not believe in the authority of religious leaders. Protestantism began as a
movement in 1517 AD, when Martin Luther – a German Professor of theology – posted his "Ninety
Five Theses" on the walls of the "All Saints'" castle in Wittenberg, Germany. This great work
brought awareness to the doctrinal faults – such as the dealing of indulgences – and corrupt practices
of religious leaders from the Roman Catholic Church, and gave reason for a reform of the
establishment. The content of the "Ninety Five Theses" – which addressed three main ideas,
including: "selling indulgences to finance the building of St. Peter's is wrong", "the pope has no
power over Purgatory", and "buying indulgences gives people a false sense of security and
endangers their salvation" – was heavily contradicted and rejected by the church at that time.
Furthermore, Martin Luther translated the Bible into German for the first time in history, and spread
the work all across Europe. This placed the bible into the hands of a large majority of Christians,
who were able to interpret the text without the need of religious figures. Although Martin Luther,
began the Protestant movement and branch of religion, other important figures such as John Calvin
and Huldrych Zwingli also greatly contributed to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protestantism itself has grown to make up one–third of Christian followers, and has manifested itself
into many other similar branches/sects. Protestantism continued to extend its branches higher into

Fall Of Rome Research Paper
Fall of Rome – 467 A.D. The Western Roman Empire fell apart after a nearly 500–year run as the
world's greatest power. The fall can be blamed on hundreds of different elements ranging from
military failures and crippling taxation to natural calamities and even climate changes. The most
probable explanation for Western Rome's decline and decay is a chain of military losses sustained by
external forces. After the Battle of Adrianople in 378 A.D., the shocked Romans discussed peace
with the Goths. All the same, the truce would fall in 410 when the Goth King Alaric moved west and
sacked Rome. Clovis adopts Roman Christianity – 496 The Frankish Kingdom started in 481 A.D.
and ended in 843 A.D., they were a Monarchy based society. At age fifteen Clovis inherits the
crown, after expanding his territory and uniting all of France he makes his capital in Paris. When
Clovis was converted to Christianity, he established a close connection with the French monarchy
and the papacy. For two hundred and fifty years, France has been full of isolated wandering tribes,
always warring against the other. Under Clovis, they became a well–ordered Christian kingdom, and
it led to the establishment of the French monarchy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Byzantine Emperor Justinian commissioned the Hagia Sophia. The inside if it immense dome
decorations simulated the light of paradise with its golden mosaics. It was utilized as a church for
916 years, but, following the conquest of Istanbul (Turks) in 1423 A.D, by Fatih Sultan Mehmed,
the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque. In 1935, the Council of Ministers, Hagia Sophia was
turned it into a

Machiavelli's The Prince
Answer Section no: 1 1) During the early 16th century, Martin Luther who was an Augustinian
monk and a university lecturer, tried to tell people that the pope is not saying the right things of
bible to the people. They are selling the words of bible and are not being honest about its sayings.
He translated the bible into German language so that the people understand its real meaning and not
fall for the false sayings by the preachers of the church. He believed the way the church was
punishing the people for their sins was not right and it was not in their hands to punish them so
severely. He tried to reform this system and protested against it in a vast way. He tried to make
others understand by using pamphlets and other sources so that they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Napoleon Bonaparte was a great ruler at that time and people trusted him with their full faith. The
soldiers who followed his orders knew that he can make a great ending to any war as he knew the
right way of ruling and fighting for power. Life in France was good as Napoleon did what was best
for his people. He built good constitutions and eventually destroyed the affect of Republican power.
He made a great use of his strength and ability to make sure that the pillars of the nation are properly

Catholic Church Reformation Research Paper

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