congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
congenital cataract for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Also covers salient points for PGMEE.
Aetiology, clinical features and management discussed in detail.
This presentation describes the background of the cornea and the corneal diseases in general, also it describes in detailed manner how to manage the corneal ulcer with its different causes
This presentation describes the background of the cornea and the corneal diseases in general, also it describes in detailed manner how to manage the corneal ulcer with its different causes
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision. Cataracts often develop slowly and can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may include faded colors, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights, and trouble seeing at night.
A cataract is a clouding or opacity that
develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree from slight opacity to obstructing the passage of light.
Progressive, painless clouding of the natural, internal lens of the eye.
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye (retina) are focused in front of the retina.
Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence, and it usually becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. Myopia tends to run in families.
A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can compensate for the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
This slide contains information regarding corneal ulcer and glaucoma. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
this is a topic from msn -II and can be assessable to all the students of nursing of gnm 2nd yr. and bsc. third yr
it contain definition, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manefestation, diagnostic evaluation, and complete management
Opthalmology in the ED - Dr Andrew White (June 2013)Bishan Rajapakse
This comprehensive overview of common ophthalmological presentations that ED registrars may encounter has been kindly shared by Dr Andrew White BMedSci(hons) MBBS PhD FRANZCO, Consultant Ophthalmologist, Westmead Hospital & Sydney Medical School (USyd)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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5. Risk factors
• UV radiation
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Previous eye injury or surgery
• High myopia
6. Congenital cataract
• Major cause of vision loss
• Leukocoria or absent red reflex
• Nystagmus
• Slit lamp, fundoscopy
• TORCH, urinalysis
7. Treatment
• Surgical removal no later than 3 months of age
• Regular follow up
• Genetic counseling
• Complication: strabismus, deprivation amblyopia, blindness
8. Senile cataract
• In the elderly
• Thickening of lens is irreversible
• Mature cataract cannot read better than 20/200
• Immature cataract cannot see better than 20/20
• Incipient cataract can see 20/20
• Visual impairment, leukocoria, halo
• Double vision
9.
10. Cortical
• Disruption of mature fiber cells
• Bilateral
• Vision may be affected
• Glare
• Varies in progression
• Vacuoles, water clefts
• Wedge shaped opacity at the periphery
• Mature -> intumescent cortical cataract
11.
12. Nuclear sclerotic cataract
• Interferes with vision minimally
• Light scatters and yellows
• Central opacity
• Progress slowly
• Myopic
• Poor hue discrimination
• Diminished daylight vision
18. Management
• Conservative if patient coping well
• Glasses if myopia
• Surgery
• Phacoemulsification
• Extracapsular cataract extractions
• Scleral incision cataract surgery
21. Lens derives its nourishment from
A. Vitreous
B. Air
C. Aqueous humor
D. Perilimbal capillaries
22. Diminished vision in daylight is seen is
• A. Central cataract
• B. Peripheral cataract
• C. Zonular cataract
• D. None of the above
23. Aqueous humor formation occurs by all means except
• A. Ultrafiltration
• B. Active secretion
• C. Passive diffusion
• D. de nove synthesis
24. Which of these groups is at risk of developing open
angle closure
• A. Older than 60
• B.African americans
• C. People with family history of glaucoma
• D. All of the above
25. What are the symptoms of angle closure glaucoma
• A. Pain
• B. Red eye
• C. Blurred vision
• D. All of the above
26. The most common form of glaucoma is called open
angle glaucoma. What does open angle refer to?
• A. The area of the eye where ocular fluid drains
• B. The area of the eye that focuses images
• C. The area of the eye that controls peripheral vision
• D. None of the above
27. In which of these diseases can we see snowflake
cataract?
A. DM
B. Myopic dystrophica
C. Glaucoma
D. Steroid use
28. What is the most common form of cataract?
A. Tumor derived
B. Metabolic
C. Senile
D. Hereditary
29. Poor hue discrimination is mostly seen in
A. Nuclear cataract
B. Cortical cataract
C. Capsular cataract
30. What is this cataract called?
A. Morgagnian
B. Snowflake
C. Hypermature
D. Christmas tree
Editor's Notes
Cataract mainly refers to opacification of the cataract lens. It is commonest cause of vision impairment worldwide. More than half the people over age 60 have cataract.
Infective – TORCH, tumor – retinoblastoma. Juvenile group with uveitis can also have cataract. Drug use – steroids.
Strabismus – crossed eyes
Monitor their glucose, lipid levels.
A common type of cataract that we see is cortical type. Once membrane integrity is compromised, essential metabolites are lost from the affected cells. This loss leads to extensive protein oxidation and precipitation. A common symptom of cortical cataracts is glare from intense light sources, such as car headlights. Monocular diplopia may also result. Cortical cataracts vary greatly in their rate of progression; some cortical opacities remain unchanged for prolonged periods, whereas others progress rapidly. Wedge shaped opacities may spread to nearby fibers. When the entire cortex from the capsule to the nucleus becomes white and opaque, the cataract is said to be mature (Fig 5-5). In mature opacities, the lens takes up water, swelling to become an intumescent cortical cataract.
In the early stages, the progressive hardening of the lens nucleus frequently causes an increase in the refractive index of the lens and thus a myopic shift in refraction. Progressive yellowing or browning of the lens causes poor hue discrimination, especially at the blue end of the visible light spectrum.
Brunescent, brownish yellow. Hazy, causing vision problems because it is central. Knows as glare. Slit lamp biomicroscopy
Standarizied grading system to determine severity and treatment options.
Hypermature – cortical opacity increases and damaged cell substances leave the capsule and capsule is wrinkled and shrunk. Small nucleus surrounded in cortical material. Onion ring sign involves the posterior capsule. Polychromal Christmas tree cataract typically associated with myotonica dystrophica and other conditions. Snowflake due to diabetes, typically involving the cortical component. Morgagnian – advanced cortical cataract, nucleus freely moves within the liquified cortex. Brown nucleus has sunk to the bottom. When it bursts, it may cause secondary glaucoma or iritis.
Glare – cortical or subcapsular cataract. Secondary angle closure glaucoma, very thick cataract can cause this. Or the lens content seeps through capsule and enters anterior chamber and causing inflammation.
Surgery if visual symptoms, lens-induced glaucoma, cataract obscuring view of fundus, congenital cataracts – do early surgery. ECCE and SICS is mechanical extraction of cataract. ECCE – capsulotomy, access lens and replace it within the capsule. And inserts lens back. SICS doesn’t require suturing because a tunnel is formed.
