LGC is addressing the UK's chemical and bio-measurement needs to support key industries like healthcare, food, and energy. LGC researchers are developing new methods to accurately measure pollutants like PBDEs in water samples to help enforce the EU Water Framework Directive and clean up rivers and lakes. They are also studying microbial communities as bioindicators of water quality to rapidly assess the impacts of pollution and help mitigate threats to water resources.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Professor Fiona Regan from DCU is on the emerging contaminants in our water.
Emerging contaminants and precautionary principleOdgToscana
This document discusses emerging contaminants and the precautionary principle in relation to water quality standards. It provides background on the Water Framework Directive and its goals of protecting and improving water resources in the EU. Priority substances are identified, and environmental quality standards (EQS) are established with very low limits to regulate the concentration of pollutants in water. The document also examines the watch list established to monitor emerging contaminants and the challenges of detecting contaminants that may pose risks to the environment and human health at trace levels.
Presentation by Lyman Welch for the 2011 Great Lakes Restoration Conference Session titled "Emerging Contaminant Threats and the Great Lakes."
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Case study: Algae Control in Drinking Water ReservoirLG Sonic
Since the spring of 2014, four solar-powered algae control buoys are operating in the Canoe Brook Reservoir #1 in Short Hills, New Jersey to control algae and cyanobacteria in the raw water reservoir. The reservoir is managed by American Water, America’s largest publicly traded water and wastewater utility company.
Quality Assurance System_Ecotoxicity Studies_Breton et al 2009Guy Gilron
The document describes the development of a quality assurance system called eco-QESST for evaluating ecotoxicity studies submitted to Environment Canada under new substance regulations. Eco-QESST uses a scoring system to assess study quality and usability. It was developed based on OECD test guidelines for fish, Daphnia, and algae toxicity tests. Over 600 studies have been evaluated using eco-QESST. The system provides benefits like consistent evaluations, transparency in decision making, and a detailed electronic record of studies. A validation exercise found the system produces consistent scores among different reviewers.
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
Assessment of mortality and morbidity risks due to the consumption of some sa...theijes
This study assessed the mortality and morbidity risks from consuming sachet drinking waters produced in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Natural radioactivity measurements of 60 sachet water samples from 15 enterprises found concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th ranging from 0.87-5.70 Bq/L, 0.16-0.47 Bq/L, and 0.17-0.60 Bq/L respectively. The estimated annual effective doses from ingesting these radionuclides were 45.48-113.07 μSv/y, with mortality and morbidity risks of 4.94×10-5 to 1.17×10-4 and
Emerging pollutants from healthcare establishments can include pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and genetically modified microorganisms. Hospitals and nursing homes are point sources for these pollutants due to intensive pharmaceutical and antimicrobial use. While healthcare waste is regulated, healthcare wastewater is not and may contain higher levels of contaminants compared to domestic wastewater. Standard wastewater treatment reduces levels of many emerging pollutants but healthcare wastewater discharge could still impact the environment and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. More research is needed to fully understand the risks from chronic low-level exposure to emerging pollutants in wastewater.
This presentation was given at the EPA’s National Water Event 2019, which took place on 29 and 30 May 2019 in Galway. This presentation by Professor Fiona Regan from DCU is on the emerging contaminants in our water.
Emerging contaminants and precautionary principleOdgToscana
This document discusses emerging contaminants and the precautionary principle in relation to water quality standards. It provides background on the Water Framework Directive and its goals of protecting and improving water resources in the EU. Priority substances are identified, and environmental quality standards (EQS) are established with very low limits to regulate the concentration of pollutants in water. The document also examines the watch list established to monitor emerging contaminants and the challenges of detecting contaminants that may pose risks to the environment and human health at trace levels.
Presentation by Lyman Welch for the 2011 Great Lakes Restoration Conference Session titled "Emerging Contaminant Threats and the Great Lakes."
Chemical contaminants form a vast chemical soup in the Great Lakes, and from available data, we know exposure may be cause for concern. This workshop will discuss the threat of “emerging contaminants” in the Lakes, as well as give an overview of research, policy implications and recommendations for moving forward.
Case study: Algae Control in Drinking Water ReservoirLG Sonic
Since the spring of 2014, four solar-powered algae control buoys are operating in the Canoe Brook Reservoir #1 in Short Hills, New Jersey to control algae and cyanobacteria in the raw water reservoir. The reservoir is managed by American Water, America’s largest publicly traded water and wastewater utility company.
Quality Assurance System_Ecotoxicity Studies_Breton et al 2009Guy Gilron
The document describes the development of a quality assurance system called eco-QESST for evaluating ecotoxicity studies submitted to Environment Canada under new substance regulations. Eco-QESST uses a scoring system to assess study quality and usability. It was developed based on OECD test guidelines for fish, Daphnia, and algae toxicity tests. Over 600 studies have been evaluated using eco-QESST. The system provides benefits like consistent evaluations, transparency in decision making, and a detailed electronic record of studies. A validation exercise found the system produces consistent scores among different reviewers.
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
Assessment of mortality and morbidity risks due to the consumption of some sa...theijes
This study assessed the mortality and morbidity risks from consuming sachet drinking waters produced in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Natural radioactivity measurements of 60 sachet water samples from 15 enterprises found concentrations of 40K, 226Ra, and 232Th ranging from 0.87-5.70 Bq/L, 0.16-0.47 Bq/L, and 0.17-0.60 Bq/L respectively. The estimated annual effective doses from ingesting these radionuclides were 45.48-113.07 μSv/y, with mortality and morbidity risks of 4.94×10-5 to 1.17×10-4 and
Emerging pollutants from healthcare establishments can include pharmaceuticals, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and genetically modified microorganisms. Hospitals and nursing homes are point sources for these pollutants due to intensive pharmaceutical and antimicrobial use. While healthcare waste is regulated, healthcare wastewater is not and may contain higher levels of contaminants compared to domestic wastewater. Standard wastewater treatment reduces levels of many emerging pollutants but healthcare wastewater discharge could still impact the environment and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. More research is needed to fully understand the risks from chronic low-level exposure to emerging pollutants in wastewater.
IRJET- Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge WaterIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on using duckweed to treat sludge water. The study involved collecting samples from a pond over 2 months after introducing duckweed and analyzing various water quality parameters. Results showed that after 2 months, pH, total suspended solids, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia levels decreased by up to 75% while dissolved oxygen increased by up to 38.5% indicating that duckweed improved pond water quality by removing pollutants. The study suggests duckweed can effectively treat pond water without high treatment costs.
This document discusses the use of passive sampling as a screening tool for new and emerging chemicals in Irish water bodies. It provides background on relevant EU directives and Irish legislation. It then summarizes the status of Irish surface waters based on previous monitoring programs, highlighting issues like agricultural pollutants contributing to fish kills. The document proposes a new passive sampling project to screen for substances like pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and pesticides at sites across Ireland. The goals are to test passive sampling technologies in Ireland and identify additional compounds present in surface waters.
Leachate Monitoring In The Extractive Industry: A Case Study Of Nigerian Liqu...IJERA Editor
Activities of extractive industry (NLNG is typical) introduces some chemical substances into the groundwater.
These change the groundwater signature and bioaccumulation of some of these classified as hazardous may
result in various wealth challenges. Seven areas within the plant where identified by NLNG Six as high risk
pollution areas and one (Nature Park) as no pollution risk area. Groundwater samples were collected from all
seven areas and analyzed for the presence of Cu, Cr, Zn, nitrate, phosphate and PH. Samples from the no
pollution risk area served as control. Results were compared with WHO limits. Except for Cr content which was
stable, other results showed fluctuations with time, albeit on the increase, though all remained within WHO
limits. Nitrate value is fast approaching limit and requires urgent attention. Unexpected high values of the
measured parameters were observed at Nature Park (no pollution risk area) even beyond the high risk pollution
areas. This precludes NLNG activities being responsible. The necessity of pre-activity groundwater quality
assessment is thus established. Close monitoring of groundwater quality of the extractive industry zones is vital
for the protection of source quality.
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Is Marcellus Shale Frack Wastewater More Radioactive Than Previously Thought?Marcellus Drilling News
A study by the University of Iowa researchers, titled "Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale" and published in the peer reviewed journal Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2015. The research reportedly shows a new method for testing the total potential radioactivity of shale wastewater not previously considered. The chief shortcoming of the research is that it is based on a single sample from a single Marcellus Shale well.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. It provides common ranges for key design parameters like membrane flux rates, mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, and aeration requirements. The text indicates MBR systems require careful design to prevent fouling and ensure integrity. It also notes TCEQ may require a pilot study or 2-year performance bond for non-standard MBR proposals.
This document is a thesis submitted to Plymouth University that examines the statistical reliability of sediment sampling methodology for contaminated estuaries. It analyzes metal concentration data from samples collected on grids from two estuaries in southwest England. Various sampling design elements are evaluated, including sieving pretreatment and spatial variability. Monte Carlo resampling is used to compare three sampling strategies with different sample sizes and spatial scales. The study aims to address assumptions in typical sampling designs and propose a generalized approach grounded in statistical reliability for future contamination surveys.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
Marcia Willhite, Illinois EPA, Chloride Issue in the Chicago Area Waterway Sy...Kevin Perry
Marcia Willhite, Illinois EPA, Chloride Issue in the Chicago Area Waterway System, Midwest Environmental Compliance Conference, Chicago, October 29-30, 2015
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
This document provides an outline and introduction for a project to design a water treatment system for agricultural irrigation from a reservoir. The system will filter algae and disinfect water to meet standards for E. coli. Key objectives are to develop a system that transforms reservoir water into effluent meeting quality standards and can be used in existing irrigation systems without clogging. Approaches include identifying reservoir water quality, researching filtration and disinfection methods, and designing a multi-stage treatment system. Deliverables will include the treatment system design and analysis of selected methods.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on online monitoring and control of the biogas process. It describes the development of a new online VFA monitoring system using gas-phase extraction to avoid sample filtration. This allows easy application to manure samples. The system was validated over 6 months and showed good agreement with offline VFA measurements. Response from this sensor was compared to other process parameters like biogas production, pH and hydrogen during overload situations. VFA was found to be the most reliable indicator of process imbalance. The thesis also investigated using a serial CSTR reactor configuration to improve biogas production from manure compared to a single CSTR reactor.
This document outlines a project to retrofit an existing drinking water well site with ion exchange vessels to remove PFAS contamination. It begins with background on PFAS chemicals, including their widespread use, persistence in the environment, and health risks. The rationale for the project is that PFAS cannot be removed through conventional water treatment. The objective is to install an ion exchange system to decontaminate the water supply. The document then lists 8 tasks to complete the project and 5 deliverables. It reviews literature on PFAS properties, regulations, and case studies on environmental and health impacts.
Water Quality Assessment through GIS: A Case Study of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, India through GIS analysis. Water samples were collected from eight locations around the lake and tested for various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, including pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and E. coli. The results found that most parameter levels were within national standards for freshwater lakes, except for higher readings of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity at some sites, indicating moderate pollution. GIS maps were created to visualize the spatial variation of parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen across the lake. The study aims to evaluate the current water quality conditions and identify pollution hot
This document evaluates the effect of water type (ionic strength) on the toxicity of nitrate to aquatic organisms. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted on several species including rainbow trout, amphipods, midges, daphnids, and fathead minnows. The tests found that the toxicity of nitrate decreased significantly as water hardness increased, with toxicity reductions of 2-10 times when water changed from soft to hard. The most sensitive species tested were Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. The results suggest that water hardness is an important factor modifying nitrate toxicity and should be considered when developing water quality guidelines.
Google Sites digunakan untuk membangunkan blog yang menampilkan aktiviti pembelajaran dan perkembangan murid-murid khas di sebuah sekolah luar bandar. Blog ini menggabungkan teks, grafik, gambar dan video untuk memberikan maklumat mengenai pengajaran dan pembelajaran di kelas khas tersebut. Objektifnya adalah berkongsi pengetahuan dalam bidang pendidikan khas.
IRJET- Feasibility of Use of Duckweed for Treatment of Sludge WaterIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on using duckweed to treat sludge water. The study involved collecting samples from a pond over 2 months after introducing duckweed and analyzing various water quality parameters. Results showed that after 2 months, pH, total suspended solids, COD, BOD, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and ammonia levels decreased by up to 75% while dissolved oxygen increased by up to 38.5% indicating that duckweed improved pond water quality by removing pollutants. The study suggests duckweed can effectively treat pond water without high treatment costs.
This document discusses the use of passive sampling as a screening tool for new and emerging chemicals in Irish water bodies. It provides background on relevant EU directives and Irish legislation. It then summarizes the status of Irish surface waters based on previous monitoring programs, highlighting issues like agricultural pollutants contributing to fish kills. The document proposes a new passive sampling project to screen for substances like pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and pesticides at sites across Ireland. The goals are to test passive sampling technologies in Ireland and identify additional compounds present in surface waters.
Leachate Monitoring In The Extractive Industry: A Case Study Of Nigerian Liqu...IJERA Editor
Activities of extractive industry (NLNG is typical) introduces some chemical substances into the groundwater.
These change the groundwater signature and bioaccumulation of some of these classified as hazardous may
result in various wealth challenges. Seven areas within the plant where identified by NLNG Six as high risk
pollution areas and one (Nature Park) as no pollution risk area. Groundwater samples were collected from all
seven areas and analyzed for the presence of Cu, Cr, Zn, nitrate, phosphate and PH. Samples from the no
pollution risk area served as control. Results were compared with WHO limits. Except for Cr content which was
stable, other results showed fluctuations with time, albeit on the increase, though all remained within WHO
limits. Nitrate value is fast approaching limit and requires urgent attention. Unexpected high values of the
measured parameters were observed at Nature Park (no pollution risk area) even beyond the high risk pollution
areas. This precludes NLNG activities being responsible. The necessity of pre-activity groundwater quality
assessment is thus established. Close monitoring of groundwater quality of the extractive industry zones is vital
for the protection of source quality.
This study analyzed 20 public drinking water wells on Cape Cod, Massachusetts for 92 organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) including pharmaceuticals, hormones, and consumer product chemicals. The goals were to evaluate the presence of OWCs in the wells and determine if surrogates of wastewater impact like nitrate, boron, and residential development could identify wells most impacted by OWCs. Fifteen of the 20 wells contained at least one OWC, with the two most frequently detected being the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and the perfluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate. Maximum concentrations of two pharmaceuticals matched or exceeded levels reported in other U.S. public water sources, indicating
Environmental Monitoring Model of Health, Parasitological, And Colorimetric C...theijes
The sanitary quality of water was evaluated in two micro basins, Bacaxá and Capivari belonging to the Lakes Basin St. John in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for colimetric and parasitological analysis. Analyses were performed seasonally over a year and the levels of Escherichia coli were within the recommended only in the summer of 2012 and fall, and inappropriate with levels above recommended in winter, spring and summer of 2013 in both the micro basins. Through our observations, we compare the average values of the levels of total coliforms and Escherichia coli between both rivers. Initially, the samples indicate a similarity between the distributions of coliforms and Escherichia coli. However, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test samples indicate that the distributions are different. In parasitological analysis it was observed that in Capivari was detected a greater presence of filarial larvae. Anthropogenic influences mainly by the presence of sewage is being able to compromise the health quality of the micro basins studied carrying a significant pollutant load to the Juturnaíba reservoir. The monitoring of the sanitary quality of the watersheds that supply the population may indicate when it is necessary to adopt more effective measures in the treatment of water supply of cities.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Is Marcellus Shale Frack Wastewater More Radioactive Than Previously Thought?Marcellus Drilling News
A study by the University of Iowa researchers, titled "Understanding the Radioactive Ingrowth and Decay of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Environment: An Analysis of Produced Fluids from the Marcellus Shale" and published in the peer reviewed journal Environmental Health Perspectives in April 2015. The research reportedly shows a new method for testing the total potential radioactivity of shale wastewater not previously considered. The chief shortcoming of the research is that it is based on a single sample from a single Marcellus Shale well.
The document discusses membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. It provides common ranges for key design parameters like membrane flux rates, mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, and aeration requirements. The text indicates MBR systems require careful design to prevent fouling and ensure integrity. It also notes TCEQ may require a pilot study or 2-year performance bond for non-standard MBR proposals.
This document is a thesis submitted to Plymouth University that examines the statistical reliability of sediment sampling methodology for contaminated estuaries. It analyzes metal concentration data from samples collected on grids from two estuaries in southwest England. Various sampling design elements are evaluated, including sieving pretreatment and spatial variability. Monte Carlo resampling is used to compare three sampling strategies with different sample sizes and spatial scales. The study aims to address assumptions in typical sampling designs and propose a generalized approach grounded in statistical reliability for future contamination surveys.
The Effects of Sewage Treatment Works on Watercourses - T.SwainTom Swain
This dissertation investigates the effects of sewage treatment effluents on receiving watercourses. Seven sewage treatment works with different treatment technologies were sampled for a range of 14 water quality parameters both upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point. The aim was to understand if effluents have a significant effect on water quality in receiving watercourses. Statistical analysis found only one site had a significant difference in pH levels between upstream and downstream samples. Further analysis indicated this was likely due to road salt and increased nitrate inputs causing eutrophication, not the effluent. Overall, the study found sewage treatment works are having a negligible effect on watercourses, with technical improvements reducing pollutant concentrations in final effluents
Marcia Willhite, Illinois EPA, Chloride Issue in the Chicago Area Waterway Sy...Kevin Perry
Marcia Willhite, Illinois EPA, Chloride Issue in the Chicago Area Waterway System, Midwest Environmental Compliance Conference, Chicago, October 29-30, 2015
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
This document provides an outline and introduction for a project to design a water treatment system for agricultural irrigation from a reservoir. The system will filter algae and disinfect water to meet standards for E. coli. Key objectives are to develop a system that transforms reservoir water into effluent meeting quality standards and can be used in existing irrigation systems without clogging. Approaches include identifying reservoir water quality, researching filtration and disinfection methods, and designing a multi-stage treatment system. Deliverables will include the treatment system design and analysis of selected methods.
This document summarizes a PhD thesis on online monitoring and control of the biogas process. It describes the development of a new online VFA monitoring system using gas-phase extraction to avoid sample filtration. This allows easy application to manure samples. The system was validated over 6 months and showed good agreement with offline VFA measurements. Response from this sensor was compared to other process parameters like biogas production, pH and hydrogen during overload situations. VFA was found to be the most reliable indicator of process imbalance. The thesis also investigated using a serial CSTR reactor configuration to improve biogas production from manure compared to a single CSTR reactor.
This document outlines a project to retrofit an existing drinking water well site with ion exchange vessels to remove PFAS contamination. It begins with background on PFAS chemicals, including their widespread use, persistence in the environment, and health risks. The rationale for the project is that PFAS cannot be removed through conventional water treatment. The objective is to install an ion exchange system to decontaminate the water supply. The document then lists 8 tasks to complete the project and 5 deliverables. It reviews literature on PFAS properties, regulations, and case studies on environmental and health impacts.
Water Quality Assessment through GIS: A Case Study of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, India through GIS analysis. Water samples were collected from eight locations around the lake and tested for various physicochemical and bacteriological parameters, including pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and E. coli. The results found that most parameter levels were within national standards for freshwater lakes, except for higher readings of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity at some sites, indicating moderate pollution. GIS maps were created to visualize the spatial variation of parameters like biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen across the lake. The study aims to evaluate the current water quality conditions and identify pollution hot
This document evaluates the effect of water type (ionic strength) on the toxicity of nitrate to aquatic organisms. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were conducted on several species including rainbow trout, amphipods, midges, daphnids, and fathead minnows. The tests found that the toxicity of nitrate decreased significantly as water hardness increased, with toxicity reductions of 2-10 times when water changed from soft to hard. The most sensitive species tested were Ceriodaphnia dubia and Hyalella azteca. The results suggest that water hardness is an important factor modifying nitrate toxicity and should be considered when developing water quality guidelines.
Google Sites digunakan untuk membangunkan blog yang menampilkan aktiviti pembelajaran dan perkembangan murid-murid khas di sebuah sekolah luar bandar. Blog ini menggabungkan teks, grafik, gambar dan video untuk memberikan maklumat mengenai pengajaran dan pembelajaran di kelas khas tersebut. Objektifnya adalah berkongsi pengetahuan dalam bidang pendidikan khas.
This document provides an overview and welcome message for Royal Holloway, University of London. It discusses the history and founding of Royal Holloway College in 1886 by Thomas Holloway for the higher education of women. It highlights Royal Holloway's academic excellence, research achievements, and vibrant campus life. The document promotes Royal Holloway's 9,000 students from over 130 countries studying across 18 departments within three faculties. It provides examples of distinguished alumni and world-leading research in various fields such as health, science, and the arts.
The document provides an overview of Princess Alice Hospice's activities for the year ended 31 March 2013. It discusses the hospice's medical care, community care, in-patient care, day-patient care, therapeutic care, social work, chaplaincy, bereavement care, education programs, fundraising efforts, retail operations, and vision/mission. The hospice aims to provide holistic palliative care for patients with advanced illness and enable patients to have the best possible quality of life until the end.
Varinder Singh is a graphic designer from Sharjah, UAE seeking a career opportunity where he can apply his skills and learn new things. He has over 10 years of experience in graphic design using software like CorelDraw, Photoshop, and Illustrator. He currently works as a graphic designer and operator of design software like ArtiosCad at N-digitec in Dubai. Previously he worked in similar roles in India. He has a Bachelor's degree in Arts and is proficient in English, Hindi, and Punjabi.
Sunny Web Shops proposes to redesign Sample Company's website. They will create a simple, professional design that is easy to update using a content management system. This will allow Sample Company employees to maintain the site without involving Sunny Web Shops. The proposal outlines the needs, solutions, design plans, training, launch process, fees, and next steps to complete the project.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
Shehab Eldeen Mohammed Mohammed is an Egyptian naval architect currently working at Amsterdam Alexandria Marine in the Netherlands. He has a mechanical engineering degree from Alexandria University and over 5 years of experience in ship design, construction management, and marine engineering. Notable projects include designs for tugboats, landing crafts, patrol boats, and fishing vessels. He is proficient in various CAD software, calculations programs, and welding/inspection standards.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on advanced research methods given to master's students. It discusses key concepts in research including the nature of business research, the role of theory, types of theories like the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior, research paradigms, inductive vs deductive reasoning, ethical issues, and variables and their levels of measurement. Alternative non-scientific ways of knowing like authority, tradition and personal experience are also contrasted with scientific inquiry.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
[Ringkasan]
Tiga konsep kunci yang paling kerap muncul dalam analisis 10 artikel jurnal mengenai penyelidikan ICT dalam pendidikan guru di Malaysia ialah hasil pembelajaran, pemboleh ubah pelajar, dan sistem penyampaian. Konsep-konsep lain yang kerap dibincangkan termasuk teknologi pendidikan, penilaian, bidang atau disiplin, dan persekitaran pembelajaran.
Dr. Katundu is a lecturer at the Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). He works under the Department of Community and Rural Development specializing in the area of rural development. He holds a PhD and Master of Arts in Rural development from the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Morogoro Tanzania and a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Geography and Environmental Studies from the University of Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania. His research interests include: Agriculture and rural development, rural land reform, rural livelihoods and cooperatives, community driven development, environment and natural resource management, entrepreneurship development, impact evaluation. His PhD thesis is titled: Entrepreneurship Education and Business Start Up: Assessing Entrepreneurial Tendencies among University Graduates in Tanzania whereas; Master dissertation is titled: Evaluation of the Association of Tanzania Tobacco Traders’ Reforestation Programme: The Case of Urambo District.
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is being degraded globally by various human activities like pollution, wasteful use, and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality issues include toxic chemical discharge, overpumping of aquifers, atmospheric transport of pollutants, and eutrophication. Good water quality is crucial for sustainable development. The guide aims to help design and implement effective freshwater quality monitoring programs to study impacts and trends of pollution.
This document provides an introduction to a guide on water quality monitoring. It discusses how water quality is threatened globally by various pollutants and destructive land and water management practices. Major causes of water quality degradation include the discharge of toxic chemicals, overpumping of aquifers, long-range transport of air pollutants, and eutrophication from nutrients. Water quality monitoring is important for sustainable development and managing these threats to aquatic ecosystems. The guide that follows is intended to provide practical guidance on designing and implementing freshwater quality monitoring programs.
The document provides information on the staff members and grant holders of the Analytical Chemistry department for 2008. It summarizes several projects conducted by the department including developing analytical methods to determine pesticides, PAHs, toxins and antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Methods included liquid and gas chromatography coupled with various detectors. Electroanalytical procedures were also considered to reduce sample preparation time and amounts of solvent used. Validation of developed methods revealed good performance. The document outlines goals for 2009 which include characterizing stone deterioration, developing new sensor technologies, and further analysis of contaminants in different matrices like fish and water.
This project aims to develop a DNA chip-based method to detect antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental bacteria and aquatic pathogens found in surface water. The method will be used to study the origin and spread of ARGs in water used for recreation and irrigation, and assess the risks to human health. The project brings together researchers from multiple countries and disciplines and will strengthen links between institutions. It will inform policies to manage antibiotic resistant organisms in water and make recommendations to reduce human exposure and health risks.
This document evaluates the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone for disinfecting primary municipal wastewater effluents. Experiments tested different ozone concentrations and UV fluencies at varying pH levels. Ozone doses near 20 mg/min achieved 72-78% removal of fecal and total coliforms, and removed up to 36% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). UV achieved over 80% inactivation of bacteria. Both treatments were most effective against bacteria at pH levels other than 7. UV treatment had lower energy requirements than ozone treatment. The study demonstrates the potential for UV and ozone processes to generate safely reusable or releasable effluents from primary wastewater treatment.
This project will investigate antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants across Europe. It aims to 1) evaluate the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in wastewater versus chemical contamination levels in different regions, 2) develop guidelines for monitoring antibiotic resistance in water, and 3) identify measures to limit the spread of resistant bacteria and genes to protect the environment, water supplies, and food chain. The project involves experts from several European countries and will help inform policies around wastewater treatment and antibiotic resistance.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
This document discusses specifications for drinking water set by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO). It outlines the importance of setting standards to protect public health and compares BIS and WHO standards. Key parameters tested by both organizations include physical, chemical, bacteriological, and biological contaminants. Standards are meant to characterize safe levels of substances and vary between countries based on needs and conditions. The WHO and BIS both use a multi-stage process involving risk assessment and public input to determine acceptable risk levels and set standards accordingly.
Risk assessment as a tool to improve water quality and the role of institutio...ILRI
Presentation by Kyana Young, Joan B. Rose, John Fawell, Rosina Girones Llop, Hung Nguyen-Viet and Maureen Taylor at the 2015 UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference, Zaragoza, Spain,15-17 January 2015.
Jennifer L. Murphy is an Environmental Microbiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). She received her Ph.D. in Environmental Microbiology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2006. Currently, she serves as the Acting Team Lead and Principal Investigator of the Environmental Microbiology Laboratory at CDC. Her work involves conducting research on waterborne pathogens and developing water testing methods. She has led several global studies assessing water quality and sanitation in places like Ethiopia, Kenya, and Haiti. Dr. Murphy also assists with outbreak responses through environmental sampling and testing.
Academia session: Joan Rose, Michigan State University , 16th January UN Wate...water-decade
This document discusses using risk assessment as a tool to improve water quality and the role of higher education institutions. It provides an overview of a conference on this topic, including discussion questions on various issues like how water quality is impacting health globally, how to integrate science and policy in risk analysis frameworks, and the future of water education curricula. The document also discusses challenges like population growth pressures on water resources and fecal contamination of water supplies. It advocates using risk assessment and other tools within a multi-disciplinary approach to address these challenges and protect water quality and public health.
The NEERI Chennai Zonal Laboratory has been conducting environmental research and assisting local industries since 1969. It focuses on areas like pollution monitoring, biotechnology, waste management, and more. The laboratory has contributed significantly to solving pollution problems in southern India and conducted many projects with international organizations. It has provided important wastewater treatment solutions and environmental impact assessments for major projects.
The document summarizes the programme of events for the Sensors for Water Interest Group in 2017-18. It includes workshops on water and wastewater monitoring technologies, water and health, innovations in water sensors, sensors for maintenance, condition monitoring, and data-driven technologies. The workshops will bring together academic researchers and industry to discuss collaboration opportunities and the latest developments in sensor technologies for applications in the water industry.
Physico-Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Drinking Water of Four Springs of ...IJEAB
Drinking water of good quality is essential for human physiology whose continual existence depends on the availability of water and any sort of contamination in water which is above the standard limits set by international water regulating agencies can lead to water related diseases. So, the present investigation was conducted to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological contents of four springs i.e.Heshi spring 1, Heshi spring 2, Kitaab Roong, and Kooti spring and its distribution system such as water reservoir inlet, outlet, mid and end point of distribution systems, junction where it merge with glacier water. The temperature was in a range of 13oC - 22oC. The turbidity of water samples fluctuate from 0.02NTU-1.99NTU. The pH value was in a range of 6.2-7.1. Electrical conductivity range of minimum 122µS/cm to a maximum of 600µS/cm. The TDS of all water samples ranging from minimum of 164-513mg/l. The amount of reactive ortho phosphate was in a range of 26mg/l to 59mg/L. The amount of total phosphorous was in a range of minimum 23m/L to maximum of 120mg/L. The total bacterial count was in a range of 11CFU/100ml to 83 CFU/100ml.The findings showed there should be comprehensive standardization of drinking water of Danyore village according to guidelines of WHO water quality standards and make it safe for human consumption.
Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment Systemijtsrd
This paper emphasized on "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System". KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem. Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as entrance, east of north side, south east of north side, south of north side, water fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water pollution. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25323.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25323/water-pollution-control-for-mandalay-kandawgyi-lake-by-natural-treatment-system/moh-moh
Case study of_jar_water_in_kathmandu_valley-ranjana_budhathoki (1) BY Muhamm...fahadansari131
This document provides an analysis of the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of bottled water available in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. It describes a case study conducted by Ranjana Budhathoki for her MSc degree. Samples from nine brands of bottled water were tested twice over three months for parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, ammonia, iron, nitrates, and bacteriological contamination. The results found that physicochemical parameters were within WHO limits but bacteriological analysis found high levels of coliform bacteria, indicating contamination and unsatisfactory quality for drinking.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
This document discusses the development of a web-based decision support system (DSS) for monitoring and predicting water quality parameters important for outdoor microalgae cultivation. The DSS allows users to monitor temperature and salinity in real-time and predicts future values of these parameters based on historical data using a K-nearest neighbors algorithm. Validation tests found the DSS could accurately forecast temperature and salinity 96.98% and 98.92% of the time respectively. The DSS notifies users when parameter levels rise or fall outside standard ranges and provides suggestions to maintain optimal water quality.
Klingbeil, R., et al., 2021. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the UN Environment World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA), 2nd Annual Global Meeting, 27-28 Jan 2021.
Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and ...
Catalyst-Spring-2015
1. As a designated institute, LGC is addressing the UK’s chemical and bio-
measurement needs, which underpin the development and sustainability of the
healthcare, food, environment, security and energy sectors.
The measurement needs of industry drive the direction of our research programmes
and the importance of collaboration with innovative organisations is recognised. We
hope you find this newsletter informative and we welcome your feedback at
nmshelp@lgcgroup.com.
Catalyst Editorial Team
Spring 2015
Discover the latest news and events from the UK’s
designated National Measurement Institute for
chemical and bio-measurement
8 How metrology is
ensuring the safety of
nanotechnology
4 Drug-resistant disease:
is it as simple as DNA
sequencing?
Cover story:
Measurement research
is cleaning up our water
supplies p2
6 SI traceable absolute
carbon isotope ratios
2. 2 www.lgcgroup.com/nmi
As the world’s population continues to grow,
the impact we are having on the planet’s
water resources also increases, with water
pollution now a major priority for the EU and
the rest of the world.
Fertilizers and pesticides used by the
agricultural industry leaching into rivers and
groundwater, toxic metals used in industrial
processes accumulating in nearby rivers
and lakes, and microbial pollutants from
sewage entering rivers and oceans can all
have a detrimental impact on the quality of
our water.
Legislation for protecting water in England
and Wales dates back to Victorian times,
when Acts of Parliament were passed to
give local authorities, statutory boards and
companies the powers they needed to
provide water and sewerage services to
expanding populations. However, it wasn’t
until the 1960s and the introduction of the
Water Resources Act, that the focus began
to shift to protecting and preserving water
supplies.
Several Acts were introduced in the decades
that followed aimed at targeting specific
areas for concern, such as the 1972 London
(Dumping) Convention which was intended
initially to promote the effective control of
all sources of marine pollution and to take
all practicable steps to prevent pollution of
the sea by dumping of wastes and other
matter, and the 1976 Bathing Water Directive
(updated in 2006) which was introduced to
ensure the quality of the waters that people
use for recreation were of a suitable quality.
Despite this, demand by the public and
environmental organisations for cleaner
rivers and lakes, groundwater and coastal
beaches continued to increase and led
to the introduction in the EU of the Water
Framework Directive (WFD). The WFD aims
to protect, enhance and restore the condition
of all water in the natural environment, with
ambitious targets set initially for 2015.
Yet as the deadline nears, the majority
of water bodies in the UK and in other
EU countries are failing to meet this target
status. One of the issues is a lack of suitable
measurement procedures to allow accurate
determination of low-level pollutants.
Researchers at LGC are working to address
this issue by developing traceable methods
for the accurate measurement of the total
concentration and partitioning of pollutants
listed under the WFD.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
have been shown to be carcinogenic in
animal studies and have been identified
by the WFD as a critical pollutant. PBDEs
are now subject to stringent legislation,
however they can still be found in many
everyday household items such as
upholstered furniture, mattresses and
other synthetic home textiles with flame
retardants, and TV or computer equipment
containing plastic casings, cables and
circuit boards. These items often end up in
landfill where potentially harmful levels of
PBDEs could leach into rivers. By providing
validated reference methods for PBDEs,
these compounds can be monitored in
environmental waters to ensure they meet
European water quality standards.
LGC scientists have developed a gas
chromatography-inductively coupled
plasma-mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS)
method to quantify the six target PBDE
congeners (28, 47, 100, 99, 154 and 153)
at ng/kg levels. The method has been
validated and a full uncertainty budget
provided.
Panayot Petrov, Science Leader from
the Inorganic Analysis team at LGC,
explained: “The accurate determination
of critical pollutants in water samples is
still challenging for many laboratories due
to the extremely low limits of quantification
required. There is an urgent need to
develop a reference method which can
provide reference values to help field
laboratories to validate their water quality
monitoring methods.”
Methods to extract the target PBDEs from
water samples, based on liquid/liquid
extraction, were optimised using a model
water system containing a high amount of
organic colloids (humic acid) and PBDEs
at the low levels specified by the WFD.
The method was applied successfully to
environmental samples (lake and river
waters), spiked with PBDE concentrations
ranging from 0.099 to 0.135 ng/kg. The
spike recoveries ranged from 91% to 129%
with measurement uncertainties between
22% and 41%, which are better than the
50% required by the WFD.
In a separate project, LGC scientists are
undertaking a study aimed at identifying
links between microbial communities
and different anthropogenic pressures
on aquatic systems, which can be used
to develop bioassays that provide rapid
indicators of water quality.
Water pollution: more than just
a drop in the ocean?
What’s new?
Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis:
the end of the guessing game?
LGC scientists are validating a
non-invasive diagnostic technique
for early detection of Alzheimer’s
disease.
A new tool for proteomic analysis
LGC scientists have produced a
prototype quality assurance material
to improve the robustness of protein
analysis.
Sports science
A new trackside test kit that could
help elite athletes perfect their
training regimes was revealed by
LGC at the European Bioanalysis
Forum Open Symposium in
Barcelona (November 2014). The
new assays, for detecting both free
and total (free and serum-protein
bound) cortisol within human serum
using a field-based transportable
platform technology, provide real
time data for cortisol levels produced
during exercise. These levels can
be used to determine whether the
athlete has been overworked and
needs to be rested, or can train
harder.
Digital PCR and infectious
disease detection
The potential that digital PCR could
offer for infectious disease detection
was outlined by LGC at the qPCR &
Digital PCR Congress, which took
place in London in October 2014.
The current disadvantages with the
routine detection and quantification
of bacterial and viral pathogens were
highlighted and the key advantages
of absolute quantification for the
detection of pathogenic microbes
were described.
Peanut allergen quantification:
a tough nut to crack
LGC scientists have developed the
first peanut allergen quality control
material that will help protect the
500,000 people in the UK suffering
with a peanut allergy.
Water is essential for human life and while 70% of the Earth’s surface is
covered with water, it is a limited resource. Discover how LGC scientists
are using measurement research to help to clean up our water supplies
and safeguard the world’s rivers and oceans for future generations.
3. Catalyst - Spring 2015 3
Water is exposed, directly and indirectly,
to different anthropogenic pressures which
impacts on water quality. Direct effects
include chemical pollutants, nutrient loading
and accidental waterborne contamination.
Indirect consequences of human activities,
such as climate change, can result in
favourable habitats for pathogens (mainly
bacteria and viruses) or increase the
frequency of algal blooms, thus reducing
the water quality.
Microbial communities encompass a
broad spectrum of microorganisms, such
as bacteria, fungi, viruses and algae,
which exert a strong influence on global
processes such as the carbon, nitrogen
and sulphur biogeochemical cycles. Their
quick response to environmental changes
and rapid reproductive capacity provide
a sensitive measure of the state of the
environment, and make them an ideal
bioindicator for water quality.
Through an EU Marie Curie project,
a secondee from the European
Commission’s Joint Research Centre
(JRC) is working with LGC’s Molecular
Biology team to develop a kit, including
a ready-to-use plate containing defined
primers for quantitative real time PCR, to
target microbial community bioindicators.
Carole Foy, Principal Scientist, Molecular
and Cell Biology, said: “So far, methods
for water quality assessment under the
Water Framework Directive are only
focused on analytical methods for chemical
monitoring, microscopic analysis to monitor
the ecological quality status and classical
microbial methods for pathogen detection.
These approaches are time consuming,
require highly skilled technicians and
provide fragmented and partial information
of water quality, which are not enough
to prevent and mitigate the impact of
anthropogenic pressures and their
consequences.
“This research will develop tools to enable
microbial communities to be used as rapid
bioindicators for water quality, taking into
account biological, chemical and physical
parameters.”
Samples have been collected from several
sites along the River Tiber in Italy. The river
was chosen for the study as it is affected
in different areas by several sources of
pollution and due to the availability of
historical water quality data.
These two projects are examples of
the work LGC undertakes to support
enforcement of regulations and
demonstrate how we use science for
a safer world.
For more information, contact:
Heidi Goenaga-Infante
Principal Scientist, Inorganic Analysis
T: +44(0)20 8943 7555
Heidi.Goenaga-Infante@lgcgroup.com
Carole Foy
Principal Scientist, Molecular and
Cell Biology
T: +44 (0)20 8943 7335
Carole.Foy@lgcgroup.com
Training courses
Helping laboratories produce
valid analytical results
LGC has developed a programme of training
courses focused on providing analysts with
the best tools to ensure the validity of their
measurements.
Using Excel for data analysis
Due to its widespread availability, relative
ease of use and potential to handle
large data sets, Excel is often used in
laboratories to handle and analyse data.
LGC offers a one-day course covering the
main Excel functions commonly applied to
data analysis. The course focuses on the
practical application of Excel to present and
analyse data in a clear and efficient way.
Experimental design
LGC also offers a course on experimental
design, a tool that can have a very positive
effect in reducing the cost and time of
method development and validation
processes.
Training abroad
Our training programme also includes
courses on method validation and
measurement uncertainty. Whilst these
courses have run mainly in the UK for over
15 years, LGC is increasingly delivering
training in other territories, having recently
run courses in Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and
China.
Bespoke courses
The courses in LGC’s analytical quality
training programme can also be customised
to meet specific training requirements.
For more information visit
www.lgcgroup.com/training
The NMS website
is moving
The Chemical and Biological Metrology
website has moved from
www.nmschembio.org.uk to
www.lgcgroup.com/nmi. We have
migrated key content including:
• Good practice guides
• Case studies
• Newsletters
• Technical papers
• Technical reports
• Posters and presentations
• Books
• Software
Keep up to date on our research projects
and learn more about what we could do for
you and the impact we have at
www.lgcgroup.com/nmi.
4. 4 www.lgcgroup.com/nmi
Read all about it
Recent peer-reviewed papers co-
authored by LGC scientists
Heroult J et al, The potential of
asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation
hyphenated to multiple detectors for
the quantification and size estimation
of silica nanoparticles in a food matrix,
Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2014, 406(16),
3919-27
Devonshire A et al, Towards
standardisation of cell-free DNA
measurement in plasma: controls for
extraction efficiency, fragment size
bias and quantification, Anal. Bioanal.
Chem., 2014, 406(26), 6499-512
Sanders R et al, Considerations for
accurate gene expression measurement
by reverse transcription quantitative
PCR when analysing clinical samples,
Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2014, 406(26),
6471-83
Dunn P, Malinovsky D, Goenaga-
Infante H, Calibration strategies for
the determination of stable carbon
absolute isotope ratios in a glycine
candidate reference material by
elemental analyser-isotope ratio mass
spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem.,
2014, DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7926-1
Malinovsky D et al, Investigation of
mass dependence effects for the
accurate determination of molybdenum
isotope amount ratios by MC-ICP-MS
using synthetic isotope mixtures, Anal.
Bioanal. Chem., 2014, DOI: 10.1007/
s00216-014-8112-1
Chisholm M, Hopkins D, Process
modeling and optimization of a cell
therapy manufacturing operation,
Regen. Med., 2014, 9(4), 427-30
Pritchard C et al, Quantification of
human growth hormone in serum with a
labeled protein as an internal standard:
essential considerations, Anal. Chem.,
2014, 86(13), 6525-32
A special issue of Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, Volume 406/16,
the topical collection ‘Characterisation
of Nanomaterials in Biological Samples’
edited by Heidi-Goenaga Infante, is
available online.
For the latest papers, posters and
publications by LGC scientists visit the
LGC website
www.lgcgroup.com/nmi/publications
Is DNA sequencing the
solution in the fight against
drug resistant diseases?
Barely a year passes without a new
epidemic hitting the headlines, with SARS,
influenza and the current Ebola epidemic
all having dominated UK headlines. Media
reports of rising death tolls with each
new epidemic strikes fear in many and
yet there are other prevalent infectious
diseases within our communities causing
morbidity and mortality that don’t even
make the news. Many of these diseases
are becoming resistant to the drugs used
to treat them.
Antimicrobial resistance is a big problem.
The development of antibiotics has been
vital to modern medicine – making many
clinical interventions possible and adding
a predicted extra 20 years to our life
expectancy. Yet the rise of antimicrobial
resistance is threatening to make them
ineffective in the future, shortening lives
and stopping other medical advances that
are dependent on them.
In the 80 years since the discovery of
penicillin, our overuse of antibiotics
has put pressure on bacteria to evolve
resistance, leading to the emergence of
untreatable superbugs that threaten the
basis of modern medicine.
Infectious diseases, including pneumonia
and sepsis, are big killers in the UK
and yet the drugs used to treat them
are becoming increasingly ineffective.
We have one of the highest rates of
tuberculosis (TB) in Western Europe, with
nearly 8,000 cases reported in 20131
,
which is of growing concern to the UK and
is complicated further by potential drug
resistance.
Accurate and rapid diagnosis of these
diseases is vital to protect public health.
Scientists believe that advances in
technology for next generation sequencing
(NGS), together with the development
of reference databases, could hold the
answer.
Clinically, the capacity of NGS methods
to generate large data sets offers
new strategies for typing and tracking
pathogens and identifying drug resistance,
thus enabling the rapid identification
of emerging infectious diseases and
monitoring of outbreaks. LGC is leading
on a global project to investigate the
ability of NGS techniques to analyse drug
resistance in diseases like TB.
TB is classed as multi-drug resistant
(MDR) when the bacteria are resistant to
the two core antibiotics (Rifampicin and
Isoniazid) of the four drug treatments used
to treat the infection. Drug resistant TB
can emerge during a sensitive infection
or be caused by transmission of already
resistant strains (primary resistance) in the
same way that drug susceptible (regular)
TB is transmitted, that is via droplets
released from the lungs of people with
the active respiratory disease and passed
from person to person by, for example,
speaking, coughing or sneezing.
It can also be caused by the development
of resistance mutations during inadequate
therapy (secondary resistance). This
can lead to the development of further
resistances such as extensively drug-
resistant (XDR) TB, a less common type of
MDR TB. XDR-TB is resistant to almost all
drugs used to treat TB, together with the
best second-line medications and at least
one of three injectable drugs.
Dr Denise O’Sullivan, a researcher in
LGC’s Molecular Biology team, explained
that LGC has been investigating sources
of error in methods for identifying drug
resistance mutations in respiratory
infections such as TB.
“Working with University College London’s
Centre for Clinical Microbiology, we have
sequenced the DNA extracted from clinical
samples of drug resistant TB to assess the
ability of current methods to reliably identify
unique mutations which are conferring the
drug resistance,” she said. “This included
XDR-TB samples, which were sequenced
multiple times on the Illumina®
HiSeqTM
-
a powerful ultra-high-throughput sequencing
system.”
1
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/360335/TB_
Annual_report__4_0_300914.pdf
5. Catalyst - Spring 2015 5
All stages of the sequencing, from the first
step of library preparation right through to
sequencing and the analysis of the data,
were performed separately. The findings
informed the identification of a single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) – a DNA
sequence variation occurring commonly
within a population (e.g. 1%) in which
a single nucleotide in the genome (or
other shared sequence) differs between
members of a biological species or paired
chromosomes. The SNP can reveal the
particular strain of TB which, when paired
with knowledge of the risk of transmission
within communities and association with
multiple drug resistance, means effective
treatment strategies can be developed.
The team is also investigating the ability
of the molecular (PCR) methods currently
used in clinical laboratories to accurately
diagnose TB. Samples containing safe
versions of M. tuberculosis are being sent to
different laboratories around the world
for analysis to compare results and assess
laboratory performance.
Dr O’Sullivan added: “Overall this should
improve methods currently used for the
monitoring of M. tuberculosis and drug
resistance. The ultimate aim is to establish
routes for improving the accuracy,
robustness, comparability and traceability
of measurements within the metrology
and diagnostics/epidemiological
communities across Europe and link
these into international standardisation
initiatives through the Centres for Disease
Control and Prevention, and World Health
Organisation.”
For more information contact:
Denise O’Sullivan
Researcher, Molecular and Cell Biology
+44 (0)20 8973 4726
Denise.OSullivan@lgcgroup.com
Join the discussion
Are you missing out on discussions on
microbial molecular profiling? If so, join
the LinkedIn ‘Targeted Molecular Microbial
Analysis Forum’.
6. 6 www.lgcgroup.com/nmi 6 www.lgcgroup.com/nmi
Although the relative abundance of
isotopes such as 13
C and 12
C was fixed
when the earth was formed – and on a
global scale has not changed since – the
isotopic composition of a material can
be affected subtly by its geographical
origin, or how it has been processed or
manufactured. For example 13
C is more
abundant in marine carbonates than it is
in hydrocarbons in crude oil.
Measurement of the small differences in
isotope ratios can provide information on
the origin of materials and has been used
extensively in food authenticity testing,
forensics and environmental analysis.
To establish an ‘isotopic profile’ for a
material, the ratios of the stable isotopes
of a range of elements such as 2
H/1
H,
18
O/16
O, 13
C/12
C, 15
N/14
N and 34
S/32
S can be
determined using mass spectrometry.
For example, Florida orange juice will
have an isotopic signature consistent
with water from Florida. By analysing the
hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, it is
possible to tell if the orange juice is fresh
juice bottled in Florida or if it has been
made from a concentrate and hydrated
from water sourced elsewhere.
The adulteration of honey with high
fructose corn syrup can be detected using
carbon isotope ratios and counterfeit
whiskeys can be identified using hydrogen
and oxygen isotope ratios. Other
applications include the determination
of the source of pollution such as an oil
spill, identification of counterfeit drugs
and money, and identification of murder
victims.
LGC scientists have produced
the first material certified for
carbon isotope ratios traceable
to the SI (International System
of Units),which will facilitate
improved instrumental calibration
for measurements in drug
testing, forensic analysis and
research in the field.
SI traceable
absolute
carbon isotope
ratios
7. Catalyst - Spring 2015 7
Traditionally, results of carbon isotope
ratio measurements are not traceable to
the SI. Instead they are reported using the
Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) scale
– defined using a sample of fossilised
shells of an extinct organism called a
belemnite (something like a shelled squid)
collected decades ago from the banks of
the Pee Dee River in South Carolina. As
the availability of this material reduced,
so other reference standards were
calibrated to the original sample and
data is normalised to the values of that
standard. Results are reported as δ13
C
values (expressed in parts per thousand,
‰), relative to the VPDB standard which,
by definition, has a δ13
C of 0 ‰. Existing
reference materials are certified only in
terms of δ13
C values on the VPDB scale.
Development of a reference standard with
assigned absolute carbon isotope ratios,
i.e. the ratios of abundances of carbon-13
and carbon-12 isotopes, was a priority
for the science community to improve
the accuracy of their measurements and
enable comparison of carbon isotope ratio
data obtained by different instrumental
techniques. The result of a 3-year
measurement research project is an
amino acid (glycine) reference material
certified for absolute carbon isotope
ratios.
LGC scientists successfully developed
a novel calibration strategy based on
the use of gravimetrically prepared
synthetic isotope mixtures from enriched
carbon isotopes for the determination of
absolute carbon isotope ratios by multi-
collector inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS). The
calibration procedure was published
recently in the Journal of Analytical
Atomic Spectrometry1
. This validated
method was used to produce the glycine
certified reference material.
Dmitriy Malinovskiy, Science Leader in
isotope ratio analysis, explains: “Glycine
was selected as a reference material
due to its relevance to both the food and
forensic sectors, and its relative simplicity
in preparation. Glycine is used as a
sweetener/taste enhancer and can also
be used in certain drug formulations to
improve gastric absorption of the drug.”
Dmitriy says: “Measurements using a
reference material certified for absolute
isotope ratios have particular benefit
in that mass balance calculations for
measurement results are significantly
more accurate. Use of the reference
material will therefore enhance the
quality of measurements in laboratories,
enabling analysts to produce traceable,
comparable and reliable results.”
Glycine with certified 13
C/12
C isotope
amount ratio traceable to the SI has
now been approved by the European
Reference Materials (ERM®
) consortium
and is the first reference material
produced with SI traceable absolute
carbon isotope ratios. The material,
ERM®
AE672a, is available from LGC
Standards (www.lgcstandards.com).
The validation of methodologies
for absolute carbon isotope ratio
measurements builds on a growing key
platform capability established within
LGC through its designated institute role
for chemical and bio-measurement.
1
Malinovskiy D, Dunn P and
Goenaga-Infante H, Anal J. At.
Spectrom., 2013, 28, 1760-71
For more information, contact:
Dmitriy Malinovskiy
Science Leader, Inorganic Analysis
T: +44 (0)20 8943 7644
Dmitriy.Malinovskiy@lgcgroup.com
Sharing the knowledge
Phil Dunn, a researcher from the
Inorganic Analysis team at LGC,
discussed the challenging measurements
involved in the certification of the new
isotope ratio reference material at the
Government Chemist conference in
November.
During the presentation, Phil explained
how variations in isotope ratios can
be applied to food authenticity and
origin discrimination. He explained
how isotope ratios are measured using
Elemental Analysis Isotope Ratio Mass
Spectrometry before outlining how LGC
scientists developed the new isotope ratio
reference material for absolute carbon
isotope ratio traceable to the SI.
The conference, ‘Beating the cheats:
Quality, safety and authenticity in the
food chain’ was designed to demonstrate
the importance of measurement in the
fight against fraud, and ensuring food
authenticity and safety.
A recording of the presentation and
slides is available to download from
the Government Chemist website.
Visit www.gov.uk and enter “Government
Chemist conference presentations” into
the search box.
New reference materials available
from LGC Standards
New materials
ERM-AE672a Glycine characterised for absolute carbon isotope ratio
LGCQC101-KT A kit containing two chocolate dessert quality control materials
for use in the measurement of peanut protein
LGC7249 5% w/w beef in sheep meat
LGC7248 1% w/w beef in sheep meat
LGC7247 5% w/w turkey in sheep meat
LGC7246 1% w/w turkey in sheep meat
LGC7245 5% w/w chicken in sheep meat
LGC7244 1% w/w chicken in sheep meat
Replacement materials
LGC2601 Indium certified for enthalpy of fusion and melting temperature
ERM-AC401g 80 mg/100 mL ethanol solution certified for ethanol content
ERM-AC409b 20 mg/100 mL ethanol solution certified for ethanol content
ERM-BB501b Processed meat certified for proximates, hydroxyproline
and elements
ERM-BA003a Wine (nominal 15 % alcohol) certified for alcohol content
LGC7223 Sheep meat authenticity standard for meat species work
LGC7224 Chicken meat authenticity standard for meat species work
LGC7225 Turkey meat authenticity standard for meat species work
8. 8 www.lgcgroup.com/nmi
Nanomaterials – studying the bigger picture
Nanotechnologies are increasingly being
used in everyday life, from the medicines
we take to the food that we eat, but the
potential effects when they come into
contact with biological systems are not yet
fully understood.
Nanotechnology operates on a scale
that is difficult to imagine. A nanoparticle
is generally considered to be a particle
measuring between one nanometre and
100 nanometres. One nanometre is one
billionth of a metre; less than half the
diameter of the DNA double helix. A single
strand of human hair is around 80,000
nanometres in width.
Hundreds of consumer goods now contain
nanomaterials including cosmetics, such as
make-up, antibacterial creams, sunscreen,
soaps and shampoos; food additives
and packaging; paints; sportswear;
and medicines. The global market for
nanomaterials is estimated at 11 million
tonnes at a market value of €20 billion and
products underpinned by nanotechnology
are forecast to grow from a global volume of
€200 billion in 2009 to €2 trillion by 20151
.
As the impact of nanotechnologies on
human life becomes more prevalent, it
is becoming increasingly important to
be able to characterise nanomaterials
for their potential effects when they
contact biological systems, whether
through accidental exposure or intended
applications.
In 2009, the European Scientific Committee
on Emerging and Newly Identified Health
Risks published a report highlighting
concerns about the methods for evaluating
the potential risks of nanomaterials2
. It
highlighted the need for further research
to develop validated and standardised
methodology for assessing risks
associated with nanomaterials. The UK
Nanotechnologies Strategy3
was launched
in 2010 with the challenge of ensuring that
society can benefit from novel applications
of nanotechnology, whilst a high level
of protection of health, safety and the
environment is maintained.
The REACH (Registration, Evaluation,
Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals)
Regulation (EC No. 1907/2006) provides
an over-arching legislation applicable to the
manufacture, placing on the market and use
of substances on their own, in preparations
or in articles. Nanomaterials are covered by
the definition of a “substance” in REACH,
even though there is no explicit reference to
nanomaterials.
The definition of a nanomaterial presents
particular measurement difficulties. Although
there has been an EU recommendation
(2011/696/EU) which sets criteria for the
number of nanoparticles that need to be
present in a material for it to classify as a
nanomaterial, the EU Commission ruled that
it needed more clarity. It has asked the Joint
Research Centre (JRC) – the European
Commission’s in-house science service –
to see how this definition could be modified
to improve its clarity, effectiveness and
application. The JRC has already published
two reports on definitions and measurement
of nanoparticles and the conclusion of
its complete review was expected to be
published in a third report4,5
in late 2014.
However, due to concerns expressed in
literature reports indicating nanoparticle
toxicity in vitro using human primary and
immortalised cell lines, as well as in vivo
in animal models, some regulations have
already been introduced despite limited
data available on human occupational
exposure. These regulations incorporate
restrictions on the use of nanomaterials
based on the EU recommended definition.
Cosmetic Regulation EU No 1223/2009
– one of the first to be introduced –
states that all ingredients present as
nanomaterials must be clearly indicted
with the term ‘nano’ in the ingredients list
on the product packaging. Other areas
of legislation where there are currently
proposals for controlling the use of
nanomaterials include food ingredients
and medical devices.
In 2012 the Biocidal Products Regulation
EU No 528/2012 was adopted, which
regulates products such as disinfectants
for home and industrial use, preservatives
and pest control products. The regulation
was the first to include a formal definition
of nanomaterials and also highlighted the
need for scientific testing to ensure the
safety of the nanomaterials6
.
So far, measurement research has largely
been focused on the development of
methods to characterise nanomaterials
for their physical properties in their
native monodispersed powder forms
or in idealised simple matrices. As a
consequence, ability to accurately and
reliably measure changes in nanomaterial
physico-chemical and optical properties
when they are dispersed in the more
complex biological matrices that they
naturally encounter is severely lacking.
This limits understanding of the functional
properties of nanomaterials.
To overcome this, LGC scientists are
leading on a joint research project,
‘Chemical and Optical Characterisation
of Nanomaterials in Biological Systems’,
funded by the European Metrology
Research Programme (EMRP). This
‘NanoChOp’ project, which was launched
in 2012, focuses on the development of
methods to characterise nanomaterials
for their physical, chemical and optical
properties in biological matrices in support
of research aiming to understand how
nanoparticles interact with biological
systems. It involves National Measurement
Institutes, academics and industry from
across Europe.
Dr Dorota Bartczak, researcher, explains:
“We know that when nanomaterials
interact with biological systems and, for
example, become coated with serum
proteins, their physical and chemical
properties can change, significantly
affecting the functionality and behaviour
of the material. Therefore, in order to
understand the evolution of nanomaterials,
it is important to be able to measure their
physicochemical properties not only in
a simple idealised water environment
but also within more complex biological
matrices. This is a particularly challenging
task, since matrix components are likely
to interfere with numerous techniques and
assays, leading to ambiguous readouts.”
The NanoChOp project team is developing
quantitative measurements, traceable to
appropriate reference systems, which can
be applied to a range of biological matrices
of differing complexity. The project brings
1
http://ec.europa.eu/nanotechnology/index_en.html
2
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_023.pdf
3
https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/nanotechnology-strategy-forum
4
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/31515
5
http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/111111111/32544
Is there a big cost hidden behind the benefits that nanoparticles offer? LGC scientists research the
metrology that is essential in ensuring the safety of nanotechnology.
9. Catalyst - Spring 2015 9
together a consortium of institutes which
have established world-leading expertise
in physical analysis, chemical analysis,
optical analysis, material characterisation
and biotechnology in order to pool their
capabilities to address this challenge.
LGC scientists provide expertise in
chemical characterisation. They have
developed methods for the separation
and detection of nanomaterials in complex
matrices using field flow fractionation
combined on-line with multi-angle light
scattering and inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry. LGC also
has expertise in characterising cellular
models and has developed approaches
for label free analysis of cell responses to
nanomaterials.
Other project partner laboratories are
comparing different techniques for
measuring the physicochemical and
extrinsic properties of nanomaterials
in aqueous and biological media using
dispersion protocols developed by LGC.
Dr Heidi Goenaga-Infante, Principal
Scientist, says: “Ultimately, the NanoChOp
project will help to alleviate public
concern regarding the safety of many
applications of nanoparticles by providing
the nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine
sectors with validated protocols to perform
their analysis. In turn, this will lead to
regulatory and legislative bodies being
equipped with coherent and reliable data
to make informed decisions.”
For more information about the
‘Chemical and Optical Characterisation
of Nanomaterials in Biological Systems’
project, visit
http://nanochop.lgcgroup.com/
For further information, contact:
Heidi Goenaga-Infante
Project Co-ordinator and
Principal Scientist, Inorganic Analysis
T: +44(0)20 8943 7555
Heidi.Goenaga-Infante@lgcgroup.com
6
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2012.167.01.0001.01.ENG