This document outlines a project to retrofit an existing drinking water well site with ion exchange vessels to remove PFAS contamination. It begins with background on PFAS chemicals, including their widespread use, persistence in the environment, and health risks. The rationale for the project is that PFAS cannot be removed through conventional water treatment. The objective is to install an ion exchange system to decontaminate the water supply. The document then lists 8 tasks to complete the project and 5 deliverables. It reviews literature on PFAS properties, regulations, and case studies on environmental and health impacts.
This is my team's Capstone Senior Design Project from Fall 2021. Our project was to retrofit a drinking water well site with ion exchange vessels for PFAS removal.
This is my team's Capstone Senior Design Project from Fall 2021. Our project was to retrofit a drinking water well site with ion exchange vessels for PFAS removal.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
Bob McDonald presents the latest updates from Aqua Clara in their efforts to provide affordable water filtration systems to low income families in developing countries.
Membrane Separation Technology for Water Treatment in Upstream Oil & Gas Oper...James Robinson
Membrane Separation Technology for Water Treatment in Upstream Oil & Gas Operations
presented by James Robinson on April 20, 2016, at the "Semi-Annual Water & Wastewater Short Course: Issues, Challenges, Solutions & New Technologies" hosted by the Global Petroleum Research Institute (GPRI) at Texas A&M's Department of Petroleum Engineering.
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
Bob McDonald presents the latest updates from Aqua Clara in their efforts to provide affordable water filtration systems to low income families in developing countries.
Membrane Separation Technology for Water Treatment in Upstream Oil & Gas Oper...James Robinson
Membrane Separation Technology for Water Treatment in Upstream Oil & Gas Operations
presented by James Robinson on April 20, 2016, at the "Semi-Annual Water & Wastewater Short Course: Issues, Challenges, Solutions & New Technologies" hosted by the Global Petroleum Research Institute (GPRI) at Texas A&M's Department of Petroleum Engineering.
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
In-situ groundwater remedial technologies have been recently used more and more. To regulate the injection materials to groundwater, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board uses the Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) to permit the injection materials. This presentation is to review the contents of the new version of 2014 WDRs (R4-2014-0187) that was just adopted on September 11, 2014 by the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board, and to provide an overview of the process used to select materials permitted for in-situ remediation injection and to apply the WDRs.
Thornton recently published a helpful guide for best practices in pure water measurement. It is entitled "Compliance by Design in Pharmaceutical Water Systems". The document provides an summary of water sources and contaminants, then continues with an outline of industry requirements for bulk waters. The production of pure water is dicussed, and recommendations for pharmaceutical water system instrumentation are provided.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. Retrofitting a Drinking Water Well Site with
Ion Exchange Vessels for PFAS Removal
Rachel Burger, Lauren Todd, Shirin Udwadia,
Sophia Della Rocca, & Caroline Packard
CLEMSON UNIVERSITY, CLEMSON, SC
October 28, 2021
4. Background
● Water fuels every aspect of life on earth.
○ Essential for basic human health and hygiene, and it drives society’s most essential
industries.
● Climate change due to human impact has created shorter rainy seasons and longer dry seasons,
diminishing many of the world’s water sources.
● Other than environmental changes affecting our water, pollution is a main threat.
○ Agriculture, industrial activities, and naturally occuring substances are all causes of water
pollution.
○ One contaminant polluting our water supplies is polyfluorinated substances (PFAS), which
are a category of synthetic chemicals used to make fluoropolymer coatings and products
that resist heat, oil, stains, and water.
5. Background
● PFAS substances have properties which make them water resistant as well as water soluble, allowing them to
bioaccumulate in bodies of water, and in human and animal populations.
● Due to the toxic nature of PFAS, and the fact that PFAS contamination is not federally regulated, the health of
humans and the environment has been negatively affected.
● Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) sets enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for specific chemicals
and can require monitoring of public water supplies
○ There are no current MCLs established for PFAS chemicals
○ EPA has initiated the steps to evaluate the need for a PFAS MCL
○ EPA has issued a health advisory for PFOA and PFOS
■ Informal guideline, non-regulatory
● The State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) of Orange County, California has set some of the most
stringent PFAS advisories in the country.
6. Rationale
● Since PFAS substances can dissolve in water, they travel through water
treatment facilities and small-scale water filters. However, they are not easily
detected or removed by traditional water treatment methods.
● PFAS substances pose a threat to public health and are heavily present in
drinking water sources.
○ Large amounts of PFAS have resulted in decreased performance of the
thyroid, immune system, liver, and reproductive system.
○ From the “Road of Death” case study in Australia, there was sufficient
evidence that higher levels of PFOS and PFOA in a person’s blood can
lead to a decline in health.
7. Rationale
● Therefore, efficient technology needs to be developed to provide safe
drinking water and mitigate the risk of PFAS exposure to public
health.
● Unconventional methods that are proven to be effective in removing
PFAS include activated carbon absorption, ion exchange resin, and
high pressure membrane filtration.
8. Objective
The objective of this project is to retrofit a drinking water well site with ion
exchange vessels as a treatment technology system for the purpose of
removing polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) and decontaminating the
community water systems.
9. Tasks
Task 1: To research PFAS and establish their general structure, usage, interaction in the environment, human health effects, and current federal and
state regulations.
Task 2: To study ion exchange vessels and define the mechanisms required for the removal process, and assess advantages and disadvantages
over other treatment processes.
Task 3: To determine and compare different vendors and technologies for the ion exchange vessel.
Task 4: To identify the specific characteristics of PFAS and contamination levels at the well site, in addition to water qualities such as pH, inorganic
ion and natural organic matter concentrations.
Task 5: To retrofit the drinking water treatment and distribution systems: wells, existing and additional pumps, engineering and design of novel
treatment technology.
Task 6: To create a model of the drinking water treatment system and site, and model PFAS removal.
Task 7: To estimate a budget for the cost of retrofitting the drinking water treatment and distribution systems (wells, existing and additional pumps,
and ion exchange filtration system).
Task 8: To assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of the ion exchange vessel on PFAS removal.
Data/
Analysis
Design/Modeling
Cost/
Recommendations
10. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 1: To research PFAS and establish their general structure, usage, interaction with the environment,
human health effects, and current federal and state regulations.
11. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 2: To study ion exchange vessels and define the mechanisms required for the removal process, and
assess advantages and disadvantages over other treatment processes.
● Sub-task 2.1: To research other proposed alternatives and compare them to the ion exchange
method.
● Sub-task 2.2: To identify any restrictions or limitations that need to be considered prior to
choosing a resin media and designing the vessels.
12. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 3: To determine and compare different vendors and technologies for the ion exchange vessel.
13. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 4: To identify the specific characteristics of PFAS and contamination levels at the well site, in
addition to water qualities such as pH, inorganic ions and natural organic matter concentrations.
● Sub-task 4.1: To select an anion exchange resin that is compatible with the PFAS and water
characteristics and maintains an adequate uptake capacity.
● Sub-task 4.2: To find a vendor with the selected anion exchange resin(s).
14. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 5: To retrofit the drinking water treatment and distribution systems: wells, existing and additional pumps,
engineering and design of novel treatment technology.
● Sub-task 5.1: To report the well’s original design, existing pumps, and flow characteristics, such as flow
rate, variability, and pressure.
● Sub-task 5.2: To analyze flow characteristics and determine if an additional pump or modification is
needed.
● Sub-task 5.3: To design a pre-filtration unit to remove large suspended solids and prevent damage to
following units and pipes.
● Sub-task 5.4: To develop a list of materials and equipment required for the design, and provide
calculations for design feasibility.
15. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 6: To create a model of the drinking water treatment system and site, and model PFAS removal.
● Sub-task 6.1: To design the well site using AutoCAD.
● Sub-task 6.2: To design the drinking water distribution and treatment using SuperPro.
● Sub-task 6.3: To model removal of PFAS using STELLA.
16. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 7: To estimate a budget for the cost of retrofitting the drinking water treatment and distribution
systems (wells, existing and additional pumps, and ion exchange filtration system).
17. Tasks
Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4 Task 5 Task 6 Task 7 Task 8
Data/Analysis Design/Modeling Cost/Recommendations
Task 8: To assess the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of the ion exchange vessel on
PFAS
removal.
● Sub-task 8.1: To evaluate the required maintenance, such as resin regeneration protocols, brine
treatment and reuse.
● Sub-task 8.2: To determine future impacts on the environment and human health.
18.
19. Deliverables
Deliverable 1: Alternative technologies and vendors analysis
Deliverable 2: Models, designs, and calculations for the water treatment and distribution system components
Deliverable 3: Model for an effective yet aesthetically pleasing well site
Deliverable 4: Project budget
Deliverable 5: Develop recommendations for future maintenance, upkeep, and potential future challenges (water
quality, regulations, emerging contaminants)
Deliverable 6: Final report
21. What is PFAS?
● Perfluorinated/polyfluorinated substances (PFAS): group of man-made chemicals, used in
consumer products to make them non-stick and water resistant.
● PFAS are persistent chemicals and can bioaccumulate in bodies of water and of animals;
they can also dissolve in water and traditional drinking water treatment technologies
cannot remove them.
○ They have been aptly nicknamed “forever chemicals”.
● These chemicals have unique physical and chemical properties which allow them to repel
oil and water, resist temperature, and reduce friction.
22. Chemical Structure
● Chemical structure: all PFAS contain a chain
of carbons attached to fluorines with a
functional group at the end
○ Most PFAS compounds can be broken
down into units: (1) the hydrophobic,
nonionic tail consisting of the
fluorinated carbon chain (2) the anionic
head, having a negative charge
● PFAS owe their properties to the carbon-
fluorine bond, one of the shortest and
strongest known
https://engineering.tufts.edu/cee/sustainabilityLab/
research/validation-prediction-PFAS.htm
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agen
ts/pfc/index.cfm
23. Classification
of PFAS
Most common types:
● PFAA: perfluoroalkyl acids
● PFOA: perfluorooctanoate
● PFOS: perfluorooctane
sulfonate
● Polymeric: stay intact
throughout lifetime
● Non-polymeric: useful and
harmful even after degradation
24. Classification of PFAS
● Long-chain PFAS contain 6 or more carbons, short-chain PFAS contain less than 6
● The two PFAS most commonly found by water systems are legacy long-chain
compounds that have been phased out of manufacturing, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and
perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS) acids.
● Long-chain PFAS have been found to have high bioaccumulation potential compared to
short-chain
○ For example, the half-life of PFOS in the human body is 5 years or more
○ By comparison, the half-life of PFBA (a short-chain PFAS) is 3 to 4 days
● Long-chain PFAS are no longer commonly used but are easier to remove, while short-
chain PFAS are much more difficult to extract
25. Environmental Interaction
● Sources of environmental contamination include:
○ Disposal of wastes generated during primary and secondary PFAS production
○ Degradation of consumer products containing PFAS
○ Fire fighting foams used for flammable liquids and fire department training
● Environmental release mechanisms associated with these facilities include: air
emissions and dispersion, spills, and disposal of manufacturing wastes and
wastewater
● Conventional sewage treatment methods do not efficiently remove PFAS
○ Some PFAS are frequently detected in wastewater treatment plant effluents
● PFAS in an area’s wastewater indicates their presence in drinking water
26. Environmental Interaction
● PFAS have been found in domestic
sewage sludge and biosolids
● Application of biosolids as a soil
amendment can result in an
additional transfer of PFAS to soil;
then available for uptake by plants
and soil organisms
○ PFAS can then enter the food
chain through biosolids-
amended soil
27. Manufacturing and Usage
Commercial products containing PFAS:
● Paper and packaging
● Fire-fighting foams
● Outdoor textiles and sporting equipment
● Non-stick cookware
● Cleaning agents and fabric softeners
● Paints and dyes
● Adhesives
● Medical products
Major manufacturing sources:
● Textiles and leather products
● Metal plating and etching
● Wire manufacturing
● Industrial plastics
● Photolithography
https://www.ppmindustries.com/en/the-adhesive-
tape-manufacturer
29. 3M Company
● The history of PFAS production begins with the 3M Company, founded in 1902 as a mining
venture. The company is based in St. Paul, Minnesota.
○ Has now moved on to manufacture sandpaper, abrasive materials, tapes (masking tape
and Scotch® tape brand), and more.
● In the 1940s, they began utilizing electrochemical fluorination to manufacture certain
products, introducing PFAS – aka the forever chemicals – into the everyday lives of
consumers.
● 3M Company has failed to notify the government multiple times since USEPA rules were
released in 2002.
● Even with government assistance, 3M has only spent 12% of the 10 billion taxpayer dollars
the company was allocated for PFAS clean up, and wasting this money has brought multiple
lawsuits against them
30. Health Risks: Minnesota Case Study
● PFAS have been linked to a major cancer crisis in Washington County,
Minnesota. Several major drinking water supplies were contaminated
with PFAS, allegedly from the 3M Company dumping the chemicals in
the city’s landfills.
● 3M used PFAS as a key ingredient in ScotchGuard products in Oakdale,
Washington County. It was found that the children who died were 171%
more likely to have had a diagnosis of cancer than children who died in
unaffected areas.
● In 2018, the state of Minnesota settled its lawsuit against the 3M
Company in return for a settlement of $850 million.
○ Minnesota’s attorney general sued 3M in 2010 alleging that the
company’s production of PFAS had damaged drinking water and
natural resources in the Twin Cities Metropolitan area.
31. Health Risks: Australia Case Study
● Multiple areas in Australia were contaminated with PFAS due to fire fighting activities on nearby defense
force bases, creating what they call “the Road of Death.”
● Members of these communities were exposed to PFAS primarily through the use of contaminated water
including bore and river water on their properties, and via eating locally grown foods.
● Australian Government Department of Health: “Currently
there is limited evidence that exposure to PFAS causes
adverse human health effects.”
● This is in contrast to the USEPA, which has concluded
PFAS are a human health hazard, and at high enough
levels can cause immune dysfunction, hormonal
interference, and certain types of cancer in humans.
32. Health Risks: Australia Case Study
● Recently, Australian National University’s College of Health
& Medicine conducted an investigation into the exposure
levels and potential health effects on “the Road of Death.”
● Participants referred to what they suspected was a “cancer
cluster” several times, which had occurred in a specific
geographical location in the PFAS Investigation Area
○ Participants were particularly concerned about the
onset of cancers and the deterioration of existing
health conditions
● However, ANU found no convincing evidence that PFAS
contamination caused cancer in humans
https://www.foe.org.au/water_industry_a_major_source_of_pfas_contamination
33. Current Action For Awareness & Removal
● The PFAS Action Act of 2021 was recently introduced by Michigan Representative Debbie
Dingell, and aims to set a pathway for PFAS chemical to be designated hazardous
substances.
○ This will open the door for future regulation in drinking water, as well as clean up
under other existing legislations.
○ In April, the bill passed in the House by a vote of 241 to 183.
● According to the Government Accountability Office, the Department of Defense spent $1.1
billion on PFAS clean up in 2020, and estimates it will spend $2.1 billion more in 2021.
○ Officials say it might take decades to fully address PFAS pollution.
34. Existing Regulations
● Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) sets enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for
specific chemicals and can require monitoring of public water supplies
○ No current MCLs established for PFAS chemicals
● EPA has issued a health advisory for PFOA and PFOS; however it serves as an informal
guideline and is non-regulatory
● EPA collected data for chemicals that were suspected contaminants in drinking water but did
not have health based-standards set under the SDWA
○ Six PFAS substances were included for monitoring
● The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) includes a requirement for industry reporting of
chemicals to the EPA. To date, 330 PFAS substances have been reported.
35. Existing Regulations
● Thus, there are no federal regulations for PFAS substances in the United States.
● However, the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) Division of
Drinking Water has set some of the most stringent PFAS advisories in the country
○ The focus of our project is a well site in Orange County
○ The control board set notification and response levels to regulate PFAS state-wide
36. Ion Exchange (IX)
● IX is a water treatment method where ionic contaminants
are removed from water by exchange with another non-
objectionable ionic substance.
○ Both the contaminant and the exchange substance
must be dissolved and have the same type of
electrical charge.
● During the exchange process, any ionic contaminants in
the water are traded for “healthier” ions provided by the
exchange substance
○ The contaminant ions are then attracted or fixed to
the exchange substance and cannot pass through to
the rest of the water treatment process.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin
37. IX Mechanism
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045
653521002460#fig4
● Anion exchange resins are made up of
highly porous, polymeric microbeads that
are basic and water insoluble.
○ Characteristics are chosen based
on the substance being removed:
strongly or weakly basic functional
group, acrylic or styrenic matrix, and
gel or macroporous cross linking
● The resin beads have a positive functional group that is immobile with a negatively charged exchange ion
attached. The negatively charged PFAS have a greater attraction to the immobile functional group, so the
exchange ion is released and the PFAS are loaded onto the resin.
● Anion IX removes 100 percent of the PFAS for a time that depends on the choice of resin, bed depth, flow rate,
and which PFAS need to be removed
38. IX Vessel
● The IX resin is loaded into vessels.
● The contaminated solution enters the top of the vessel,
runs through a compact mixed resin bed, which will pick up
and retain the PFAS contaminants. The treated water exits
the vessel at the bottom.
○ Flow rate through the vessel is regulated by valves to
ensure there is enough contact time for the ion
exchange to take place.
○ Pretreatment is often needed before the IX vessels to
ensure the most efficient use of the ion exchange
resin.
39. Resin Regeneration
● IX resins can either be single use or regenerative
○ Since resin manufacturing has a large environmental burden, regenerative resins are
preferred
● Regeneration occurs within the vessels through a two step process:
○ Backwashing uses a back flow of water for the removal of debris such as organic matter
○ A regeneration solution, usually a brine, is back flowed through the resin to remove the
attached PFAS from the resin and replace them with chloride ions
● This process produces a concentrated waste stream of PFAS, which is typically
disposed of through incineration. However, this method, along with microbial,
sonochemical, electrochemical, and photon-based degradation are still being
researched.
40. Alternative Methods
● Granulated activated carbon (GAC) is a porous adsorption media made from organic carbon
materials which filters contaminants via a physical mass transfer process.
○ Its extremely high internal surface area contributes to adsorption, and heat is used to
activate the media surface area.
● Reverse osmosis removes contaminants by pushing the water under pressure through a
semipermeable membrane, then the contaminant is collected for disposal.
○ This method is commonly used for household water purification and production of
bottled water.
● Nanofiltration is similar to reverse osmosis, however the membrane is not as “tight”. This
method operates at a lower pressure and is less effective at removing dissolved solids.
44. Project Site Information
● The project focuses on a residential area in the Orange County Water District
○ Well Site #7 includes an existing groundwater extraction well, clear well with
a booster pump, and a chloramine disinfection system.
● The facility was designed to produce up to 2,000 gpm of drinking water for
delivery to the distribution system. The distribution system will go to a water
treatment facility for further disinfection.
● The pump station and chemical facilities were designed to host a future additional
well and booster pump for a higher production rate of up to 4,000 gpm.
46. IX Resin
We have chosen the Purolite PFA694E resin.
● Reduces PFAS to non-detect levels ranging from 1 – 5 parts per trillion
● Has a polystyrenic backbone which is crosslinked with divinylbenzene and a complex
amino functional group
● Removes PFAS via a dual mechanism of ion exchange and adsorption
● Effective on short and long chain PFAS
● Very high operating capacity and a higher total exchange
capacity than its competitors
● Regenerative
49. Governing Equations
● Langmuir Isotherm
Where C is the dissolved chemical species, S is an adsorption site, CS is the chemical
bound to the site, Keq is the equilibrium constant governing the reaction, and Stot is the
total site concentration.
51. Hydraulic Calculation Assumptions
Criteria Assumptions
Pumping System Upgrade existing pump to provide 2,000
gpm flow
Number of pumps: 1 pump
Static Water Level and Drawdown Level Suction Side HWL: 99 ft
Suction Side LWL: -8 ft
Pump System Conditions Intake Elevation: -119 ft
Discharge Elevation: 307 ft (highpoint in
pump piping)
Min. Roughness Factor: 130
Max. Roughness Factor: 140
Altitude: 302 ft
Water Temp.: 60 degrees F
54. Modeling
● To model the PFAS accumulation and the concentration gradient through the
IX resin, STELLA will be used.
● To model the influent and effluent concentration of PFAS through the IX
vessel, SuperPro will be used.
● To model the pump and pre filtration unit, Solidworks will be used.
● To model the whole site process, AutoCAD and Google SketchUp will be used.
55. IX Resin Model
● Modeling PFAS accumulation in the ion exchange vessel in Stella
61. Results For IX Vessel, Prefiltration Unit,
Pump, & Site Process with Solidworks &
AutoCAD
62. Purolite PFA694E Requirements for IX Vessel
Number of Trains 2
Vessel Diameter 12 ft
Media Volume per Vessel 420 ft3
Total Media Volume 1680 ft3
Vessel Area 113 ft2
Bed Depth 3.7 ft
Linear Velocity 8.8 gpm/ft2
Specific Flow Rate 2.4 gpm/ft3
With these configurations, the lag vessel breakthrough will occur at approximately
189,000 bed volumes. This is equal to about 412 days if the system ran 24/7 at 2000
gpm.
63. IX Vessel
● For the IX vessel, we chose Evoqua Water Technologies to provide the vessel
since they are able to make the vessel any size we need.
● The following Solidworks model is based off of an Evoqua vessel and the
dimension requirements from the Purolite resin.
64. IX Vessel 3D Model
Water Inlet
(10 in
diameter
pipe)
Regeneration
Inlet (20 in
diameter
pipe) Resin Bed
(3.7 ft deep)
Treated Water Outlet
(10 in diameter pipe)
Waste Outlet (20 in diameter pipe)
Vessel diameter: 12 ft
65. Prefiltration Unit
● The chosen prefiltration unit is a Yardney Angled Centrifugal Sand Separator.
● From Yardney’s given flow size charts, the model chosen for a 2,000 gpm flow rate is a
PCS-100LA. It can handle flow from 1300-2300 gpm
○ Particle size max: 1.5”
○ Removes sand, rock, grit, and other inorganic contaminants with fine filtration
down to 75 microns.
○ 10” inlet/outlet diameter; 10” piping from prefiltration unit to IX vessel
● There will be two prefiltration units in series in order to maximize the amount of water
that can be treated.
67. Pump System Head Loss
and Motor Calculations
Cross sectional area: A=π*r2
Where: D [10 in]
r [0.417 ft]
A [0.55 ft2]
Velocity: V=Q/A
Where: Q [2000 gpm = 32.68 fps]
V [59.92 fps]
Velocity head: Hv=V2/2g
Where: g [32.2 ft/s2]
Hv [55.75 ft]
Pipe Friction Head loss: HI=L*Sf
Where: Sf= (10.44Q1.85)/(10.441.85 *D4.8655)
Sf [0.001175 ft/ft]
L [216.64 ft]
HI [0.255 ft]
Input Shaft Power: Ps=(Q*TH)/(Cf*E)
Where: TH [107 ft]
E [80% efficiency]
Cf [3960 for english units]
Ps [67.55 hp]]
68. Pump: Original Choice
● For 2000 gpm flow rate, the WaterBoss Lineshaft Turbine Pump by
Wolf Customized Pumps was chosen. Specifically model 14HME.
● This pump was chosen because it can handle deep well types and
the materials it’s made of allow it to handle harsh conditions (like
the high flow rate and being underground).
69. 1800 RPM Performance
Curve for original pump
choice
● This performance curve was
provided by Wolf.
● Overall , this pump won’t be able to
provide enough power, according
to the calculations.
70. Pump: New Choice
● The new chosen pump is just one model up from the previous,
which is a WaterBoss Lineshaft Turbine Pump by Wolf Customized
Pumps, specifically their 14HMO.
● It can handle a flow rate of 1500-3250 gpm
● The bowl diameter is 14” and it is made of glass lined CL30 cast
iron. The impeller material is C876 BRZ with an enclosed style.
● The 10” piping can connect the pump to the pre-filtration unit with
a fitted connector between the the bowl and the piping.
71. 1770 RPM Performance
Curve for new pump
choice
● This performance curve was
provided by Wolf.
● The new pump is able to provide
more than enough power and can
accommodate the system head.
79. Cost Estimate
● Ion exchange vessel
○ $200,000
● Resin
○ $1,000 per cubic foot
■ $1,680,000 for 4 vessels
● Pre-filtration unit
○ $6,000
● Pump
○ $7,000
● Warehouse construction: $400,000
● Total: $
80. Recommendations for Maintenance
● The resin will need to be regenerated before the 412 day breakthrough time to keep the
effluent concentration less than 2 ng/L
○ Backwashing will occur before the regeneration to remove any accumulated debris or
fine resin particles
○ Regeneration with a 0.5% ammonium chloride brine results in higher PFOA and PFOS
recovery rates
● Eventually, the resin will be exhausted, and it will no longer be beneficial to regenerate as the
removal efficiency decreases with each regeneration.
○ Since the lifespan is dependent on many factors such as temperature, oxidants,
organics, and other foulants, it is difficult to predict the exact replacement period. Most
strongly basic anion exchange resins last 5-8 years.
81.
82. Acknowledgements
Alex Lin, P.E., AECOM
Dr. Alessandro Franchi, P.E., AECOM
Dr. Darnault, Ingénieur
Dr. Xiao
Dr. Drapcho
Dr. Lipscomb
And the wonderful Capstone Team: Lauren Todd, Shirin Udwadia, Rachel Burger, Caroline Packard,
Sophia Della Rocca
Sophia
Read whole outline
First we have introduction which include...
We will now go into our introduction
sophia
Sophia
Orange county is the reference for our project form aecom
Sophia
OUr rationale of our project is
Sophia
Emphasize the rationale
*improve the speech
More emphasis on the commas!!
sophia
Shirin
We have a total of 8 tasks split up into 3 separate groups. The first three tasks are under data
These are our list of tasks divided into 3 separate groups… and now we will go into the specifics
This is a list of all 8 of our tasks which is divided into 3 separate groups
The first 3 are...
Shirin
Shirin
Shirin
Shirin
Caroline will now discuss the remaining tasks
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
And finally task 8…
Fix dashes between sub and task
Sophia-
Our project involves science, technology, engineering, mathematics, with a environmental protection and human health aspect. At the center, our project is to provide access to clean drinking water for all which happens to be a a grand challenge.
Science, Technology, Engineering, & Mathematics
(STEM)
Make it bigger
Environment health?
grand challenge
Write what grand challenge is on there , make it easier to see
sophia
Caroline
Now we’ll be looking into our literature review findings...
caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Break down this chart a little more
They can be classified as polymeric and non-polymeric PFAS, meaning they can either stay intact throughout their lifetime, or they can be broken down in to smaller PFAS which are still useful as well as harmful even after degradation
Caroline
Caroline
found in water, air, fish, and soil
Caroline
Caroline
The United States has yet to ratify the Stockholm Convention amendments
Perfluorooctyl = PFAA
Caroline
Diving into the 3M company…
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Shirin
So now what is some current actions for awareness and removal
Shirin
What are some existing regulations for PFAS
What are some existing regulations for PFAS
Shirin
Lauren will now discuss ion exchange
Lauren
Cutting edge
Key words
Our project works on the the number ½ problem in the world water and PFAS
Army study with the blood contamination
For ion exchange video lets just restate what she said in the video. Don’t delete the video just yet
Lauren
More about how they work with the functional groups
Explain more about functional groups and structure of everything
But maybe just for the one we choose
Show absorption and ion exchange and structure
Confront reactions! Don’t avoid them
Need to go more in depth and spend longer about the science of how this works
*** use ix for all ion exchange
Lauren
Find a more modern ion exchange vessel
More simplistic model
Label each one
Actual model of beads and vessel
Lauren
Lauren
Lauren
Lauren
Next we will be discussing materials and methods
lauren
Lauren
Change ug to microgram symbol for iron
Lauren
Pfas specific
equations
Lauren
Highlight that resin
Fix formatting
Explain more about functional groups and structure of everything
But maybe just for the one we choose
Show absorption and ion exchange and structure
Confront reactions! Dont avoid them\
Dont say as you can see, say compared with other resin the purolite has a higher exchange capacity
lauren
Sorption coefficient Kd = qi’(ci) ?
for industrial scale adsorption processes, where high adsorbent loadings are desired, the equilibrium is non-linear, so the langmuir isotherm is most applicable
Stot is total site concentration
Plot [CS] on y axis and [C] on x axis, get the slope to be plugged into the mass balance
-type out onto slide
Lauren
Remove the 7.3.6
Explain absorption for Kd
And explain the difference with the pfas not moving and absorption
Assumption of local equilibrium and negligible dispersion
Q’ici is the slope of the languir isotherm at concentration ci
Fix qi term to include prime
For the final type our own equations and text out to be modified for final
Rachel
Rachel
Provided by AECOM. Shows where the water intake is and where the pump is. Also shows that the design static head range is about 208’ to 315’
Rachel
lauren
Lauren
Ripening phenomena?? Or does it make it slower
Simulate upper limits: 50
Small medium large
10, 39.8, 50, 100
Fix typo
State how deep each layer 3.7 ft/5 = .74 ft = 8.88 in
Lauren
Find governing equations which they use
Lauren
Show range of PFAS concentrations
Try to make it less blurry
sophia
Lauren
From the Purolite sales representative, these are the requirements for the ion exchange vessel in order to use this particular resin.
-clarify lead and lag configuration
Rachel
Rachel
The regeneration inlet and waste outlet are for backwashing the resin
Backwashing is used to regenerate the resin, which makes it more sustainable since it won’t need replacing as often.
The resin bed is 3.7ft with 5 layers, each layer is about 9 inches
Rachel
Rachel
Costs about $6000
-Say it was designed in solidworks
-not filled with sand, just separating the sand out of the water
Rachel
These equations will be used to determine the pump system head loss and motor calculations.
Rachel
We were told that the site already has a pump, however AECOM cannot disclose that information due to their client. So we decided to choose a pump and assume that is what they have.
Rachel
Be able to explain the pump curve.
Rachel
Rachel
Rachel
This shows the site process as a whole with the pump, two prefiltration units, and 2 trains of IX vessels.
Rachel
Rachel
This shows one of the two IX vessel trains. Explaining the lead and lag
Sophia
This aerial view displays where our site will be located in relation to the water source and residential living. Well site #7
sophia
This model displays a close up view of the two options for the site where the ion exchange system will reside
sophia
Option 1 is a smaller shed. Inside the ion exchange vessels would reside with most of the pumping being in ground
sophia
Site two is large with the pumping systems being above ground. This site might be better as more maintenance and as regulations change, parts can be regularly replaced.
sophia
Sophia: 15
Shirin:10
Caroline:16
Rachel:12
Lauren:21
Cost from SuperPro
Cost:
Covid shortages so more expensive
For construction
Sophia
-doble check resin costs with purolite and alex
-recommended testing frequency?
Sophia-
Our project involves science, technology, engineering, mathematics, with a environmental protection and human health aspect. At the center, our project is to provide access to clean drinking water for all which happens to be a a grand challenge.
Science, Technology, Engineering, & Mathematics
(STEM)
Make it bigger
Environment health?
grand challenge
Write what grand challenge is on there , make it easier to see
Pictures, graph, from superpro into which circle they fall under, change text to fit so that pictures are the center
To tie everything together…., or in conclusion, we have…
-in one of boxes show lab pictures and result, show design, and stella