This document provides an overview of enzyme catalysis. It discusses that enzymes are protein molecules that act as catalysts to speed up organic reactions in living cells. Enzymes have high selectivity and efficiency, with one molecule able to catalyze millions of reactions per minute. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is maximum at the optimum temperature and pH. Enzymes can be inhibited or destroyed by other substances but their activity is enhanced by activators or coenzymes. The mechanism of enzyme catalysis involves the substrate binding to the active site of the enzyme in a lock-and-key fashion to form a complex that then decomposes to release the products.
This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
This powerpoint is about the swern oxidation...It is used for the oxidaton of alcohol and inorder to avoid the chromium reagent. Follow me through youtube
CHE-MYSTERY
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This is Power Point Presentation on Topic "Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions" as per syllabus of "University of Mumbai" for S.Y. B. Pharmacy (Sem.: IV) students.
This powerpoint is about the swern oxidation...It is used for the oxidaton of alcohol and inorder to avoid the chromium reagent. Follow me through youtube
CHE-MYSTERY
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CATALYSIS, TYPES OF CATALYSIS FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTSShikha Popali
CATALYSIS IS A TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION. HERE IN THIS PREASENTATION THE CATALYSIS AND ITS TYPES ARE EXPLAINED IN DETAIL WITH ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
CATALYSIS, TYPES OF CATALYSIS FOR CHEMISTRY STUDENTSShikha Popali
CATALYSIS IS A TYPE OF CHEMICAL REACTION. HERE IN THIS PREASENTATION THE CATALYSIS AND ITS TYPES ARE EXPLAINED IN DETAIL WITH ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
An enzyme is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein. It speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell. The enzyme is not destroyed during the reaction and is used over and over.
This power-point presentation will give a complete overview about enzymes, nomenclature of enzymes. Enzymes inhibition is also covered in this ppt. Along with some basin introduction to G- protein coupled receptors is also provided.
Enzymes mechanism of action, their specificity types, active center structure and action, inhibitor types, fisher and Koshlend theory are presented. Enzymes classification, a new class of enzymes discovered recently, detailed explanation of each class reaction types is presented as well
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
AKS UNIVERSITY Satna Final Year Project By OM Hardaha.pdf
Catalysis lecture 4
1. CATALYSIS LECTURE
Part-IV: ENZYME CATALYSIS
Dr.Rabiul Hussain
School of Material Science & Engineering
Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University
E-mail: rabiul786@gmail.com
Ph.No. +251-0966882081 (Ethiopia)
+91-9508832510 (India)
2. ENZYME CATALYSIS
• Numerous organic reactions are taking place in the body of animals and
plants to maintain the life process. These reactions being slow remarkably
catalysed by the organic compounds known as Enzymes.
• Enzymes are protein molecules which act as catalysts to speed up organic
reactions in living cells. The catalysis brought about by enzymes is known
as Enzyme Catalysis.
• Importance: Enzyme catalytic processes are extensively used in food
industries for centuries such as in production of bread, beverages,
yoghurt, cheese, vinegar etc. Enzymes have properties similar to
homogeneous catalysts. New enzymes are continuously being discovered.
At present, more than 3000 enzymes are reported.
3. What is an Enzyme?
• Enzymes are large macromolecular polypeptide (polymers of amino acid
monomers) proteins. Molecular weight is in the range of 104-106 .
• Each enzyme has a unique three-dimensional structure with a binding site
or active site that is chemically and geometrically compatible with a
particular reactant molecule and thereby can give upto 100 % selectivity.
• Enzymes are formed in living systems by condensation and/or dehydration
of amino acids that have the composition of H2N-CHR-COOH, to form
peptide C-N bonds. Large structure contains hundreds of amino acids and
there is enormous number of possible structures. Only few are
characterized and well known.
• Enzymes are synthesized by living organisms and can be extracted from
their biological source, purified and used in laboratory and industrial
processes. Enzymes can also be synthesized in vitro that is in an artificial
environment outside the living organism. Enzymes are only active within a
limited range of pH and temperature.
4. Structure of Enzymes
• Enzymes are made from just 20 -amino acid building blocks (structures
and abbreviations are shown in Table 5.1).
• Each amino acid has a unique side chain, or residue, which can be polar,
aliphatic, aromatic, acidic, or basic.
• The amide bonds (peptide bonds) make up the enzyme’s backbone, and
the residues determine the ultimate structure and catalytic activity of the
enzyme.
5.
6. Nomenclature and Classification
• The classification and naming of enzymes are somewhat complex. The first
few enzymes found were given trivial (i.e., nonsystematic) names, e.g.,
pepsin, trypsin,lysozyme, and chymotrypsin.
• Nowadays enzymes were given name by adding the suffix -ase to the
name of the substrate (and sometimes the reaction as well).
• For example, lipase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a lipid triglyceride, sucrase
catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose, and glucose
isomerase catalyzes the isomerization of glucose to fructose.
• The International Enzyme Commission established a four-stage
classification system for enzymes which is based on six main groups (Table
5.2). Each enzyme is assigned an identifier, called an enzyme number. This
identifier comprises four numbers separated by periods, denoting the
main group, subclass, sub-subclass, and serial number.
7. Classification of Enzymes
• Enzymes are classified into six different groups based on the type of
reactions catalyzed:
8. MECHANISM OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
• The long chains of the enzyme (protein) molecules are coiled on each
other to make a rigid colloidal particle with cavities on its surface. These
cavities which are of characteristic shape and a bound in active groups
(NH2, COOH, SH, OH)] are termed Active centres.
• The molecules of substrate which have complementary shape, fit into
these cavities just as key fits into a lock (Lock-and- Key theory).
• By virtue of the presence of active groups, the enzyme forms an
activated complex with the substrate which at once decomposes to yield
the products. Thus the substrate molecules enters the cavities, forms
complex and reacts, and at once the products get out of the cavities.
• Michaelis and Menten (1913) proposed the following mechanism for
enzyme catalysis .
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
• In general, enzyme behave like inorganic heterogeneous catalysts.
However, they are unique in their efficiency and high degree of specificity.
• (1) Enzymes are the most efficient catalysts known: The enzyme
catalysed reactions proceed at fantastic high rates in comparison to those
catalysed by inorganic substances. Thus one molecule of an enzyme may
transform one million molecules of the substrate (reactant) per minute.
• (2) Enzyme catalysis is marked by absolute specificity: An enzyme as a
rule catalyses just one reaction with a particular substance. For example,
urease (an enzyme derived from soya bean) catalyses the hydrolysis of
urea and no other amide, not even methylurea.
11. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
• (3) The rate of enzyme catalysed reactions is maximum at the optimum
temperature: The rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction is increased with
the rise of temperature but up to a certain point. Thereafter the enzyme is
denatured as its protein structure is gradually destroyed. Thus the rate of
reaction drops and eventually becomes zero when the enzyme is
completely destroyed. The rate of an enzyme reaction with raising of
temperature gives a bell-shaped curve. The temperature at which the
reaction rate is maximum is called the optimum temperature.
12. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
• (4) Rate of enzyme catalysed reactions is maximum at the optimum pH:
The rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction varies with pH of the system.
The rate passes through a maximum at a particular pH, known as the
optimum pH. The enzyme activity is lower at other valuesof pH. Thus
many enzymes of the body function best at pH of about 7.4, the pH of the
blood and body fluids.
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS
• (5) Enzymes are markedly inhibited or poisoned: The catalytic activity of
an enzyme is often reduced (inhibited) or completely destroyed(poisoned)
by addition of other substances. These inhibitors or poisons interact with
the activefunctional groups on the enzyme surface. For example, heavy
metal ions (Ag+, Hg2+) react with the –SH groups of the enzyme and
poison it.
• The physiological activity of many drugs is related to their action as
enzyme inhibitors in the body. Thus sulpha drugs, penicillin, and
streptomycin inhibit the action of several bacteria and have proved
effective in curing pneumonia, dysentery, cholera, and many other
infectious diseases.
• (6) Catalytic activity of enzymes is greatly enhanced by the presence of
Activators or Coenzymes : Activators are metal ions Na+, Mn2+, CO2+,
Cu2+, etc., which get weakly bonded to enzyme molecules and promote
their catalytic action. Thus it has been found that the addition of sodium
chloride (Na+) makes amylase catalytically very active.