The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
This document summarizes wheels and rims for automobiles. It discusses the essential functions of wheels in supporting a vehicle's weight and resisting side forces from turning. It describes common wheel types like disc wheels, wire wheels, and split wheels. Disc wheels are most commonly used in cars and trucks. Wire wheels are lighter and used in motorcycles and racing cars. The document also discusses rim types, including flat base and drop center rims, and provides references for further information.
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while protecting the vehicle and cargo from damage. There are different types of suspension systems including conventional, independent, air, and hydraulic systems. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently of the other wheels, improving ride quality. Common independent front systems are MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions.
The document discusses different components of a vehicle's suspension system. It begins by defining sprung mass and unsprung mass. Sprung mass refers to parts of the vehicle supported by the suspension, like the body and frame. Unsprung mass includes components below the suspension like wheels. The document then covers various types of springs used in suspension systems, including leaf springs, coil springs, rubber springs, and torsion bars. It also discusses shock absorbers and their purpose of controlling spring motion. Finally, the key functions of a suspension system are outlined as isolating the vehicle from road shocks and providing stability, comfort, and road handling ability.
This document discusses wheels and tires. It describes two main types of tire pressure monitoring systems that use either the ABS system or direct sensors in the wheel rims. It also discusses two types of run-flat tires that use thicker sidewalls or support rings to drive on a flat tire. Space saver tires are used to save space in the vehicle boot. Hub bearings can be ball, roller, taper roller, or plain bearings and are checked for wear by feeling for play.
The document discusses the suspension system of vehicles. The suspension system uses various components like springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to connect a vehicle to its wheels. It serves to protect the vehicle and passengers from road shocks and improve riding comfort while contributing to handling and braking abilities. The key components are springs that absorb shocks and dampers that restrict bouncing. Common types of springs include leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air springs. Suspension systems can be conventional, independent, air, or hydrolastic. In conclusion, suspension systems are important for protecting vehicles and providing comfortable rides.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
This document summarizes wheels and rims for automobiles. It discusses the essential functions of wheels in supporting a vehicle's weight and resisting side forces from turning. It describes common wheel types like disc wheels, wire wheels, and split wheels. Disc wheels are most commonly used in cars and trucks. Wire wheels are lighter and used in motorcycles and racing cars. The document also discusses rim types, including flat base and drop center rims, and provides references for further information.
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking while protecting the vehicle and cargo from damage. There are different types of suspension systems including conventional, independent, air, and hydraulic systems. An independent suspension system allows each wheel to move independently of the other wheels, improving ride quality. Common independent front systems are MacPherson strut and double wishbone suspensions.
The document discusses different components of a vehicle's suspension system. It begins by defining sprung mass and unsprung mass. Sprung mass refers to parts of the vehicle supported by the suspension, like the body and frame. Unsprung mass includes components below the suspension like wheels. The document then covers various types of springs used in suspension systems, including leaf springs, coil springs, rubber springs, and torsion bars. It also discusses shock absorbers and their purpose of controlling spring motion. Finally, the key functions of a suspension system are outlined as isolating the vehicle from road shocks and providing stability, comfort, and road handling ability.
This document discusses wheels and tires. It describes two main types of tire pressure monitoring systems that use either the ABS system or direct sensors in the wheel rims. It also discusses two types of run-flat tires that use thicker sidewalls or support rings to drive on a flat tire. Space saver tires are used to save space in the vehicle boot. Hub bearings can be ball, roller, taper roller, or plain bearings and are checked for wear by feeling for play.
The document discusses the suspension system of vehicles. The suspension system uses various components like springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to connect a vehicle to its wheels. It serves to protect the vehicle and passengers from road shocks and improve riding comfort while contributing to handling and braking abilities. The key components are springs that absorb shocks and dampers that restrict bouncing. Common types of springs include leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and air springs. Suspension systems can be conventional, independent, air, or hydrolastic. In conclusion, suspension systems are important for protecting vehicles and providing comfortable rides.
The document discusses different types of bearings used in machines and their functions. It describes sliding contact bearings like hydrodynamic and hydrostatic bearings, and rolling contact bearings like ball and roller bearings. The key types of rolling contact bearings are explained as journal/sleeve bearings, thrust bearings, and guide bearings based on the direction of load and motion. Common applications of rolling contact bearings and their advantages are also summarized.
Independent suspension allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently of the other. It is common for modern vehicles to have independent front suspension (IFS) and some to have independent rear suspension (IRS) as well. Independent suspension offers better ride quality and handling due to lower unsprung weight and each wheel's ability to react individually to the road. Some common independent suspension system types are MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link systems.
This document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It describes how suspension systems have evolved from early leather springs to modern designs. Key points covered include:
- Early suspension systems used leather springs in 1665 and elliptical leaf springs in 1795. Hydraulic shock absorbers were introduced in 1919.
- Modern suspension types discussed include multi-link suspensions from 1960, MacPherson struts from the 1970s, and Bose automotive suspension from 2009.
- The main components of suspension systems are identified as springs, shockers, and struts. Independent and dependent suspension systems are also defined.
- Multi-link suspensions, which use three or more lateral arms and one or more longitudinal arms, provide improved
The document is a presentation on bearings created by Akash Panchal. It discusses the definition of a bearing, provides a brief history, and examines various types of bearings like ball bearings, roller bearings, plain bearings, and their functions. It also looks at bearing selection, arrangement, lubrication, and life calculation. The presentation contains several diagrams and is intended to provide an overview of bearings.
This document discusses different types of vehicle suspension systems and their components. It describes classifications of suspension as solid axle, independent, passive, and active systems. The functions of suspension systems are listed as absorbing shocks, controlling the vehicle, providing comfort, protecting parts, and reducing driver stress. Vibration types like yawing, rolling, and pitching are explained. Suspension components include springs, shock absorbers, and mechanical joints. Electronic suspension systems can choose ride modes, control vehicle height constantly, and improve handling.
Optimised designs can be supplied in taper roller bearings with high strength cages and, for arduous applications, in a range of advanced special materials.
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation on shafts and axles used in electric locomotives. It defines key components such as axles, shafts, gears, wheels, and traction motors. It then provides details on specific locomotives models WAP-4 and WAG-7 and their specifications. Finally, it lists and describes common failure conditions for components such as TM pinion teeth breaking, axle box bearing seizure, gear teeth breaking, and cracks in the motor suspension unit ribs.
The document discusses steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes two main types of steering gears: the pitman-arm type and rack-and-pinion type. It also lists various types of steering gear boxes. The suspension system section explains that springs, shock absorbers, and axles connect the vehicle chassis to the wheels and protect parts from road shocks. Various types of suspension springs, including leaf springs and coil springs, are identified. The document concludes by describing drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic brakes, pneumatic brakes, and anti-lock brakes.
The document summarizes wheels and tires. It discusses the requirements of automobile wheels, including being strong, balanced, lightweight, and easy to remove/mount. Standard wheels are steel, while some vehicles use aluminum or magnesium alloy wheels. Valve stems allow inflation/deflation and retain air. Wheel studs and nuts attach wheels to hubs using correct torque for safety. Common wheel types include steel, alloy, spoke, divided, and split rims. Custom wheels come in aluminum variants and differ in offset for handling characteristics.
The universal joint allows the driveshaft to flex due to suspension movement while still transmitting torque at different angles. It comes in variable velocity and constant velocity types, with the most common being the cross type, ring type, and ball and turnion type variable velocity joints. The universal joint is constructed of a steel cross with needle bearings in caps on each end and a grease fitting for lubrication. One universal joint is attached to each end of the driveshaft and sometimes a third is used on heavy duty vehicles or older 4WD vehicles. Wear, lack of lubrication, and excessive wear can cause noises, vibration and breaking of the universal joint.
This presentation discusses gears and bearings. It describes different types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and rack and pinion gears. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of gears. Additionally, it outlines various types of bearings like ball bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings, and tapered roller bearings. It provides examples of applications for different gear and bearing types.
The document discusses vibration monitoring techniques for detecting rolling element bearing failures. It describes the different frequency regions of vibrations produced by bearings, including the rotor vibration region, prime spike region, and high frequency region. It then explains different transducer systems that can be used, including REBAM probes that directly measure bearing vibrations and casing vibration measurements. The key conclusions are that rotor vibration and prime spike measurements from permanent probes or casing sensors are the primary techniques for monitoring bearings and determining when replacement is needed, while high frequency measurements can provide early failure indications but require closer monitoring due to changing readings.
A bearing is a device that supports load and reduces friction between moving parts. There are two main types: plain/slider bearings and rolling/anti-friction bearings. Rolling bearings use balls or rollers to create separation between surfaces and are more commonly used. Common bearing materials include metals, alloys, and some non-metals. Bearings must be properly selected, mounted, lubricated, and maintained to maximize their lifespan and prevent premature failure.
Trailing arm suspension uses an arm parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis to connect the wheel to the frame. A semi-trailing arm makes an angle with this axis. Trailing arms provide a rigid connection to the wheel with no camber change. A semi-trailing arm allows adjustment of roll center height and camber curve. Different bushing materials can be used, like Delrin nylon or POM, which provide durability and smooth movement while withstanding wear.
Suspension system - CSVTU Automobile Engg.ManishRKSahu
This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the objectives of a suspension system which include maximizing tire contact with the road, providing steering stability and handling, and evenly supporting the vehicle's weight. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, control arms, and ball joints. Finally, it discusses different types of suspension systems like rigid suspensions, independent suspensions, and air suspensions. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and shock absorbers.
This document discusses wheel and tyre service, repair, and overhaul. It begins by introducing tyres and rims, describing their basic functions and components. It then discusses different types of tyres and their nomenclature systems. The document outlines the tyre construction process and different tread designs. It covers inspection and maintenance practices like checking inflation pressure and wear indicators. Finally, it briefly explains tyre rotation, wheel balancing, and bearing maintenance procedures.
Este documento presenta una introducción al plugin Sketch and Toon de CINEMA 4D. Explica que Sketch and Toon genera imágenes no fotorrealistas simulando técnicas de dibujo a mano como lápiz o acuarela. Incluye un tutorial rápido mostrando cómo aplicar diferentes estilos de renderizado a objetos mediante materiales y shaders de Sketch and Toon.
Dynamic ergonomics provides a more comprehensive evaluation of the man-machine interface than traditional static ergonomics. It analyzes user movements, postures, and stress levels during real interactions rather than with static dummies. This allows automakers to better optimize safety, comfort and usability. Dynamic ergonomics software captures over 230 data points on user motions, accessibility, visibility and stress to identify issues not found through static analysis alone. It also facilitates direct comparison to competitors' models for benchmarking throughout the design process. The quantitative results support evidence-based design improvements focused on the actual human experience.
The document discusses different types of bearings used in machines and their functions. It describes sliding contact bearings like hydrodynamic and hydrostatic bearings, and rolling contact bearings like ball and roller bearings. The key types of rolling contact bearings are explained as journal/sleeve bearings, thrust bearings, and guide bearings based on the direction of load and motion. Common applications of rolling contact bearings and their advantages are also summarized.
Independent suspension allows each wheel on the same axle to move vertically independently of the other. It is common for modern vehicles to have independent front suspension (IFS) and some to have independent rear suspension (IRS) as well. Independent suspension offers better ride quality and handling due to lower unsprung weight and each wheel's ability to react individually to the road. Some common independent suspension system types are MacPherson strut, double wishbone, and multi-link systems.
This document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It describes how suspension systems have evolved from early leather springs to modern designs. Key points covered include:
- Early suspension systems used leather springs in 1665 and elliptical leaf springs in 1795. Hydraulic shock absorbers were introduced in 1919.
- Modern suspension types discussed include multi-link suspensions from 1960, MacPherson struts from the 1970s, and Bose automotive suspension from 2009.
- The main components of suspension systems are identified as springs, shockers, and struts. Independent and dependent suspension systems are also defined.
- Multi-link suspensions, which use three or more lateral arms and one or more longitudinal arms, provide improved
The document is a presentation on bearings created by Akash Panchal. It discusses the definition of a bearing, provides a brief history, and examines various types of bearings like ball bearings, roller bearings, plain bearings, and their functions. It also looks at bearing selection, arrangement, lubrication, and life calculation. The presentation contains several diagrams and is intended to provide an overview of bearings.
This document discusses different types of vehicle suspension systems and their components. It describes classifications of suspension as solid axle, independent, passive, and active systems. The functions of suspension systems are listed as absorbing shocks, controlling the vehicle, providing comfort, protecting parts, and reducing driver stress. Vibration types like yawing, rolling, and pitching are explained. Suspension components include springs, shock absorbers, and mechanical joints. Electronic suspension systems can choose ride modes, control vehicle height constantly, and improve handling.
Optimised designs can be supplied in taper roller bearings with high strength cages and, for arduous applications, in a range of advanced special materials.
The document provides information on vehicle suspension systems. It discusses the key components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, and linkages. The goals of a suspension system are to contribute to vehicle handling/braking performance while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The suspension supports the vehicle's weight, provides a smooth ride, and protects the vehicle from damage. Common types of suspension systems include dependent systems that link the two wheels and independent systems where each wheel can move independently. Key aspects like sprung mass, unsprung mass, suspension types, and springs are also summarized.
This document summarizes a presentation on shafts and axles used in electric locomotives. It defines key components such as axles, shafts, gears, wheels, and traction motors. It then provides details on specific locomotives models WAP-4 and WAG-7 and their specifications. Finally, it lists and describes common failure conditions for components such as TM pinion teeth breaking, axle box bearing seizure, gear teeth breaking, and cracks in the motor suspension unit ribs.
The document discusses steering, brakes, and suspension systems. It describes two main types of steering gears: the pitman-arm type and rack-and-pinion type. It also lists various types of steering gear boxes. The suspension system section explains that springs, shock absorbers, and axles connect the vehicle chassis to the wheels and protect parts from road shocks. Various types of suspension springs, including leaf springs and coil springs, are identified. The document concludes by describing drum brakes, disc brakes, hydraulic brakes, pneumatic brakes, and anti-lock brakes.
The document summarizes wheels and tires. It discusses the requirements of automobile wheels, including being strong, balanced, lightweight, and easy to remove/mount. Standard wheels are steel, while some vehicles use aluminum or magnesium alloy wheels. Valve stems allow inflation/deflation and retain air. Wheel studs and nuts attach wheels to hubs using correct torque for safety. Common wheel types include steel, alloy, spoke, divided, and split rims. Custom wheels come in aluminum variants and differ in offset for handling characteristics.
The universal joint allows the driveshaft to flex due to suspension movement while still transmitting torque at different angles. It comes in variable velocity and constant velocity types, with the most common being the cross type, ring type, and ball and turnion type variable velocity joints. The universal joint is constructed of a steel cross with needle bearings in caps on each end and a grease fitting for lubrication. One universal joint is attached to each end of the driveshaft and sometimes a third is used on heavy duty vehicles or older 4WD vehicles. Wear, lack of lubrication, and excessive wear can cause noises, vibration and breaking of the universal joint.
This presentation discusses gears and bearings. It describes different types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, worm gears, and rack and pinion gears. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of gears. Additionally, it outlines various types of bearings like ball bearings, roller bearings, ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings, and tapered roller bearings. It provides examples of applications for different gear and bearing types.
The document discusses vibration monitoring techniques for detecting rolling element bearing failures. It describes the different frequency regions of vibrations produced by bearings, including the rotor vibration region, prime spike region, and high frequency region. It then explains different transducer systems that can be used, including REBAM probes that directly measure bearing vibrations and casing vibration measurements. The key conclusions are that rotor vibration and prime spike measurements from permanent probes or casing sensors are the primary techniques for monitoring bearings and determining when replacement is needed, while high frequency measurements can provide early failure indications but require closer monitoring due to changing readings.
A bearing is a device that supports load and reduces friction between moving parts. There are two main types: plain/slider bearings and rolling/anti-friction bearings. Rolling bearings use balls or rollers to create separation between surfaces and are more commonly used. Common bearing materials include metals, alloys, and some non-metals. Bearings must be properly selected, mounted, lubricated, and maintained to maximize their lifespan and prevent premature failure.
Trailing arm suspension uses an arm parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal axis to connect the wheel to the frame. A semi-trailing arm makes an angle with this axis. Trailing arms provide a rigid connection to the wheel with no camber change. A semi-trailing arm allows adjustment of roll center height and camber curve. Different bushing materials can be used, like Delrin nylon or POM, which provide durability and smooth movement while withstanding wear.
Suspension system - CSVTU Automobile Engg.ManishRKSahu
This document provides an overview of automobile suspension systems. It discusses the objectives of a suspension system which include maximizing tire contact with the road, providing steering stability and handling, and evenly supporting the vehicle's weight. It then describes the basic components of a suspension system including springs, dampers, control arms, and ball joints. Finally, it discusses different types of suspension systems like rigid suspensions, independent suspensions, and air suspensions. It provides details on leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars, and shock absorbers.
This document discusses wheel and tyre service, repair, and overhaul. It begins by introducing tyres and rims, describing their basic functions and components. It then discusses different types of tyres and their nomenclature systems. The document outlines the tyre construction process and different tread designs. It covers inspection and maintenance practices like checking inflation pressure and wear indicators. Finally, it briefly explains tyre rotation, wheel balancing, and bearing maintenance procedures.
Este documento presenta una introducción al plugin Sketch and Toon de CINEMA 4D. Explica que Sketch and Toon genera imágenes no fotorrealistas simulando técnicas de dibujo a mano como lápiz o acuarela. Incluye un tutorial rápido mostrando cómo aplicar diferentes estilos de renderizado a objetos mediante materiales y shaders de Sketch and Toon.
Dynamic ergonomics provides a more comprehensive evaluation of the man-machine interface than traditional static ergonomics. It analyzes user movements, postures, and stress levels during real interactions rather than with static dummies. This allows automakers to better optimize safety, comfort and usability. Dynamic ergonomics software captures over 230 data points on user motions, accessibility, visibility and stress to identify issues not found through static analysis alone. It also facilitates direct comparison to competitors' models for benchmarking throughout the design process. The quantitative results support evidence-based design improvements focused on the actual human experience.
Wheel alignment settings like camber, caster, and toe are important for vehicle performance and tire wear. Camber refers to the tilt of the wheel - positive camber improves stability while negative camber is better for cornering. Caster helps the vehicle steer in a straight line. Toe alignment involves pointing the wheels slightly inward (toe-in) or outward (toe-out), which affects steering and tire wear. These settings need periodic adjustment and depend on the vehicle type and intended use.
This document provides information about the steering system of an automobile. It discusses various components and angles of the steering system including camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe-in/toe-out. It describes the functions of these components such as maintaining stability and returning the wheels to straight ahead position after a turn. The document is a report submitted by engineering students for their subject on automobile engineering focusing on the steering system.
Towards Standards in City Logistcs in City Logistcs - DHL Marcelo Felipozzi
DHL Express is expanding their use of bicycles for last-mile deliveries across Europe. They have over 80 bike routes in 50+ cities across 11 countries. DHL presented on their efforts to standardize containers, vehicles, and processes for city logistics to improve efficiency. This includes developing standardized containers that can be used on bicycles, tricycles, and other electric vehicles. They are testing a prototype electric bicycle with a detachable cargo box that meets standardized dimensions. DHL hopes that establishing standards will help tackle complexity and allow greater flexibility, security, and scale within city logistics operations.
Home Delivery: Impact and opportunities for City LogistcsMarcelo Felipozzi
Susanne Balm presented on home delivery and opportunities for city logistics. She discussed (1) Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences' focus on practical research addressing real-life challenges through collaboration with academics and professionals, (2) the increasing demand for home delivery and its environmental impacts depending on the logistics concept, and (3) growth markets for cycle logistics in home delivery of food, goods for the elderly, consumer to consumer exchanges, and construction materials.
El documento describe las herramientas básicas de un programa de diseño gráfico, incluyendo herramientas para seleccionar, dibujar líneas, formas geométricas como rectángulos y círculos, arcos, escalar, borrar, medir, colorear, empujar/jalar, mover, rotar, crear elementos equidistantes, orbitar y desplazar la cámara. Cada herramienta se describe brevemente en una o dos oraciones.
Este documento presenta los proyectos y habilidades de diseño de Ana Cristina Dorantes, una diseñadora industrial mexicana. Incluye diseños de productos como vasos de tequila comestibles, bolsas de moda y muebles, así como habilidades en modelado 3D, renderizado y sketching. También incluye información de contacto para Dorantes.
New Product Development Life Cycle Of Tata NanoSandip Kadam
Tata Nano was developed as an affordable, safe, all-weather 4-wheeled vehicle for families in India. It was designed to cost around Rs. 1 lakh, meet safety and emission standards, and be more fuel efficient than a 2-wheeler. Extensive market research and testing was conducted over 4 years to develop the prototype. The production facility was located in Gujarat with extensive supplier collaboration. The Nano launched with an annual production target of 500,000 vehicles by providing the emotional appeal of car ownership at an affordable price point.
The document summarizes the components and functions of an automobile steering system. It describes the key parts that transfer motion from the steering wheel to the front wheels, including the steering column, gearbox, linkage, and rack-and-pinion assembly. It also explains the purposes of the steering system to control direction, maintain effort levels, absorb shocks, and allow for suspension movement, while highlighting common steering system types like recirculating ball, rack-and-pinion, and hydraulic power steering.
Human factors and ergonomics (HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them.
The field has seen contributions from numerous disciplines, such as psychology, engineering, bio-mechanics, industrial design, physiology, and anthropometry. In essence, it is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body and its cognitive abilities. The two terms "human factors" and "ergonomics" are essentially synonymous
New product devlopment process of TATA NANOMehul Rasadiya
1) Tata Motors developed the Tata Nano car to provide affordable transportation for low-income families in India who could not afford cars but traveled by scooter.
2) The concept was developed through customer interviews and market testing potential designs. A small four-wheeled car was selected that met safety and regulatory requirements.
3) A business analysis showed Tata had advantages as the only company providing the lowest-priced car, with local sourcing of parts reducing supplier bargaining power and few substitutes available.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes. It contributes to the vehicle's handling and braking while also protecting the vehicle and passengers from damage caused by bumps and vibrations in the road. The basic components of a suspension system include control arms, ball joints, springs, shock absorbers, and other linkages which work together to support the vehicle's weight and allow for steering and a smooth ride. Modern systems often use coil springs and shock absorbers in independent designs for each wheel.
This document defines key terms related to vehicle suspension and chassis systems. It provides abbreviations and related concepts for terms like Ackerman, aerodynamic load, alignment, anti-roll bar, anti-dive, anti-lift, anti-squat, axle ratio, backspacing, balance, ball joint, and others. Definitions are concise and focus on the essential meaning and applications of each term as it relates to vehicle design and performance.
Bearing Description about basic, types, failure causesPankaj
This document discusses different types of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a device that allows constrained relative motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. It then classifies bearings based on the motions they allow and their principle of operation. The document goes on to describe various types of bearings in detail, including ball bearings, roller bearings, thrust bearings, tapered roller bearings, and cylindrical roller bearings. It provides information on the characteristics, advantages, applications, and physical features of each bearing type.
This document discusses bearings and lubrication. It describes the main functions of bearings as supporting rotating shafts to transmit power and reduce friction. There are two main types of bearings: rolling contact bearings, which transfer load through rolling elements like balls and rollers; and journal or sleeve bearings, which transfer load through a thin film of lubricant. Key considerations in bearing selection include life, speed, load type, and accuracy requirements. Common bearing types are described like ball, roller, tapered, and thrust bearings. Proper lubrication and factors like bearing load and speed determine bearing life.
This document provides information on rolling stock components and defects. It discusses wheels, suspension systems, and vehicle bodies. Specific wheel defects like thin flanges, worn roots, and flat tires are described. Suspension systems use springs, and defects in laminated and helical springs are covered. Buffers and their defects causing eccentric buffing forces are also summarized. The document provides details on maintenance limits and rejection criteria for various rolling stock components.
This document provides information on rolling stock components and defects. It discusses wheels, suspension systems, and vehicle bodies. Specific wheel defects like thin flanges, worn roots, and flat tires are described. Suspension systems use springs, and defects in laminated and helical springs are covered. The document also discusses wheel-axle measurements and tolerances. Buffers and their defects that can cause eccentric buffing forces are explained. Finally, the document briefly introduces bogies and the four main types used for goods stock.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while also providing a comfortable ride by isolating the vehicle from road bumps and noise. An effective suspension balances these goals. Most modern vehicles use independent front and rear suspension systems with springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to enable each wheel to move independently without affecting the others, improving both ride and handling. The suspension aims to separate the energy of vertical wheel movements from the vehicle body.
The document discusses various components and types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut suspensions. For each type it provides the advantages and disadvantages. It explains key suspension terminology like camber, caster, roll center, and discusses how suspension serves to isolate passengers from road vibrations while improving vehicle control and mobility.
The document discusses various components and types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut suspensions. For each type it provides the advantages and disadvantages. It explains key suspension terminology like camber, caster, roll center, and discusses how suspension serves to isolate passengers from vibration and shocks while improving vehicle control and mobility.
Basic Bearing Technology document provides an overview of bearing fundamentals:
- Friction occurs between two contact surfaces and generates heat, excessive torque, wear and tear. There are two types of friction - sliding and rolling.
- A rolling bearing uses rolling elements like balls or rollers to reduce friction and support loads. It has lower friction than plain bearings.
- Bearing components include an inner ring, outer ring, rolling elements, and a cage. The cage holds the rolling elements and provides space for lubrication.
- Bearings can experience radial, axial or combined loads. Internal clearance is maintained to account for fits, tolerances and thermal expansion. The load zone is the area where load
Do you know about Cylindrical Roller Bearings?SKP Bearings
There are numerous kinds of Cylindrical Roller Bearing available in India and global marketplace. Here, Here, we share some essential points about the cylindrical roller bearings and their characteristics.
The document discusses vehicle suspension systems. It defines suspension as the system that connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, dampers, and linkages. Suspension serves two purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while keeping occupants comfortable by isolating them from road bumps and noise. The goals of handling and comfort must be balanced in suspension tuning. Modern suspensions are mostly independent, with each wheel able to move independently. Key suspension components include springs, dampers, control arms, ball joints, and other linkages. Suspension design focuses on providing a smooth ride while maintaining steering and handling control.
NAGARAJ GONI PRESENTATION ABOUT AUTO SUSPENTION.nagaraj goni
The document discusses vehicle suspension components and geometry. It introduces common suspension types like solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut. It defines key suspension terminology like sprung mass, bump, roll, pitch, camber, and toe. It also compares advantages and disadvantages of different suspension designs and how their geometry can be tuned or adjusted.
Elements of machine design list of different types of bearing used in bikes a...NameshKorke
This document discusses the different types of bearings used in bikes. It provides specifications for bearings, including size, load capacity, speed rating, seals, and shields. The main types are described as ball bearings, tapered roller bearings, needle roller bearings, and cylindrical roller bearings. Plain bearings and rolling-element bearings are also overviewed. Factors that affect bearing selection include load capacity, speed requirements, operating temperature, maintenance, handling, application type, environmental conditions, and cost. Examples of common bike bearings are also provided.
The document discusses different types of bearings. There are two main types - friction bearings and anti-friction bearings. Friction bearings have minimum direct contact between the shaft and bearing and include journal, bush, liner, tilting pad, and thrust bearings. Anti-friction bearings maximize contact between the shaft and bearing using rolling elements, and include roller bearings and ball bearings. The document provides details on the construction and applications of common varieties of these bearings like tapered roller, deep groove, and angular contact ball bearings.
The document provides information on Osborn apron feeders, including their types, widths, capacities, and lengths. It describes the key components of apron feeders such as the frame, flights, rollers, drives, and chains. It emphasizes the importance of hopper design for efficient feeding onto the apron feeder. The document includes an application data sheet to collect information needed for properly sizing an apron feeder.
This document discusses anti-friction bearings used in machine tool design. It defines bearings and their purpose of allowing relative motion with minimal friction. It describes the broad classifications and types of ball and roller bearings, including deep groove ball bearings, self-aligning bearings, thrust ball bearings, angular contact ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, needle roller bearings, and tapered roller bearings. It discusses bearing requirements, types, dimensions, load capacities, lives, calculations, mounting, lubrication, and failure causes. It also covers spindle bearing arrangements and rigidity calculations.
This document provides information on selecting wheels and bearings for caster applications. It discusses various wheel and bearing types including sealed precision ball bearings, annular ball bearings, flanged ball bearings, caged roller bearings, roller bearings, precision tapered roller bearings, Delrin bearings, plastic sleeve bearings, Oilite bearings, and plain bore wheels. Key factors that affect wheel selection are the load capacity, floor conditions, usage, and other application specifics. The bearings are listed from easiest to hardest to maintain based on their rolling ease and lubrication needs.
Koyo bearings can maximize productivity, whether you're moving mountains or making microchips learn to (do) why you really need koyo bearing like a professional.
1. The document is a presentation on antifriction bearings presented by students at Government Polytechnic Hosadurga.
2. It discusses the basic components and functions of antifriction bearings including reducing friction, carrying loads, and guiding parts.
3. Specific bearing types are examined like journal ball bearings, cylindrical bearings, needle bearings, footstep bearings, and their components and uses are described.
I want this job to utilize the skills which I've gotten from my Boss, colleague and others. I will utilize this knowledge for the success of you and for my personal success. I will prove myself by my job.
-MegaRoller Product Presentation- Part 12Bruce Harris
Megaroller is a leading manufacturer of conveyor rollers established in South Africa in the 1980s. It has factories in South Africa, Australia, and Chile that produce up to 30,000 rollers per month. Megaroller offers various roller types including standard, anti-seize, anti-run-back, HDPE, hybrid steel, and impact/rubber disc return rollers. The rollers are designed to be durable, reduce maintenance costs, and extend bearing life through patented sealing arrangements and bearing housing designs.
Similar to Ergonomic Casters & Wheels - Caster Connection (20)
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
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1. Phone: 1-800-544-8978 Caster Connection, Inc. Fax: 1-888-852-7202
Ergonomic Casters and Wheels
www.casterconnection.com
Why They Matter
2. THE RIGHT CASTERS AND WHEELS CAN
PREVENT INJURIES
2
www.casterconnection.com
Required push/pull force is the most important component
of ergonomic performance regarding the manual moving of
carts with casters.
The weight load of the cart (and its cargo) being moved is
important, however the casters and wheels the cart is being
moved upon play a key role in the ease with which the cart is
moved.
3. 3
PUSH RATHER THAN PULL
Pushing a cart is preferable to pulling because:
• Workers moving the cart don’t put themselves at risk for being run into
or their feet being run over by the rolling cart
• The path of movement is more visible while pushing facing forward
versus occasionally turning around while pulling
• Pulling puts the shoulders and back in an awkward position
• Force is generated more easily with pushing than it is with pulling
4. ERGONOMICS’ FINANCIAL IMPACT
4
• Quality of Output
• Health & Safety
• Productivity
are affected financially when there’s a poor combination
of
• Tools
• People
• Work
• The reduction of unnecessary and/or awkward
movements reduces the time and effort necessary to
complete a task
5. 5
WHEELS’ ROLE IN ERGONOMICS
• Wheel Composition
• The resiliency of the wheel is an important factor in
determining how the wheel performs when rolling over
physical barriers such as thresholds or debris.
• Softer (lower durometer) wheels to some extent conform to the
shape of the object(s) that they roll over, meaning debris and
barriers do not typically cause damage to softer wheels.
• Wheels that have the proper durometer and resiliency reject
embedding of debris and flat-spotting. Embedding typically
occurs in hard, non-resilient wheels and can cause floor damage,
added rolling resistance, increase noise and vibration.
• Harder wheels typically roll easier than soft wheels. When
using hard wheels, one must consider the likelihood of the wheels
encountering debris and the floor type.
6. 6
WHEELS’ ROLE IN ERGONOMICS (CONT.)
• Wheel Diameter
• The larger the diameter of a wheel, the lower the
rolling resistance will be. While this is an important factor,
it is frequently overlooked.
• The more uneven or coarse a floor is, the larger the
wheel’s diameter should be. Rough floor conditions may
include thresholds, debris, grates, etc.
7. The CC Apex wheel was developed after a major automotive manufacturer
approached Caster Connection looking for a solution to the problems they faced in
their tow line applications.
Those problems included:
• Push/Pull Ergonomics
• Debris Retention
• Increasing Weight Requirements
The CC Apex ’s high quality polyurethane
• Dramatically reduced push/pull force requirements with its incredible rebound
and resiliency
• Eliminated all debris retention in the wheel, thus maintaining easy
maneuverability and protecting the flooring
• Provided the necessary load capacities for the increasing weight in the
customer’s applications
7
A WHEEL THAT MEETS ERGONOMIC NEEDS
8. Type of Raceway
• Traditional Kingpin Swivel Caster
• Composed of an upper and lower ball race held
together with a nut and bolt or riveted kingpin
• Kingpinless Swivel Caster
• Composed of a forged inner and outer race that are
held together by the ball bearings
• Maintenance-Free Swivel Caster
• Composed of a sealed precision-ball or other
sealed- ball raceway
8
RIG/FORK ROLE IN ERGONOMICS
9. 9
RIG/FORK ROLE IN ERGONOMICS (CONT)
Type of Raceway
• Traditional Kingpin Swivel Caster
• Load is concentrated on the kingpin, ball bearings
float freely in raceway, causing spikes in push/pull
• Kingpinless Swivel Caster
• Load is concentrated on the ball bearings, ball
bearings float freely in raceway, causing some spikes
in push/pull
• Maintenance-Free Swivel Caster
• Load is concentrated on primary thrust bearing, which
has seated ball bearings, and the secondary load
bearing; this allows for even dispersion of load
reducing push/pull
10. 10
RIG/FORK ROLE IN ERGONOMICS (CONT)
Length of the Swivel Lead
• Swivel Lead
• The distance from the axle hole to the center of the
swivel raceway
• Standard Lead
• Like it’s name implies, the standard lead is the most
common variation in caster forks - this length varies
with the diameter of the caster
• Extended Lead
• Longer swivel lead than the traditional standard lead
11. 11
RIG/FORK ROLE IN ERGONOMICS (CONT)
By increasing the length of the Swivel Lead
• Chatter/Flutter is reduced in towing
applications, in addition to
• Reducing noise
• Prolonging the life of the product as
unnecessary stress is eliminated
• Required push/pull force is reduced
• By extending the lead, the caster naturally
settles into the trailing position
• Due to the caster rotating much more easily
and freely
12. The CC Peak Maintenance-Free Swivel Caster is designed to meet the
demanding requirements of manufacturing environments.
Those requirements include
• Push/Pull Ergonomics
• Durability – Stands up to abuse
• No maintenance required
The CC Peak ’s Robust Ergonomic Design
• Dramatically reduces push/pull force requirements with its precise
raceway and extended lead
• Stands the test of time and abuse with the thick forged steel
legs/raceway
• Requires no maintenance with the sealed raceway and lifelong
grease
12
A CASTER THAT MEETS ERGONOMIC NEEDS
Caster Featuring CC Apex
wheel w/ CC Peak rig
13. NEXT STEP: CONTACT US!
Contact us today for solutions to your caster, wheel and
hand truck needs.
Our expert sales staff and product availability will ensure that
you implement the proper product the 1st time.
Still want more info? Check us out via these sources:
13
www.casterconnection.com
sales@casterconnection.com