Case Study Of Investment Objectives Of SWF

Case Study Of Investment Objectives Of SWF
Investment Objectives of SWF As scrutiny increase around SWF over heavy losses incurred during
the global financial crisis, many SWF has since reviewed their existing investment practices. This
section would examine the different type of SWFs approach to their investment objectives.
(Christopher & Yao, 2011) Sovereign wealth fund behavior, returns, and allocation appear to
resemble large international institutional investors. (Kunzel, Lu, Petrova, & Jukka, 2011) SWFs are
typically categorized as stabilization funds, savings funds, pension reserve funds, or reserve
investment corporations. SWF investment objectives and behavior differs with each SWF (Chopra,
2013). For instance reserve investment corporation consider the possible consequences of balance of
payment risks and will want to hold a position of its portfolio in liquid assets. In ... Show more
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The author considered a case when only a single risky asset is available for investment and only one
variable has predictive power over the risky asset return. For the risky asset, he considered a long–
term US Government bond portfolio and a portfolio of US stocks. To compute the returns he
employed a one–month Treasury bill rate of 4.32%. In his findings, he concluded that under return
predictability the risk–return characteristics of each risky asset can either improve or worsen with
the investment horizon. (Francis, Sangbae, & Ramazan, 2011) analysed using Fama–French
portfolios show that as the investment horizon increases, the optimal mean allocation of investors
tilts heavily away from growth stocks particularly for lower and moderate levels of risk aversion.
This result implies that value stocks are less risky than growth stocks at long horizons. In the study,
the authors using the Wavelet approach concluded that investors may have different investment
horizons due to their different patterns of
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Analyst Case Study : Oaktree Capital Group And Apollo...
Analyst Case Study
Investment Thesis
Oaktree Capital Group and Apollo Global Management are large players in the alternative asset
management space that both offer attractive investment strategies. Apollo has a broader scale and
scope than Oaktree, and offers a wider range of private equity products. While these features may be
more attractive to investors, both firms offer unique investment strategies in the distressed
investments space. Thus, either firm may offer a private equity product that best suits the client's
portfolio allocation criteria.
Industry Overview
Oaktree Capital Group and Apollo Global Management are two large publicly–traded U.S.
alternative asset managers. Other large players in the space include Blackstone, the Carlyle Group,
and Ares Management. Favorable market conditions in the U.S. have created a good environment
for harvesting, and despite increasingly elevated market levels, alternative managers have continued
to deploy capital. Given these market conditions, LPs have shifted their focus to GPs that are
currently raising large amounts of capital, rather than firms with large amounts of dry powder to
invest.
On a weighted basis, private equity firms were invested in sectors that appreciated 4.5% in 3Q
compared to 4.3% by S&P 500. Private equity firms are broadly overweight energy, consumer, and
healthcare sectors, while underweight financials and communications sectors compared to the S&P
500. Strong energy returns this quarter have led to

The Argentine Debt Restructuring Of Argentina
The Argentine debt restructuring is a process of debt restructuring by Argentina which began on
January 14, 2005, and allowed it to resume payment on the majority of the USD 82 billion in
sovereign bonds that defaulted in 2002 at the depth of the worst economic crisis in the nation 's
history. A second debt restructuring in 2010 brought the percentage of bonds, out of default, to 93%,
though ongoing disputes with holdouts remained. Bondholders who participated in the restructuring,
accepted repayments of around 30% of face value and deferred payment terms, and began to be paid
punctually; the value of their bonds also began to rise.The remaining 7% of bondholders later won
the right to be repaid in full.
As part of the restructuring process, Argentina drafted agreements in which repayments would be
handled through a New York corporation and governed by United States law. The holdout
bondholders found themselves unable to seize Argentine sovereign assets in settlement, but realized
that Argentina had omitted to provide for holdout situations and had instead deemed all bonds
repayable on pari passu (equal) terms that prevented preferential treatment among bondholders. The
holdout bondholders therefore sought, and won, an injunction in 2012 that prohibited Argentina
from re–paying the 93% of bonds that had been renegotiated, unless they simultaneously paid the
7% holdouts their full amount due as well.
Together with the agreement 's Rights Upon Future Offers ("RUFO") clause,

Taxation and the High Net Worth Individual
1. High net worth individuals have access to the full range of investment options. There are different
definitions of high net worth individual, and a common one is having $1 million in investable assets
(Capgemini, 2012). The Securities Exchange Commission sets the bar at $2 million. The concept of
the high net worth individual is tied to the idea of the accredited investor, which is an investor who
is able to handle the potential losses stemming from more sophisticated investment products.
This is not to say that high net worth individuals do not own conventional investments. Most of their
portfolio will consist of conventional investments, such as stocks, bonds, Treasuries or mutual
funds. High net worth asset management makes extensive use of all conventional investments; the
key difference is that other investment types are also available to high net worth individuals. One
example is the hedge fund, which is similar to a mutual fund but with unconventional outlooks and
investments. As a result, hedge funds can be contrarian, or they can lack diversification. There is
less transparency with hedge funds as well. Generally, hedge funds have high buy–ins as well,
making them well suited as a component in the portfolio of high net worth investors.
There are other instruments that are common as well. These include real estate, or even REITs, and
derivatives. Many high net worth investors will utilize derivatives like puts or calls or sophisticated
derivative strategies in

The Pros And Cons Of Sovereign Wealth Funds
Sovereign Wealth Funds was a topic that was briefly covered in one of my macroeconomics courses.
These funds are essentially investment pools that are primarily owned by the governments versus a
private investor. The governments invest in bonds, companies, and real estate, to name a few in
countries such as the Unites States, Asia, China, India, and Russia. These funds make up a large
share and are growing portion of the global economy. Furthermore, the size has had an impact
international trade which has deemed this a controversial investment. In the late 2000's, the US
encountered an unforgettable financial crisis which was caused by low interest rates and sky high
real estate prices. This enticed not only those within the US to purchase

Essay on Michele Foucault Biopower
Michel Foucault wrote a book called History of Sexuality. In Part five of the book Right of Death
and Power over Life, he discusses about the historical "Sovereign Power" where one is allowed to
decide who has the right to live and who has the right to die. The sovereign uses his power over life
through the deaths that he can command and uses his authority to announce death by the lives he can
spare. Foucault then moves on to Disciplinary Power where he came up with the "Panopticon"
where one is to believe they were under surveillance at all times. Such surveillance is still used in
our everyday life such as schools, prisons, offices, hospitals, and mental institutes. Later in his life,
Foucault discovered Bio–power. This bio–power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is where the regulatory controls such as bio–politics of the population take place. Foucault
describes how this "bio–power" has been influential to the rise and growth of capitalism. He was
adamant that the triumph of this economic structure "would not have been possible without the
controlled insertion of bodies into the machinery of production and the adjustment of the
phenomena of population to economic processes". (Foucault, p. 141) Since capitalism demands
growth, such as establishment of new companies and the production of merchandises, "it had to
have methods of power capable of optimizing forces, aptitudes, and life in general without at the
same time making them more difficult to govern." The life of humans was seen to be a significant
element to politics and history. How a person lived developed into an item of authority and
knowledge and needed to be synchronized, understood, and managed. The rules and regulations
turned out to be less concerned towards threatening and making judgment, but became more
concerned in stabilizing and making the conditions of life more effective. The new power that took
control over their lives means that they were over controlled by the politics.
In Lazzarato's article,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiis
Foreign institutional investors (FIIs)
FIIs are those institutions who invest in the assets which belongs to a country other than the country
they are based in. These investors play a crucial role in Indian economy. They consists of big
companies such as investment banks and mutual funds, who invest huge amount of money in the
Indian markets. They have a strong influence on the total cash that flows into the economy.
India, offers immense growth potential and thus is emerging as favorite investment destinations for
many FIIs. According to global fund managers, Indian bonds are likely to outperform in the
medium–term because of which FIIs are gradually increasing their investments in India.
According to a poll conducted by Bank of America Merrill Lynch, India was considered to be the
most preferred equity market for the global investors for the year 2015 at 43 per cent, followed by
China at 26 per cent. According to them, India ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indian companies received deals worth US$ 3.4 billion in the month of February, which is an
increase of 40% in volumes and close to 36% in deal value when compared to the same period last
year.
FII investments
In India, Limited partners (LPs) say they are increasing their allocations because of increased
opportunities in the country to invest in for example e–commerce and technology companies
Private equity firm Carlyle Group acquired 49% stake in Punjab National Bank Housing Finance
from DEPL. It was valued at nearly US$ 500 mn
The broadcast business of MAA TV Network Ltd was acquired by STAR India
Actis Llp, a global PE fund, committed US$ 230 million to create Ostro Energy, an Indian
renewable energy platform
Idria, an affiliate of Creador II LLC, invested Rs 135 cr in PC Jeweller. This is the 15th investment
(sixth in India) for Creador
Infosys announced buying Panaya, which provides automation technology, in a deal of US$ 200

The European Private Equity And Venture Capital Association
The European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (EVCA) released its report on the
investment, divestment and fundraising activity in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) region
last year at the end of last week. The report shows that 2014 was a robust year for the region, while
some differences in private equity and venture capital investment remained in the region.
Investment in the Region
The Central and Eastern Europe Statistics 2014 report found that capital investment by funds
increased in the region by 66%. Total investment from funds in the region stood at €1.3 billion in
2014. This is a good achievement, especially in the light of the whole of Europe, which only
managed to grow investment by 14%.
Furthermore, CEE was able to increase its share of investment. While the region received 2.2% of
the total European private equity investment in 2013, last year the region attracted 3.2% of total
investment. This was mainly influenced by two very large CEE buyout transactions. Together these
two deals accounted for nearly 40%, or €520 million, of the total investment value in the region.
The specific regions that attracted the most private equity investments were Serbia and the Czech
Republic. Serbia accounted for nearly 25% of total investment value, while the Czech Republic
received around 23% of the regional total. These two countries were closely followed by Poland and
Hungary, with the four countries accounting for 80% of all private equity

Essay about Euro Crisis
EUROZONE CRISIS
The Eurozone in 2012
EUROZONE CRISIS: Eurozone fracture in 2012
This paper outlines a plausible scenario in which the Eurozone fractures in 2012. Events are unlikely
to follow the path precisely as described, given the complexity of the problem and the number of
variables which are continually changing. That said, we feel 2012 is unlikely to end with all the
current members still being part of the Eurozone. Mapping a 'break–up' scenario should help readers
understand how fragmentation could occur and therefore assist businesses' contingency planning. To
this end the paper highlights some key events and when they are due to take place. It also identifies
some key indicators to monitor which are likely to dictate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the second quarter, Italy suspends its debt repayments following the collapse of the Monti
administration and differences with the IMF and other
Eurozone leaders.
The ECB is likely to increase liquidity provision and work with Eurozone governments to protect
their banking sectors. However, Eurozone leaders remain unable to agree crucial policies in time to
stem the contagion from Greek and Italian sovereign non–payments. Portugal and Spain, unable to
access emergency bailout funding and with no recourse to private investors, suspend their debt
repayments and also announce their intention to leave the Eurozone.
From early 2013 onwards, politics in Europe becomes more polarised and nationalistic. Those
nations withdrawing from the Eurozone impose protectionist measures, in part to limit the loss of
their foreign reserves. Amidst much acrimony, the EU begins the process of scaling back to a free
trade agreement.
10 January 2012 | PAGE 1
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EUROZONE CRISIS: Eurozone fracture in 2012
DETAILED ANALYSIS
Key indicators in 2012:
Alarming Signs:
1. The failure of the PIIGS to get their debt auctions away in full to private buyers at sustainable
interest rates
(e.g. < 5%).
2. Ratings downgrades for the French government and the EFSF, increasing investor scepticism that
the

Christopher Columbus Research Paper
Why would a monarch from one country be interested in hiring an explorer from a foreign country
to achieve a mission of significant importance?
Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), born of Genoa, Italy, was raised among his merchant parents.
As a teenager he began to get jobs on trading voyages in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One of
the voyages he took part in to the island of Khios, in modern day Greece, took him the closest he
would ever get to Asia. In the 1470s he would sail out into to the Atlantic Ocean where the
commercial fleet he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers off the coast of Portugal.
With the boat burning and sinking, Columbus was able to swim to shore floating on a piece of
wood. He traveled to "Lisbon, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His first audience with the presented a tempting offer to possibly spread Catholicism (Columbus
was a devout Catholic) and compensate for the expensive war against Muslims still yet to be pushed
out of Granada and Spain's recent exclusion by treaty of the West Africa which its foreign neighbor,
Portugal, greatly profited from the Gold Coast's trade. The skeptical monarchs relayed the plan to a
committee knowledgeable of navigation, cartography, and the size of the Earth that calculated
actually accurately the distance as too vast to expect the ships of the time to ever reach land.
Although the commission, not convinced with their own calculations, influenced the decision of the
monarchs and declined his project, Columbus had successfully interested Isabella and Ferdinand.
Around 1487, Columbus had begun living in Cordoba most likely to be closer to the courts and
because of his romantic relationship with Beatriz Enriquez de Harana, the mother of his soon be son
named Hernando. Continuously lobbying the courts receiving annuity from the Spanish crown, the
determined entrepreneur finally gained another hearing in 1491 where he proposed his project and
again it was rejected. Still needing a sponsor for his voyage, Columbus made plans to travel up
toward France

Rez Life David Treuer Analysis
In the book Rez Life, by David Treuer, it delves into the impact of gambling on life on Indian
reservations. From the lengthy trial cases that led to sovereignty and gambling rights for Indians, to
the economical and social ups and downs of the industry, one reigns supreme. And that is gambling's
effect on Cultural preservation. The Indian Gaming Industry helped the Indian economy but in
return, it took their culture.
Before diving into the core of the Indian gambling industry, " One question people always ask is:
why do Indians get to have casinos and we don't" (221)? The events all lead back to when Helen
Bryan, a Leech Lake Ojibwe, received a tax on her mobile home. Not able to pay the tax, she
contacted legal services for help, making a point that her home was on Indian Land. She had filed a
suit against the state and Itasca County pursuing relief and prevention of them taxing Indians on
tribal lands. Judge Murphy declared that while they had once been a sovereign nation, they had
since been citizens of Minnesota and therefore had the rights to be taxed.
With the help of the Native American Rights Fund (NARF), Bryan appealed and was granted
judicial review by the Supreme Court. After lengthy arguments, Justice William J. ... Show more
It had also reduced dependence from the states. The list above sounds great but with gambling
comes it's problems, and Indians are no exception. Gambling abuse and addiction are two issues that
are usually brought up in the bunch along with auto thefts, larceny, crime, and bankruptcy of
counties. And since most participants of these Casinos are Natives themselves, this could lead to the
inability to pay bills, provide proper childcare, and a poor economical standpoint in

Papua New Guinea ( Png ) : The Quest For Development
Papua New Guinea (PNG) – the quest for development
Economic growth is supposed to distribute the prosperity to all people across a country. The higher
economic growth means more income to pursue a better life. Economic growth is the precondition
for improving the development. No sustained economic development can occur without economic
growth (Perkins et al. 2012, p 14). As a result, maintaining the sustainability of growth is crucial to
sustain economic development, for example improvements in health, education, and other aspects of
human welfare. However, creating the sustainable economic growth is a challenge for a natural
resource dependent nation. This is because a resource curse term points out to a country that relies
on natural resources faces sluggish economic growth (Sachs & Warner, 2001). The resource curse
also refers to a negative correlation between development of a country and its natural resources
abundance. Thus, it is hard to improve the economic development when the countries experience the
natural resource curse.
Being a natural resource dependent country threats its economic growth sustainability, and then will
deteriorate the economic development. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is one of countries that rely on
natural resources which is reflected on World Development Index data whereas PNG had 30.2%
total natural resources rents of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2012 (World Bank, 2014).
However, over the two past decades PNG has experienced unstable

Foreign Investment As A Major Factor
It can be seen from this that the literature is not wholly consistent on aspects of foreign investment
in London property. This may reflect certain levels of self interest. However, all see foreign
investment as a major factor.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Outward Direct Investment (ODI) and Off Shore
"The last fifteen years have seen an enormous growth of activity by multinational corporations, as
measured by flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). FDI has grown much faster than either trade
or income; whereas worldwide nominal GDP increased at a rate of 7.2 per cent per year between
1985 and 1997 and worldwide imports at 9.2 per cent, worldwide nominal inflows of FDI increased
at 17.6 per cent." (Shatz & Venables, 2000, p. 125)
Although dated, the quote makes a valid point. FDI as a figure exceeds many other global financial
indicators. Gallagher (2012) agrees and states that cross–border capital flows have increased so
greatly that international asset positions now outstrip global economic output. As a capital flow, FDI
concerns the movement of money for the purpose of investment, trade or business production
(Investopedia, 2016). Traditionally, FDI has followed historical political – often colonial – and
social relationships (Haberly & Wójcik, 2014). Historically, emerging and transitioning markets
have been in recipt of FDI from the industrialised advanced economies of the west. However, more
recently, some of these countries

Financial Emergency During The World Economic Forum
Microeconomic Stability: According to the World Economic Forum, Bahrain 's economy is a
standout amongst the most stable. The worldwide financial emergency had an impact on Bahrain 's
economy which came about on moderate economic development amid 2009. As per IMF, the
economy of Bahrain dealt with the financial emergency well. As a consequence of financial
emergency Bahrain encountered a sharp fall in oil costs, a fixing of worldwide capital markets and
decrease in provincial and neighbourhood land markets. Amid the 2010 as indicated by IMF,
Bahrain 's GDP has grown up to 4% in areas such like lodgings, eateries, producing, financial
enterprises, transport, correspondence, and development, wholesale and retail exchange. As
indicated by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Financial Performance of Banks: The execution of a gathering of banks in the Kingdom of Bahrain,
depending generally on their distributed financial articulations and applying certain financial
proportions as a pointer of financial administration and assessing financial execution. Financial
execution of foundations can be influenced by the multifaceted nature of overseeing vast measured
financial exchanges. The influence may be a decent position however productivity may demonstrate
a decrease pattern because of poor administration or because of outer variables. The financial
proportions are readied on the premise of recorded financial proclamations and they are helpful
markers of a company 's present financial execution and current financial circumstance. These
financial proportions can be utilised to dissect current patterns and to contrast the association 's
financial position with those of others. The effect of financial proportions on the financial execution
of Bahraini business and Islamic banks. The financial execution of banks was emphatically and
absolutely affected by their operational proficiency, resource administration and their size.
Notwithstanding, proportions themselves can 't demonstrate the span of the banks, which implies
that banks must be measured by their general financial execution. Discussion In this study, we
likewise look to break down the level of openness in these nations and the degree of their

Private Investments in Human Capital Growth in Asian...
This essay will be explaining that why macroeconomics stability is one of the key success factor that
contributes to the tremendous economic growth in the last forty years of development in asian
countries like singapore, hong kong and south korea. The objective of a government economic
policy is to achieve stability. A volatile business cycle is not ideal to the economy as the rapid
growth of an economy with high demand and inflation will lead to a recession as the long term
inflationary growth will not be sustainable. Macroeconomics stability ensures that the country
minimizes its exposure to external shock and volatility against the global market which will in the
end leading to sustainable economic growth. Some of the safety ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The overall national economic output will increase when the employment rate is high.
When employment rate is high, the wages of the worker increases then leads to a rise in price for
consumer good which causes inflation to increases hence the employment rate has an inverse
relationship to inflation. Singapore has been trying to balance between the inflation and
unemployment rate because when there is a high volatile fluctuation between the employment rate
and inflation, the business cycle span reduces making the economy vulnerable to recession most of
the time. Low and stable inflation is a key factor in long term sustainable growth which will lead to
a steady, healthy and predictable economy hence attracting foreign investors into singapore to set up
business to boost the economy by allowing them to plan for long term strategy.
One of the key factor to manage the inflation rate effectively is through monetary policy. Currency
stability allow investors to develop long term strategy and minimize exchange rate risk. As
Monetary Authority of Singapore(2014) states that adopting the management of exchange rate as it
is ideal in terms of the small economy of singapore where it is easier to manage through direct
intervention within the foreign market. It is seen as an effective mitigation to curb the high inflation
rate for singapore economy
However, having just human capital is not sufficient to sustain

The Banking System Of Banks
Introduction
This essay will evaluate the reforms to the banking system of ability of banks to create money in the
form of bank deposits when they make loans and the problems caused by the way in which money is
created by banks and the effect on debt, house prices, inequality, the environment, the level of
democracy, recessions & crises, jobs & businesses and taxes & public spending.
The advantages and disadvantages of the positive money proposal include the following;
The bank would provide the payment systems such as cheque books, debit cards, internet banking,
and ATMs that allow the customer to use their sovereign money to make payments.
The account holder can easily access their money through ATMs, transfer and check their account
online. Although, banks put limits on the number of transactions and transfers per month.
Banks require account holders maintain a minimum balance in their account and if they do not
maintain the account, they will be fined. However, the banks give a limit of transfer and withdrawal
per month and this poses an inconvenience to the customer who needs to make an emergency
withdrawal that will exceed the number of withdrawals permitted.
The accounts would be interest free, and banks would be able to charge account fees for providing
these services.
Banks offer zero percent period to the account holder this means that they can effectively benefit
from an interest–free loan. The account has to be clear before the zero percent offer ends

Investors’ On-Off Relationship With Emerging Market Debt
Investors' on–off relationship with emerging market debt (EMD) was again on display during much
of 2016: annual performance reached double–digit heights by September, before falling back in the
three days following the US elections. Despite this seesaw pattern of returns, EMD finished the year
as one of the best performing fixed income markets, underscoring the merit of having a strategic
allocation to the asset class. Less obvious is what, if anything, investors can do to reap consistently
more of the gains, and less of the volatility. The reasons for investing in EMD are becoming
increasingly relevant in today's environment. Investors more than ever need income to match
liabilities, and traditional developed market fixed income alone ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All of them can impact significantly the performance and risk profile of EMD assets. Second, the
diversity of the asset class should mean more attendant alpha opportunities for investors, but the
changing nature of the performance drivers make alpha generation less straightforward than it
seems. Finally, the asset class is particularly vulnerable to short–term surprises, as evidenced last
year by November's US elections. We believe EMD differs from traditional developed market fixed
income in several ways (see the chart below), and accommodating for these differences is an
important step when investing in the asset class. Different dynamics Seeking more durable EMD
returns How EMD differs from traditional fixed income How to adapt the investment process
Implementation challenges The composition of the asset class and the underlying return drivers
change more frequently Dynamic asset allocation to adjust to changing regimes Keeping transaction
costs in check Investment universe is more expansive, diverse and complex, with markets and
securities reacting very differently to global forces Actively incorporate complexities into selection
process Understanding, measuring and managing the associated risks Performance is more
vulnerable to event risk Manage drawdown effectively Hedging positions in real time and in a cost–
effective manner Source: BlackRock, February 2017 These differences can have an

Flight Mh 370 Research Paper
On March 8, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight MH 370 disappeared over the South China Sea while
carrying 239 passengers and crew from 14 different nations. The Boeing 777 aircraft vanished
without a distress call 94 minutes after taking off, while making a scheduled flight from Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, to Beijing, China. The reasons why Flight MH 370 disappeared are still a
mystery to this day. It stands as the most expensive search in aviation history, spending $160 million
spanning over 46,000–square miles of ocean. The cause of the disappearance was declared an
accident and the possible crash zone is believed to be somewhere in the Indian ocean, due to the
findings of over 20 objects that have washed ashore on beaches off the coastlines of Africa.

Pension Funds and Pension Crisis
Pension Funds and the Pension Crisis Introduction Pension funds are any plans, funds or schemes
which provide retirement income. These funds are important to shareholders of listed and private
companies and they are particularly important to the stock market which is dominated by large
institutional investors. This essay discusses the idea of pension funds and the pension crises. It
defines the issues of pension funds, talks about the various pensions, categorizes them, and
discusses the pension crisis and its implications to the US in particular and to the world in general.
Pension Funds Pension funds are any plans, funds or schemes which provide retirement income. The
money in them varies from some offering very little making it not worthwhile for their holder to
retires, whilst others pay more than the employee has earned in his lifetime. Examples of the former
are the present–day crisis with Chicago teachers who have found that their pension is giving them as
little as 42,000 per year ((NYT Times (September 19, 2012) Next School Crisis for Chicago:
Pension Fund Is Running Dry). Examples with the latter are the absurd instances of Yonkers, where
policemen in their 40s are retiring on $100,000 pensions (more than their top salaries), or in
California, where payments to Calipers, the biggest state pension fund, soared while financing for
higher education was cut (ibid). The largest 300 pension funds collectively hold about $6 trillion in
assets (Global Investment

Economic And Political Interests Of Oil Exporting Economies
INTRODUCTION
Oil–exporting economies need to save more of their resource windfall, rather than increasing
investment and consumption. They should save the difference between the budgeted and the actual
prices of crude oil for example. This would be a stabilization fund for strategic, economic and
political interests (Kolawole, 2014). This increase in savings would lead to an increase in the
demand for dollar–denominated assets, which ultimately would enable the expansion of the US
current account deficit (Setser, 2007).
The real exchange rate, which is a measure of the price of foreign goods, relative to domestic goods
across different countries, is a critical factor in determining the capital account, along with the
interest rate. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An increase in spending leads to an appreciation of the real exchange rate, as the government is
using external resources to drive up demand for local goods and services. In the event of a resource
windfall, there would often be a currency crisis which would ultimately lead to a shrinking of
money and credit, which could precipitate a recession (Frankel, 2010). There is a direct relationship
between resource windfall, economic growth and a country's exchange rate. In Nigeria for example,
there is an overdependence of the economy on oil revenue. The local currency is pegged to the US
dollar and as such, increases in oil prices have a direct impact on inflation rates. This predisposes the
economy to a mismatch between the volatile revenues and the relative stable spending
commitments, which in turn, means instability of government revenue. This has resulted in the
movement of labour and capital from the agriculture industry into oil and gas.
Government spending is a critical factor in the hypothesis of the Dutch disease and therefore, the
overall effects of resource windfalls on macroeconomic stability and growth are determined by the
nature and quality of the political institutions in place. There should be a transparency of all
payments, which would force governments to be accountable to the rule of law. There should also be
a process to share the "excess" revenue from a resource windfall, which would include saving for
future generations

Reasons For Temple Desecration In Medieval India
Temple desecration is the act raiding and dismantling temples and places of religious worship.
Throughout medieval Indian history leaders, conquers, and other political bodies have destroyed and
plundered temples. The reasons for temple desecration are varied however, the underlying motives
are primarily for political gain. Hindu temples in Indian surved not just as places of worship but a
places that represented and framed the social structures of their given communities. Temples were
commissioned and paid for by local government officials to even the areas rulers. For conquering
powers destroying temples became both statement of power and a way to suppress communities.
These temples were often great sources of wealth and the economic gain lored many leaders. The
stolen riches could fund wars and their own luxuries, or even their own religious structures. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their destruction typically as less to do with religion or more to do with unrooting the control of
past governments. Though instances of temple desecration exist with the motivation of replacing on
religion with another that is often times not the complete end. Especially, the replacing of Hindu
temples that often stored great amounts of material wealth. That wealth could be utilized in by the
plunders in a number a ways, not least of which is funding their own temples, palaces, or wars.
Temples were both made by political forces and local communities as much as they shaped them.
"The main function of the temple as an institution is thus considered to be integration: economically
through the redistribution of accumulated resources, socially through the incorporation of diverse
social groups into one community of worship, and politically through the conferment of ritual
prestige to sovereigns and local elites."(temple pantronage 331). Temple desecration is a pivotal act
of attempting to uproot a community's identity and political

Sierra Leone Essay
It is well known that there is widespread conflict, human rights violations and corruption in Africa.
The international community has failed to act because they are not enabled with financial resources
or the power to force sovereign nations to act in accordance with basic and universal civil rights. As
a result, African citizens are suffering from the actions of the nations around the world and then are
abandoned to help themselves. In East Africa, widespread drought and famine were preventable but
ignored and starvation is wide spread in the region. Sierra Leone continues to fight conflicts after a
civil war over the diamond industry, while children are employed by the government as soldiers. In
Nigeria, already limited access to fresh ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It would also educate the people living through the crisis to inform them of what is going on, the
actions being taken and places to find relief.
The media outlet would have no advertisers or ratings to adhere to, with the singular mission
statement of providing comprehensive coverage of global affairs. The station would be broadcast
and translated to the official languages of all countries in the United Nations. This news organization
would have no political leaning on any topic and the programming would be decided by an editorial
staff who is voted in with a 70% majority by the United Nations in a similar fashion to Supreme
Court Appointments. 7
The lack of media coverage plays an important role in the conflicts and corruption in Sierra Leone.
Both the government and Revolutionary Front are fighting over the diamond resource market at the
expense of civilians. Rape, amputation and child soldiers are common place in Sierra Leone and
with limited news coverage, there has been little action to help protect civilians in the region.
Western, for–profit media resources are wealth motivated and cover stories when they will generate
money from ad sales. The crisis in Kosovo was covered more heavily than the crisis in Sierra Leone
because of a decision from an editor. Sustained coverage is

Singapore As A South East Asian Country Essay
Singapore risk assessment
I. Introduction
Singapore is a South East Asian country. However, unlike other countries in the region, Singapore is
notable for its high standard of living and a modern and efficient economy, similar to a country in
Europe or North America. Singapore is an ideal transition place for Western company seeking to
expand to Asia but lack the practical knowledge and experience operating in the region. This paper
aims to explore the various aspect of the business climate in Singapore and risks that a foreign
company might face when expanding its operation to Singapore.
II. Methodology.
In order to provide a complete and accurate picture of Singapore and the associated risks of doing
business in Singapore, this paper collect data across multiple segments of Singapore. These
segments include the economy, population and business culture in Singapore, financial risks in
Singapore and environmental risks. The quality of data is important and only data from
governmental sources, international institution and respected consulting company are used. The
accompanying appendix is calculated based on these data and aid in exploring and presenting the
business environment in Singapore.
III. Economy of Singapore
1. Overview of Singaporean Economy.
Singapore has a highly developed free–market trade –oriented economy and heavily relies on export
and import. The tiny landmass of the nation means Singapore has little natural resources and small
domestic market. As a

Finc415 Exam 1 Essays
Finance 415
Exam I
Review Questions
Suggestions 1) Read chapters 1 – 5 and review the PPTs we covered in class. 2) Expect 5 or 7 short–
answer questions
General Questions – 1. In class we reviewed three firms in three different countries. The M/S Milad
Nor Company in Afghanistan, Caritex in Bulgaria, and Obod in Montenegro. Each company was
faced with different problems and issues. Please briefly summarize the similarities between the
firms and their individual issues. How do the problems faced by these firms compare to problems
faced by similar firms in more developed countries? 2. Your stock market simulation calls for you to
invest in securities with a significant presence outside the US – debt, equity, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
What are some of the typical causes of these failures in corporate governance?p34
10. Do markets appear to be willing to pay for good governance?p36
Chapter 3
1. Under the gold standard all national governments promised to follow the "rules of the game."
This meant defending a fixed exchange rate. What did this promise imply about a country's money
supply?
2. If a country follows a fixed exchange rate regime, what macroeconomic variables could cause the
fixed exchange rate to be devalued?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of fixed exchange rates?
4. Explain what is meant by the term impossible trinity and why it is true.
5. Fixed exchange rate regimes are sometimes implemented through a currency board (Hong Kong)
or dollarization (Ecuador). What is the difference between the two approaches?
6. High capital mobility is forcing emerging market nations to choose between free–floating regimes
and currency board or dollarization regimes. What are the main outcomes of each of these regimes
from the perspective of emerging market nations?
7. On January 4, 1999, eleven member states of the European Union initiated the European
Monetary Union (EMU) and established a single currency, the euro, which replaced the individual
currencies of participating member states. Describe three of the main ways that the euro affects the
members of the EMU.
8. Why did the fixed exchange rate regime of 1945–1973 eventually fail?
9. How

"A Government Can Run Like a Corporation and Fulfill...
"A government can run like a corporation and fulfill stakeholder expectations." Do you agree? (Use
Singapore as an example.)
Modern day corporations have not just an obligation to its bottom line but they are accountable
towards the stakeholders as well. The accountability is even greater in the context of a country as the
purpose of the government is to serve these stakeholders, mainly its citizens who put them there
through voting power and the businesses which generate economic wealth for the country.
Singapore Incorporated is one of the many names given to the affluent South East Asian state that
runs its country like a profit making entity, driving remarkable growth through virtues of a private
corporation, efficiency and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is due to the poor implementation of the policy like the high pace of the influx as well as the
lack of follow–up strategies to assimilate them into the society. It resulted in the depression of
wages amongst the workforce as well due to the sharp increase in supply over the recent years. If the
policies had been implemented effectively, the corporate trait of hiring and expansion could have
been successful in fulfilling the stakeholders' expectations, not just the businesses' but the citizens'
as well.
There are other steps that the government can take to address stakeholder's concerns without
affecting its profit margins like strengthening communications. Corporations can manage their
stakeholder relationships well by having a pro–active role in conducting dialogue with its
stakeholders. Recently the Singapore government is playing a more active part to engage the people
of Singapore especially through the use of Social Media. The Prime minister, Mr Lee Hsien Long,
created his facebook page as a channel to communicate better to the people as well as hear for them
to air their concerns. There was also the "Ask the PM" exercise conducted on Singapolitics.sg where
questions are sent and the top 10 was chosen by the people for the Prime Minister to address. These
are examples of pro–active stakeholder engagement that can take place even with the country
running like a corporation. It will help the government

Sovereign Wealth Funds: A Case Study
Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) have gained increasing attention because of their investments in
large Western firms and size with assets estimated to be worth $7.32 trillion (Alhashel, 2015;
Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute, 2017). They became a more important player by supporting banks
during the 2008 financial crisis, developing own national economies and investing in critical
industries like transportation and utilities. The government–owned aspect of their investments adds
an extra dimension with interesting questions (Aguilera, Capapé, & Santiso, 2016). The intention of
SWFs to maximize long–term financial returns might for example be influenced by investing in
domestic underperforming industries due to political influences (Bernstein,

Political Corruption By Government Officials For...
Throughout history, several sovereign nations across the world have been subject to political
corruption by government officials for illegitimate personal gain. Corruption used to be a low profile
line item; however, today it has reached heights at which the government must get involved to try to
cover it up to ensure its secrecy and avoid exploitation. This instance is referred to as Crony
Capitalism, which is a theory that has evolved from corruption over a period of time. This idea
involves more intervention by the government who achieves its purpose by providing incentives and
subsidies to their known business partners in specific operating fields. They favour this particular set
of business owners who they keep close ties with over others, making it difficult to create
competition which eventually leads to a monopoly. The government gets connected to the economy,
by playing the role of the "investor" motivated to extract money from the unconnected many by
means of deviancy and corruption. U.S. politician David Stockman defines Crony Capitalism as the
aggressive and proactive use of political resources to gain something from the governmental process
that wouldn't otherwise be achievable in the market. My essay will focus on how Crony Capitalism
has created an impact over people across the globe, through means of corruption by the government
and businesses. While the government might benefit from investing money in businesses at the
taxpayers' expense, their

BNY Mellon Executive Summary
MEMORANDUM
TO: Adam Smith, CEO
FROM: Hoang Nguyen, Forensic Accountant Xiuying Chen, Forensic Accountant Xiaoman Guo,
Forensic Accountant Lorna Stout, Forensic Accountant Khoi Nguyen, Forensic Accountant
SUBJECT: The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Violation at The Bank of New York Mellon
DATE: November 30, 2015
Enclosed to this memo is the report you requested, titled The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Violation at The Bank of New York Mellon. The report presents our research result on The Bank of
New York Mellon's (BNY Mellon) violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), including
the backdrop of the unlawful event and its repercussion. We end the report with recommendations
for future investors.
The report shows that without taking ethics seriously and having a strong internal control system, a
company might conduct too aggressive an approach of doing business that undermines both internal
and external business environments. Because of both external corruption environment and internal
pressure to grow business and stay competitive, financial institutions make ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From 2000 to 2011, by unceasingly seeking to increase assets under custody and modify lending
guidelines with The Fund, BNY Mellon not only earned management fees but was also able to
increase assets under its management, held approximately $55 billion and $71 million worth of the
Fund's assets under its Assets Servicing and Assets Management segments, respectively (Low and
Cassel, 2015). However, BNY Mellon's practices to increase revenue proved overly aggressive and
thus, backfired. BNY Mellon was charged by SEC for violation of the FCPA's Anti–bribery and
Internal Accounting Control Provisions. BNY Mellon agreed to pay $14.8 million to settle the
charge without admitting or denying the unlawful action (U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission,

Grove Street Advisors Case Study
Grove Street Advisors Case Study
Grove Street Advisors ("GSA") is a leading fund–of–funds, focused on investing in "low risk" top–
tier private equity funds that are not excessively large nor highly levered. GSA is faced with a
number of strategic alternatives to help catalyze the firm's next stage of growth. We propose that
GSA expand globally and continue to build expertise in relatively underserved global PE markets
such as China and India to help meet its objectives of satisfying customer needs, enhancing its
international reputation, staying responsive to trends in private equity, and ultimately maximizing
profitability.
When considering GSA's strategic direction, we should first build an understanding of its relative
position within the private equity market. GSA's current value proposition to its clients is: 1) Greater
accessibility to private equity firms through GSA's customized services, allowing less sophisticated
clients to progress from a passive fund–of–funds investor into a direct private equity investor,
removing the intermediation between the GP and the client; 2) A strategy of "vintage–year
diversification", whereby GSA contributes to funds over a number of different years in order to gain
access to many different types of funds; and 3) A compensation structure that is weighted towards
carried interest at the expense of fees, ensuring an alignment of interests between GSA and its
clients. These strategies have helped the fund retain large and important

Ic Challenges
The challenges facing the Intelligence Community (IC) in modern day consist of two categories:
specifics to the mission and practically multifaceted. Each category must be well–thought–out when
attempting to expand intelligence analysis.1 The IC has changed from the World War II era methods
of intelligence operations to the diverse difficulties of modern day. This change involves influence
one core goal to numerous variations of goals, from intimidations to national survival to
intimidations of precise U.S. goals.2 Defending the rights of the U.S. is an essential facade of
information dissemination exertions.3 The IC must actively protect the United States from another
risk of a terrorist attack. The IC critical task is to protect collected information and the privacy of all
Americans.4
Additionally, with preparation the IC will enhance privacy and protection, while increasing
information dissemination within the Intelligence Fusion Centers.5 At the discretion of the nation's
leadership a list of guiding principle was developed to ensure privacy of the people, information,
and other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
fashioned a dissimilar gathering of information and critical requirement, compared to the logical
process to gain awareness that a terrorist group strategize to detonate an spontaneous radiological
bomb in crowded area or event, with the intent of producing mass casualities.11 Critics Implicated
that change within the IC was necessary to enable analysts to train, rehearse, and learn how to
become a proactive member of the

Islamic Finance Within Compliance Of Sharia Law
Introduction
Islamic finance within compliance of Sharia law form the core of Islamic banking and have become
one of the fastest growing segments of the financial industry, operating in over 75 countries
(Cihak,Hesse2008). Islamic finance initially was concentrated in the Middle East and South East
Asia, but is now found globally. The roots of Islamic finance stemmed from the efforts of Islamic
scholars to identify alternatives to the interest based system that is prohibited and condemned by
Allah within the Quran. Islamic finance also prohibits the practice of lending money for investments
in tobacco, alcohol, gambling and weapons per Sharia law. In the wake of the global financial crisis
however, there has been a renewed interest on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first states that paying interest is prohibited, thus Islamic banks have to use contracts that create
exposure to the real sector and must ensure efficient risk management (citation needed). The second
principle revolves around the profit and loss sharing concept, where any financial transaction must
share both risk and reward so excessive losses and profits are minimized. The third principle
prohibits uncertainty and/or speculation. Uncertainty in contractual terms and conditions is
forbidden, however, risk taking is allowed only when all terms and conditions are clearly outlined to
all participating parties. The last principle requires the use of asset–backing, where each financial
transaction must relate to tangible and/or identifiable underlying assets that ensure Islamic banks
remain connected to the real economy. A better understanding of Islamic finance is called for in all
respects.
Islamic Finance – Historical and Religious beginnings
Islamic finance took its roots at the beginning of the 7th century when the Prophet Muhammad
claimed to have received revelations directly from God (Allah). At the time of these revelations the
current standards/rules of financial operations were derived from the Quran and the Sunna, however,
since then there has been a continuing process of coordinated adjustment

The Financial Structure Of The Venture Capital Industry
The venture capital industry is reaching an inflection point as the industry approaches maturity. One
aspect of this maturation is a significant decrease in the number of companies undertaking initial
public offerings (IPO). Scott Kupor at Andressen Horowitz noted in a June 2017 blog post noted
that companies not going public means fewer jobs are being created and all the value created by
these new companies is being captured by venture capitalists and company–insiders. This ultimately
affects investors on both ends of the investment size spectrum, as retail investors are unable to invest
in emerging technologies to help fund their retirements and sovereign wealth funds or large
institutional investors might not be able to invest in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This paper will show them how a special purpose acquisition company like Hedosophia Holdings or
a Goliath fund like Vision Fund can allow them to exit a company of Unicorn scale without being
forced to go through the regulatory disclosure process or public scrutiny of an IPO. This would be
especially relevant for people holding equity in a private company that wouldn't be valued correctly
by the public markets, like Palantir or Uber. Additionally, this paper could help convince venture
capitalists to launch similar funds. A venture capitalist who has small stakes in a number of late
stage companies could launch a SPAC similar to Hedosophia Holdings parallel to their existing fund
in order to buyout some of the existing investors and consolidate control. Similarly, a large,
consistently oversubscribed venture capital fund like Sequoia could raise a thirty billion–plus dollar
fund in order to make follow–on investments in unicorns. Similar to Vision Fund, this would give
them the ability to raise and deploy much larger sums than their existing structure permits. Both
investment structures would give venture capitalists new options for capitalizing on a post–IPO
world. This paper will also give institutional investors the information needed to decide whether
either fund–type is suitable for their investment strategy. An institutional investor who wants to
invest in emerging technologies but needs the liquidity provided by public markets

Hello Fresh: Perceptual Matrix
The brand matrix is conducted based on a survey of Toronto Life Newspaper. Based on the
perceptual matrix above, Hello Fresh offers high cost meal with not much difference in product
variety. In other to win the competition, Hello Fresh should focus on reducing listed price, and
increase selection of recipes
Workforce:
In order to manage the operation of HelloFresh across 9 countries, there are 16 people in executive
board, ranging from regional to global directors. There are four departments, including Finance,
Operation, Technology, Product Development.
Key Processes:
Supply chain plays the key role in the operation of HelloFresh. Food box must reach the customers
fresh, clean and on time. In order to do that, HelloFresh build a platform so that ... Show more
HelloFresh partners with local transportation service in order to deliver all of the boxes correctly
and on time.
Marketing aspect: HelloFresh are growing rapidly internationally. In all of their current markets,
they are new and have to invest in promoting their products.
Innovation
This product helps their customer to enjoy home–cooked meals without wasting time in different
supermarkets to find enough ingredients. Besides, Hello Fresh reported that they contribute to the
environment by reducing wasted food by 60% because they only deliver necessary amount of
ingredients. People do not have to buy a new type of sauce, or some specific spices, such as curry
powder in big portion and then let them be perished.
Interesting Fact
Actually, this is a new idea but not a unique one. There are at least 5 companies that offer the same
services in Canada. However, like any other start–ups, idea is just the beginning. It is the way they
execute their initial idea that worth studying.
HelloFresh's angel investor is Rocket Internet, an organization stands behind several e–commerce
food–related

Budget Deficit: National Debt
Jennifer Desrivieres
ECO2013
Homework#3
Budget Deficit/Debt
A budget deficit is a shortfall of tax revenue from government spending. A budget deficit is an
indicator of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue. The term budget deficit is most
commonly used to refer to government spending rather than business or individual spending, but can
be applied to these entities. When referring to accrued federal government deficits, the deficits are
referred to as the national debt. A budget deficit is recognized, current expenses exceed the amount
of income being received through standard operations. To correct a budget deficit, the nation may
need to cut back on certain expenses or increase revenue–generating activities, or employ a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That date is usually fixed; depending on whether the money is in the form of treasury bills, note,
bonds or one of the many other securities the federal government issues. Even if we don't take
currency into account, the U.S. government's ability to pay thus becomes a brutal, or worthy circle.
The national debt can only be reduced through five mechanisms: increased taxation, reduced
spending, debt reformation, monetizing the debt or outright default. The federal budget process
directly deals with taxation and spending levels and can create recommendations for restructuring or
possible default. Because debt plays such an important part of economic progress, it must be
measured appropriately to take the long–term impact it presents. Unfortunately, assessing the
country's national debt in relation to the country's gross domestic product (GDP), though common,
is not the best approach. As the national debt continues to grow, the question remains: Is it OK to
run a deficit like we have for many years, or do we need to balance the budget? Just like any
average American household, overspending can carry on for extended periods by rolling over debt
and borrowing more and more money in what seems like a never–ending game of chasing our tail.
The government has become an expert at this process. Yet without its spending, some would say our
economy could be in much worse

Norway's Health Care System
Norway is a country that knows how to take advantage of the natural resources that they have.
Norway's metallic minerals include iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, nickel, gold, coal, and ilmenite.
Norway has the largest deposits of ilmenite in all of Europe, it is used in paint, paper, and plastic
production. Only about 4% of the land in Norway is suitable for growing crops, so they rely on other
resources like the vast amounts of marine life they have in the sea. ("Embassy") Along Norway's
long coastline is rich fishing grounds where fish is farmed and exported. The fishing industry in
Norway is flourishing because amount of food and jobs that it produces. They also have extensive
amounts of rivers and waterfalls that they originally harnessed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Everyone in Norway has some form of health care coverage most are under public health care, but
there is about 5% who have private and private coverage has become more popular in recent years.
The nationally managed system is based on the principle of universal coverage and equal access for
all regardless of wealth, ethnicity, or area of residence. ("Lindahl") Many have the misconception
that Norway has completely free health care coverage, however, this is false. You only get free
health care coverage if you are under the age of 16 or if you are pregnant and receiving care related
to your pregnancy. The most basic of coverage will cost about 300USD per individual a year. This
cost, however, doesn't include you going to any kind of specialist. You have to pay for a doctor's
time, the equipment used, any kind of specialist, and dentistry is not covered at all. You must pick
your primary physician from a list and can only change a maximum of 2 times a year. In addition,
the wait time for any kind of procedure is often lengthy. The average wait time for a hip replacement
is four months. For these and many other reasons, more people are starting to change to private
insurance. ("Moose") The major health issues in Norway are heart disease, stroke, and alzheimer's
and dementia, with heart disease being the most prevalent cause of death. There is also a high
suicide and drug overdose problem in Norway. 46 per cent of all deaths before the age of 70 in
Norway can be explained by behavioural factors such as unhealthy diet, obesity, low physical
activity and the use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Additionally, suicide and drug overdoses are the
main causes of death in Norway, with the highest rates among the Nordic countries for people under
the age of 49. ("Norwegian

Private Equity, Significant Part Of Alternative Investment
Private equity is significant part of alternative investment. Despite of many existing literature and
supporting research in this area private equity performance is still uncertain. The main purpose of
this work to investigate and overview available literature and recognise main issues in investment
policies of us private equity funds. To overview industry as a whole and compare results of two
main companies in US market.
To learn the concept of investment policies of private equity secondary sources will be considered
and analyzed.
Due to several challenges as cash flow uncertainty, difficulty in valuing the performance and illiquid
nature of private equity industry faces to choose appropriate strategy in investment policy and
proper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers argue that private equity succeed in the basement of transferring from portfolio
companies to private equity firms in the format of asset stripping and dividend recapitalization,
transfer from creditors in the shape of buying debt back at discount, reducing bankruptcy, and debt
exchanges.
It also examines private equity and it is role in the US market. The authors using aggregate
descriptive data, simplifying models, publish statistical analysis made a good introduction to private
equity. They took deeper look on different aspects of the private equity and effects of recent
financial crisis. Further, they consider that private equity faced the challenge of deal–making in
post–crisis period. Due to large increase of distressed portfolios and numbers of bankruptcies
together with continuing poor macroeconomic situation (slow job creation and GDP growth) it is
difficult for private equity to find a "good deal". Moreover, they cannot exit from choosing portfolio
without losses or return which less than participating work. Finally, it is hard to attract new limited
partners and grow as private equity fund. Well known private equity firm sounds better than new
established fund in order to participate from sovereign wealth fund and hedge fund.
In the US private equity market 427 firms failed to raise new funds

CH 3 HW
Jun Yeop Han
CBA 300
Professor Pia Gupta
February 12, 2015
Homework 3
1. What are the characteristics of informal cognitive institutions and why are they of special
significance to international business managers.
Guanxi in China and Relationship building in Japan are examples of the informal cognitive
institutions. Their characteristics are described as their concept based hence intangibility. It is
significantly important to the international mangers, because they are what valued in the countries
where the manager will be doing the business. They must be appreciated and understood by
manager to succeed its international goal.
2. The UN may be best known for its peacekeeping missions, but it also has many agencies involved
in activities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9. What impact can the EU have on businesses external to the EU?
EU's institutions has been widely known for its unity and success that has reform the politics and
economics in the members nations of European Union. They had gone through success and failure
which can be studied by, and it can also be studied by the businesses who plan to enter the European
market.
Case Study
You are researching direct foreign investment possibilities in African countries in the energy sector,
either 100 percent owned or with a local partner. Which organization discussed in this chapter would
you look to for help in developing a list of criteria for your decision? African Countries are very
environmental, and there may be challenges in operating such facility; therefore without an absolute
certainty provided, I would invest with local partners who are well aware of the environmental
factors. I would get helps in developing a list of criteria by United Nation, UNEP regarding
environmental issues and UNESC regarding human and labor rights. I believe UN would be
interested in the project since it is creating jobs and building green energy at the same time which
also falls with UN's goal. If the project lands without any issues, there would be many institutions
and investors who would be interested since the rate of return is very

Britadel Llc Case Study
Citadel LLC is a global financial institution founded by Kenneth C Griffin in the year 1990 and is
the Chief Executive Officer of the firm which manages over $26 Billion. Also known as Citadel
Investment group the company operates two businesses Citadel, and Citadel securities. Citadel
under the management there are more than 26 billion in assets is one of the world's largest asset
managers. Citadel securities, is the world's leading market makers trading products equities, equity
options and liquidity providers in America's capital markets. University endowments, sovereign
wealth funds, and pensions are largest institutional investors whose assets are managed by Citadel.
Citadel technology, a solutions provider for investment management technology. ... Show more
Citadel ranks as the eleventh largest hedge fund manager in the world. The funds from investment
strategies like credit, fixed income, quantitative strategies, commodities and equities are managed
by Citadel. This company has a strong risk management culture and state of art technology. From
2009–2010 the funds capped solid returns with more than 20% of gains. Citadel became first foreign
hedge fund to complete Yuan fundraising that allows Chinese investors to invest in overseas hedge
funds. Kennith Griffins Chicago Hedge fund Firm Citadel LLC is performing well and now
managing $26 Billion. He started his trading career in the dorm room in Harvard University in 1987.
Citadel is the leading investor in global financial markets. For their investors and partners Citadel,
through their diverse range of investment strategies generate consistently high risk adjusted
investment results and deliver excellence. Citadel Securities: Formed in 2002 is the leading market
maker. Automation of Citadel securities has resulted in reliable trading at a lower cost. Citadel
Securities is ranked #1 in by Barron's in providing improved price for investors in both non– S&P
and S&P 500 shares. In more than 7,000 US listed securities Citadel have made

High Oil Prices And The Russian Economy
High flying oil price benefited oil producing countries past 5 years until recent petroleum price
plunge. Russian was the one of beneficiaries who has enjoyed the high oil price. The Russian
economy stabilized without much of restructuring the economic system or economic growth by
developing new industry. High oil price created budget surpluses and keep Russian economy afloat;
However, increase of the US oil production, oil price war between Saudi and Kuwait, debilitating
European economy, and decreasing oil consumption in Asia contributed to drive oil price down
quickly and substantially. Russian GDP signals that its economy gets pounded and affected hardest
among major oil exporters. The Russian budget has been in balance with small portion of public
debt in comparison to national GDP. Falling price of petroleum drastically reshaped the Russian
economy. Financial forecasts and analysis predict that economic recession could come back to
Russia. Crumbling Russian ruble and dwindling exports slashed 2014 Russian GDP, and its GDP
will fall lower than Spain or South Korea. Without serious police changes or development of
technology, already battling Russian economy will be much worse place than 2014. The Russian
economy suffers from three severe blows: debilitating structural policies and strict financial
sanctions from the West, and continually falling oil price. Russia has sustained significant changes
since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a

Case Study Of Investment Objectives Of SWF

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