In Oral Pathology, each DH student was randomly assigned a case study of a patient with an oral lesion. We were tasked with determining three possible diagnoses for the lesion we were given. From those three diagnoses, we had to determine what the true diagnosis of the lesion was. I will admit that this was a challenging project, but I enjoyed researching different lesions in order to get closer to my final diagnosis. This project showed me that many diagnosis will have a vast amount of similarities, but there will always be one aspect that separates the correct diagnosis from the others.
Gangrene is the invasion and putrefaction of necrotic tissue by saprophytic bacteria. It is seen most often in the lungs, intestine, mammary gland, heavy muscles of the thigh and shoulder, and the extremities.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Gangrene is the invasion and putrefaction of necrotic tissue by saprophytic bacteria. It is seen most often in the lungs, intestine, mammary gland, heavy muscles of the thigh and shoulder, and the extremities.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
Presentations and Management of Intracranial Abscess.pptxCHIZOWA EZEAKU
summary on intracranial abscess with emphasis on aetiology, pathogenesis, pathology, forms of presentations , investigations and treatment options of brain abscess.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Presentations and Management of Intracranial Abscess.pptxCHIZOWA EZEAKU
summary on intracranial abscess with emphasis on aetiology, pathogenesis, pathology, forms of presentations , investigations and treatment options of brain abscess.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. PATIENT DEMOGRAPHICS
47 year-old male presenting with….
• Diffuse gingival redness since late October 2017
• Initially started in the lower left canine area
• Progressively spread throughout the dentition
• Reports that lesion was painful when eating and brushing
• Tissue bled easily with any contact and exhibited a positive
Nikolsky sign
4. PICTURE TAKEN AT THE PERIODONTIST
• Note the diffuse red/eroded left and anterior mandibular
gingiva and sloughing epithelium
5. MEDICAL HISTORY
• Significant for benign atrial fibrillation & non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease
• Rare alcohol consumption
• No use of any tobacco products or recreational drugs
• Current medications:
• Propranolol
• Fish Oil
6. CLINICAL FINDINGS
• In late October 2017 this patient complained about red painful
gingival lesions bleeding when brushing
• Lesions were confined to gingiva of tooth #22
• Over a six-month period it progressively spread on other parts
of the mandibular gingiva and also involved the maxillary
gingiva
7. TREATMENT
• Under local anesthesia, two incisional biopsies were taken
• One in formalin
• Second in Michel's solution for immunofluorescent staining
• At biopsy, the area bled profusely, and appropriate measures
were taken to stop the bleeding
8. EXCISIONAL BIOPSY
• Histologic examination reveals one piece of soft tissue
composed of surface epithelium splitting above the basal cell
layer
• The spinous layer shows evidence of acantholysis
• The basal cell layer is intact and part of the connective tissue
• The latter is infiltrated by a mixed inflammatory population
• Direct immunofluorescent staining shows positive intercellular
staining of the spinous layer cells with antibody to IgG and C3
9. LOWER POWER (40X): DEMONSTRATING MOSTLY DETACHED
EPITHELIUM ABOVE THE BASAL CELL LAYER. THE BASAL CELLS
ARE INTACT AND CLEARLY ANCHORED ON THE BASEMENT
MEMBRANE. THE DETACHED EPITHELIUM SHOWS EVIDENCE OF
ACANTHOLYSIS. THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS INFILTRATED BY
MIXED AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CELLS.
10. HIGHER POWER (100X): STAINED SECTION CLEARLY
DEMONSTRATING THE EPITHELIAL DETACHMENT ABOVE
THE BASAL CELL LAYER.
11. HIGH POWER (200X): STAINED SECTION, FOCUSING ON
THE SPLIT OF THE SURFACE EPITHELIUM, THE
BREAKDOWN OF THE SPINOUS LAYER AND THE
ACANTHOLYTIC CELLS
13. EROSIVE LICHEN PLANUS
• Epithelium separates from
connective tissues
• Resulting in erosions, bullae, or
ulcers
• Can present with gingival
lesions
• Distributed symmetrically in
the oral cavity (bilaterally)
• Middle aged
• Slight female predilection
• Commonly found on buccal
mucosa
• Most cases are asymptomatic
14. MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID
• Lesions result from cleavage
of the epithelium from the
underlying connective tissue
• Nikolsky sign can be present
• The most common sight is
the gingiva
• Erythema to ulcerated
appearance
• No acantholysis
• Occurs in multiple locations
in the oral cavity
• More common in females
• Blistering on head and neck
• Lesions heal with scarring
15. PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
• Most cases occur between
40-50
• Acantholysis present
(breakdown of cellular
adhesion)
• No gender predilection
• Positive Nikolsky sign
• Diagnosis made form biopsy
and microscopic examination
• Immunofluorescence testing
shows circulating
autoantibodies
• Present in 80% of patients
16. REFERENCES
• NORD. (2016). Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid. Retrieved from
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/mucous-membrane-
pemphigoid/
• Phelan, I. A. (2014). Oral Pathology for the Dental Hygienist. St.
Louis: Saunders, Elsevier.
