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1. CARTOGRAPHY
AND
GEOINFORMATION
VISUALIZATOIN
ENGE 251
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
ANIL PANGENI

2. Course Objectives:
• Equip students with the skills to create professional and aesthetically
pleasing maps.
• Apply cartographic conventions effectively in map design.
• Select and combine visual variables for representing geospatial data.
• Classify and generalize data for meaningful representation.
• Make informed decisions about color, contrast, projections, and scales.
• Familiarize students with current trends in cartographic science
and technology.
• Explore advancements such as virtual reality, open-source web tools, and
geovisual analytics.

3. Marks Distribution :

4. Chapter 1
2 Hrs
Introduction:
1. History of cartography
2. Scope of cartography
3. Principle of cartography
1.4 Cartographic information system

5. Cartography
• The word cartography is derived from Greek word Carte graphine (in Greek
CARTE = "an empty plane paper to write or to draw and GRAPHINE =
"to draw with mathematical accuracy ) is the study and practice of
making maps maps.
• The art, science and technology of making maps together with their study as
scientific documents and works of art. In this context, maps may be
regarded as including all types of maps, plans, charts and
sections, three dimensional models, and globe representing the earth or
any celestial body at any scale (ICA).

6. History of cartography
• Manual mapping procedures were dominant during the longest period in the recorded
history of cartography.
• People used to use brushes, quills etc, on medium like papyrus, silk and even clay and
metal.
• Oldest map found in clay tablet (nearly 5000 year) Showing Mountain, water bodies,
and other geographic features in Mesopotamia.
• Demand of skillfully made charts of coastline and other navigational instruments
emerged inthe 14th and 15th century made the map making a recognized profession.
• In 1571, theodolites developed and map accuracy increased due to accurate surveying.
• Gerhardus Mercator invented in 1569, a map projection-Mercator Projection- considered
to be father of cartography. Mercator used the term "Atlas" for volume of maps
• The development of photography and application of etching techniques were major
• technological development in cartography

7. Scope and uses of cartography
• The use of maps as research tools.
• The study of maps as historical documents and works of art
• Promoting standard system of data capturing, storing, processing
and visualization in different mapping sciences like geodesy,
surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing and GIS.
• To satisfy the need of map users from variety of fields connecting
human thoughts and Environmental features mapped.

8. Principles of cartography
Visual Contrast
Figure-
Ground
Organization
Hierarchical
Organization
legibility
Balance

9. Visual contrast
• Visual contrast relates how map features and
page elements contrast with each other and
their background.
• A well-designed map with a high degree of
visual contrast can result in a crisp, clean,
sharp-looking map.
• The higher the contrast between features, the
more some features will stand out

10. Legibility
• Legibility is the ability to be seen and understood.
• Legibility depends on good decision making when
selecting symbols
• Choosing
appropriate
symbols
that are sizes
results
in
familiar and
are symbols
that are
effortlessly seen and easily understood

11. Figure-Ground Organization
• it is the spontaneous separation of the figure in
the foreground from an amorphous background.
• Cartographers use this design principle to
help map readers focus on a specific area of the
map.
• There are many ways to promote figure-
ground organization, such as adding detail to the
map or using a whitewash, a drop shadow, or
feathering.

12. Hierarchical Organization
• You can think of a hierarchy as the visual
separation of your map into layers of
information.
• Some types of features will be seen as more
important than other kinds of features, and some
features will seem more important than other
features of the same type.

13. Balance
• Balance involves the organization of the map
and other elements on the page.
• A well-balanced map page results in
an impression of equilibrium and harmony.

14. Cartographic Information System
• A Cartographic Information System (CIS) is a specialized form of
Geographic Information System (GIS) that focuses primarily on the
design, production, and presentation of maps.
• While GIS emphasizes spatial data analysis, CIS emphasizes
visual
communication through cartography.
• Examples of Cartographic Information Systems: ATKIS® (Authorative
Topographic-Cartographic Information System), RAND-CAGIS
(RAND's Cartographic Analysis and Geographic Information
System, ArcGIS Pro (Esri), QGIS (Open Source), MapInfo

15. Key Components of a Cartographic
Information System:
1. Data Input
2. Data Management
3. Cartographic Design Tools
4. Map Production
5. Output and Sharing

16. Functions of a CIS
1. Improves The Way Geographic Data Is Displayed.
2. Helps With Decision-making By Conveying Spatial Patterns.
3. Makes Data Sharing Easier By Using Standardized Map Outputs.
4. Uses Automation Tools To Keep Maps Consistent And Accurate.

17. Chapter 2
3 Hrs
Maps:
1. Maps and their types
2. Components of map
3. Map as an interface to data
4. The map design process
5. Basic steps for communicating map information

18. Map
 The word ‘Map’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Mappe’ which
means Napkin of cloth cover
 One map is worth 1000 words
 a representation or abstraction of geographic reality
 A tool for presenting geographic information in a way that is
visual, digital or tactile
 ‘A symbolised representation of a geographical reality,
representing selected features and characteristics, resulting from
the creative effort of its author’s execution of choices, and
designed for use when spatial relationships are of primary
relevance
• From maps, information on distances, directions and area sizes
can be retrieved, patterns revealed, and relations understood
and quantified

19. Basic Characteristics of Maps
 Locations
 Attributes
 (Time)
 Relationships:
 Relationships among locations
 Relationships among various attributes at one location
 Relationships among locations of a given attribute
 Relationships among locations of combined or derived attributes
 All geographical maps are reductions – controlled by the scale
 All maps involve geometrical transformations
 Maps are abstractions of reality
 All maps use signs

20. Purposes of Map
 Store geographic information in spatial format
 Serve mobility and navigation needs
 Analytical purposes – measuring and computing
 Summarizing voluminous statistical data
 Spatial forecasting and spotting trends
 Stimulate spatial thinking

21. Categories of Map
 Classed by Scale
 Small-scale vs. Large Scale
 Classed by Function
 General Reference Maps / Topographic maps
 Thematic maps

22. Map as an
Interface
► Visualize geospatial data (location +attribute)
► Helps to understand geospatial relationship
► Three subclasses of maps exist based on subject matter:
► general purpose (reference) maps (geo/topo, features, cities, roads
…)
► thematic maps
► Special purpose maps

23. Scale
Selection
The usefulness of a map depends not only on its contents but also on its scale. The map
scale is the ratio between a distance on a map and the corresponding distance in the
terrain

24. Reference Map
• Maps, where cities and towns are named,
major transport routes are included along
with natural features like lakes and rivers
etc. are general reference map.
• A reference
overview of
map
provides a general
a location,
displaying
geographical information like natural
features and political boundaries.
• Reference maps prioritize showing the
location of geographic features and
boundaries
• Example are : Topographic maps,
Geographic maps, Road maps etc.

25. Thematic (theme based) Maps
• Rather than attempting to map the landscape
or help to show you where to go, thematic
maps are designed instead to highlight
information on specific topics.
• Topics could be anything from geology to
population density or weather.
• Unlike general reference maps, which can
typically be read and understood by pretty
much anybody, thematic maps may also
require specific knowledge to understand.
• Some common types of Thematic
maps Graduated
includes Choropleth Maps,
Symbol Maps, Dot Density Maps,
Cartograms, Isopleth Maps

26. Special Purpose Map
• They lie somewhat between reference
maps and thematic maps as they are
often reference-like in their use but are
made for specific types of users or
pertain to a specific type of data.
• Examples include: Population
Density Maps,ClimateMaps,Vegetation
Maps,Relief Maps,Ancient Trade Route
Maps,Tourist Map,Economic
Activity Maps

27. Basic Steps for communicating map
information's to others
Step 1:
Consider what the real-world
distribution of the phenomenon might
look like
Step 2:
Determine the purpose of the map
and its intended audience
Step 3:
Collect data appropriate for
Map purpose
Step 4:
Design and construct the Map
Step 5:
Determine whether users find the
map useful and informative

28. Map Elements
1. Frame line and neat line
2. Mapped area
3. Inset
4. Title and subtitle
5. Legend
6. Data source
7. Scale
8. Orientation
9. Grid & Graticules

29. • Frame and neat lines ought to be
understated, serving their structural
purpose without drawing attention.
• A single thin, black line should be used;
slightly thicker lines are appropriate
when working with larger formats, such
as wall maps and posters.
• Size and position of the neat line are
normally dictated by the frame line, the
mapped area, and the other map
elements

30. Mapped Area
Mapped area is the region of Earth
being represented

31. Insets
An inset is a smaller map included within the context of a larger map
the inset is relatively subtle; its only purpose is to help orient the map user
size and position of the inset are equally variable, depending on the purpose of the inset, the size of
the
map, and the other map elements.

32. Title and Subtitle
Most thematic maps require a title
Unnecessary words should be omitted from the title,
but care should be exercised to avoid abbreviations
that the map user might not understand.
“A Map of the Population Density of New
Hampshire
Counties in 2010”
“NH Pop. ’10”
“Population Density” or “Population Density in New
Hampshire, 2010”
subtitle, if employed, is used to further explain the

33. Legends
The legend is the map element that defines
all of the thematic symbols on a map.
serves as the decoder for the symbology in the
data frame
Symbols that are self explanatory or not directly related to the map’s theme are
normally omitted from simple thematic map legends.

34. Data Source
► The data source allows the map user to determine where the
thematic data were obtained.
► style of the data source should be plain and subtle
► intended audience’s needs need to be considered
► It is among the smallest type on a map

35. Scale
► The scale indicates the amount of reduction that has taken place on a map, or allows the map user to
measure distances.
► representative fraction (e.g., 1:24,000) is a ratio of map distance
► verbal scale reads like a spoken description of the relationship between map
distance and Earth distance. “One inch to the mile”
► bar scale, or scale bar, resembles a ruler that can easily be used to
measure distances on a map

36. Scale
(A) A variable bar scale reflects changes in scale in
relation to latitude. (B) Bulky, poorly designed bar
scales.
(C) Bar scale incorporating an “extension scale” to the
left of zero. (D) Slender, simple, well-designed bar
scales.
(E) The 500-mile bar scale represents the
most appropriate length in this example

37. Orientation
► Orientation refers to the indication of north on a map.
► The north arrow should be relatively small; it should be large enough to find and use,
but not so large that it attracts attention.
► The north arrow should be placed in an out-of-the-way location, preferably near the
bar scale.
(A) Bulky and complex north arrows. (B)
Subtle and simple north arrows for
geographic north (N), magnetic north (MN),
and both combined (a compound north
arrow)

38. Grid & Graticules
• It includes latitude/longitude or grid as per the map layout. Also define interval
• These are the reference systems to define the position of points on earth
surface. Rectangular coordinate system uses grid as reference system while
geographical coordinate system uses graticules as reference system.

41. CHAPTER:
4 COLOUR THEORY
& GRAPHIC
VARIABLES