If you are building all the components of a service, it makes sense not to couple them too tightly. Example: Internet is a collection of services and machines controlled from a central location, is an example of small pieces, loosely joined. Architects of a Service: where each piece should be designed to do one thing well and not rely too much on tight integration with separate component it uses. Definition: The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses. The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 12.34.56.78). Domain names, such as google.com, are easy to remember for humans but less suitable for communication between computers in a network. Why we need to use names instead of IP numbers? IP addresses are difficult to remember. Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses. Solution: Use alphanumeric names to refer to hosts. Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alphanumeric host names and IP addresses. Definition: The domain name system (DNS) is a naming database in which internet domain names are located and translated into internet protocol (IP) addresses. The process of DNS resolution involves converting a hostname (such as www.example.com) into a computer-friendly IP address (such as 12.34.56.78). Domain names, such as google.com, are easy to remember for humans but less suitable for communication between computers in a network. Why we need to use names instead of IP numbers? IP addresses are difficult to remember. Problem: Network only understands numeric addresses. Solution: Use alphanumeric names to refer to hosts. Add a distributed, hierarchical protocol (called DNS) to map between alphanumeric host names and IP addresses. The Internet of Flying Stuff. The Internet of Moving Stuff. The Internet of Social Stuff. The Internet of Talking Stuff.

1. GIS
Unit V
Grp 1 TYIT01 - TYIT10

2. 2
Topic Division
Roll Number Name Topics
TYIT01 Roshith Prakash Visualization process
TYIT02 Mohd Sadam Ansari Gis and Maps
TYIT03 Nikhil Bhosale Types of data
TYIT04 Pratik Bhosale How to map data
TYIT05 Gaurav Das How to map qualitative data
TYIT06 Anushka Desai How to map quatitative data
TYIT07 Amol Gaikwad How to map terrain elevation
TYIT08 Sonal Gaud How to map time series
TYIT09 Chaitanya Gorule Map cosmetics
TYIT10 Shruti Jadhav Map dissemination

3. Data Visualization

4. GIS and MAPS
4
• A Map is “a representation or abstraction of geographic reality. A tool for
presenting geographic information in a way that is visual, digital or tactile.”
• Maps and GIS are closely related to each other. Maps can be used as input
for a GIS. They play a key role in relation to all the functional components
of a GIS.
• Maps can deal with questions/answers related to the basic components of
spatial or geographic data: location(geometry), characteristics(thematic
attributes) and time, and their combination.
TYIT02 Mohd Sadam
Ansari

5. TYIT02 Mohd Sadam
Ansari
Comparison of Aerial Photograph and a Map.
Traditionally Maps are divided into Topographic
Maps and Thematic Maps.

6. 6
Maps can further be
distinguished according to
the dimensions of spatial
data that are graphically
represented.
TYIT02 Mohd Sadam
Ansari

7. 7
Visualization Process
TYIT01 Roshith Prakash
Cartographic visualization process - translation of spatial
data into graphics.
Main Purpose of Maps : communicate geoinformation.
Visualization deals with the communication in graphics of
spatial data and the semantics of spatial data.
Visualization varies depending on where in the spatial data
handling process it takes place and its purpose.
Factors affecting the visualization process :
i. Scale of Map
ii. Topographic or thematic data
iii. Qualitative or Quantitative data

8. 8
Visualization Process
Visual data mining - deals with the issue of abundance of
geospatial data.
Democratization of cartography - “using electronic technology. no
longer does the map user depend on what the cartographer decides to put on a
map. Today the user is the cartographer. Users are able to produce analyses
and visualizations at will.”
Factors in Modern Visualization: Interaction & Dynamics.
Scientific visualization offers the possibility of
instantaneously changing appearance of map.
Geovisualization - Covers both presentation and
exploration of map.
TYIT01 Roshith Prakash

9. “
9
How do I say what to whom, and is it
effective?

10. 10
To derive the proper symbology for a map one has to execute a
cartographic data analysis.
The core of this analysis process is to access the characteristics of the
data to find out how they can be visualized.
.
Types of data
TYIT03 NIKHIL
BHOSALE

11. 11
Data will be of a qualitative or quantitative nature.
Qualitative data is also called nominal or
categorical data.
Examples are the different languages (e.g.
English, Swahili, Dutch), the different soil types
(e.g. sand, clay, peat).
Quantitative data can be measured, either along
an interval or ratio scale.
Cartographic data analysis TYIT03 NIKHIL
BHOSALE

12. 12
Basic element of a map,
irrespective of the medium
on which it is displayed,
are points symbols, area
symbols and text.
Bertin distinguished six
categories, which he called
visual variables which can
be applied to point, line
and area symbols. As
shown in figure.
TYIT04 Pratik Bhosale
HOW CAN I MAP
DATA?

13. 13
There is an obvious relationship
between the nature of the data to be
mapped and the ‘perception
properties’ of visual variables.
Dimension of the plane is added to
the list of visual variables; it is the
basis used for the proper location of
symbols on the plane.
TYIT04 Pratik Bhosale
PERCEPTION PROPERTIES

14. 14
How to map qualitative data
If, after a long fieldwork period, one has finally delineated the
boundaries of a province's watersheds, one likely is interested in a
map showing these areas. The geographic units in the map will have
to represent the individual watersheds. In such a map, each of the
watersheds should get equal attention, and none should stand out
above the others.
The application of colour would be the best solution since is has
characteristics that allow one to quickly differentiate between different
geographic units.
The map can also be made by filling the watershed areas by different
forms (like small circles, squares, triangles, etc.) in one colour (e.g.
black for a monochrome map) as an application of the visual variable
shape.
TYIT05 Gaurav Das

15. 15
Figure 7.13 shows two examples of how not to create
such a map. In (a), several tints of black are used-as
application of the visual variable 'value'. Looking at the
map may cause perceptual confusion since the map
image suggests differences in importance that are not
there in reality. In Figure 7.13(b), colours are used
instead. However, where most watersheds are
represented in pastel tints, one of them stands out by
its bright colour This gives the map an unbalanced
look. The viewer's eye will be distracted by the bright
colours, resulting in an unjustified weaker attention for
other areas.
How to map qualitative data TYIT05 Gaurav Das

16. 16
What is quantitative Data ?
Quantitative data is usually numerical.
Quantitative data refers to information about quantities
that can be measured and written down in numbers
Data that expresses a specific quantity, amount, or
range.
Example : Your height, shoe size, and fingernail
length are just a few examples of quantitative data.
What is a quantitative map?
The numerical value of quantitative map data, such as
elevation in meters or temperature in
degrees Celsius, is expressed as a numerical
value.
use colors, graduated symbols, proportional symbols,
dot densities, and charts to represent quantity
on a map.
How to map quantitative data TYIT06 Anushka Desai

17. 17
How To Map Quantitative Data
• A map with the numbers of people living in each
municipality
• The final map allow the user to determine the
amount per municipality
• To reach this objective ,the symbols are used which
have quantitative perception properties
How to map quantitative data TYIT06 Anushka Desai

18. 18
Mapping Relative Quantitative Data
• The main aim of the map is to give an overview of the
distribution of the population density
• Value display the density from low (light tints) and high
(dark tints)
How to map quantitative data TYIT06 Anushka Desai

19. 1. Mapping terrain elevation involves creating a visual representation of the
different heights and slopes of an area of land.
2. This can be done using various tools and techniques, such as using GPS
devices and surveying equipment to measure the elevation of different
points on the land, and then using software to create a digital map that
shows the different elevations in different colors or contour lines.
3. This map can then be used for a variety of purposes, such as planning
hiking routes, designing buildings and infrastructure, and managing
natural resources.
How to map Terrain Elevation TYIT07 Amol Gaikwad

20. 20
Map Terrain Elevation Diagram
It is a map that shows the different
elevations of different points on the
land, usually in the form of contour
lines, where each line represents a
certain elevation
TYIT07 Amol Gaikwad

21. 21
• Collect elevation data: This can be done using GPS devices, surveying equipment, or
remotely-sensed data such as LIDAR or SRTM.
• Import the data into a GIS software: Most GIS software can import data in different
formats such as shapefiles, rasters, and ASCII files.
• Create a digital elevation model (DEM): This is a 3D representation of the terrain
elevation data, which can be created using the GIS software.
• Create contour lines: Contour lines are used to show the shape and topography of the
land, and they can be created using the GIS software.
• Symbolize and style the map: The final step is to style the map, so it can be easily read,
this includes choosing the colors, line thickness and labeling.
• Export the map for use or sharing.
To map terrain elevation in GIS, you will need to follow these basic steps:
TYIT07 Amol Gaikwad

22. How to Map Time Series
TYIT08 SONAL GAUD
Advances in spatial data handling have not only made the third dimension part of GIS routines.
Nowadays, the handling of time-dependent data is also part of these routines. This has been
caused by the increasing availability of data captured at different periods in time. Next to this
data abundance, the GIS com- munity wants to analyse changes caused by real world
processes. To that end, single time slice data are no longer sufficient, and the visualization of
these processes cannot be supported with only static paper maps.
Mapping time means mapping change. This may be change in a feature’s geometry, in its
attributes or both.

23. It is possible to distinguish between three temporal cartographic techniques :
1. Single static map: Specific graphic variables and symbols are used to indicate
change or represent an event.
2. Series of static maps: A single map in the series represents a ‘snapshot’ in
time. Together, the maps depict a process of change
3. Animated map: Change is perceived to happen in a single image by display-
ing several snapshots after each other just like a video cut with successive
frames.
How to Map Time Series
TYIT08 SONAL GAUD

24. 24
TYIT08 SONAL GAUD

25. 25
Map Cosmetics is nothing but the necessary visual details that should be kept
in mind while creating it to be more easily understandable and readable.
Map Cosmetics may have include necessary map details such as
Legends
Scale indicator
North arrow
Space constraints etc
MAP COSMETICS
TYIT09 Chaitanya Gorule

26. Title : Information about the Context of Map
Scale : Gives us idea about the proportions
of area and scale.
Legend : Helps us understand maps better
with use of colour,symbols etc.
Compass : Tells us the orientation of map
with respect to directions.
Latitude and Longitude : Helpful for
understanding the locations with accurate
positioning.
Fundamental requirements TYIT09 Chaitanya Gorule

27. Hierarchy: Here the difference in colour
represents the hierarchy of importance of
structure
Eg. The main focus of map is ITC building and
because of hierarchy we can easily tell which of
the buildings from map is ITC building.
Contrast : while choosing colours for out map
contrast is one of important factors to be kept in
mind. Contrast helps differentiate between
different types of structures and also improves
visibility .
Contrast and visual Hierarchy TYIT09 Chaitanya Gorule

28.  Dissemination describes the circulation or spread of map design techniques.
 the process of distributing maps to a wide audience
 distribution via physical means, printed maps, as well as digital means
 map dissemination ensure that users have access to accurate and up-to-
date maps for their intended use.
TYIT10 Shruti Jadhav
Map Dissemination

29. 29
The World Wide Web is nowadays a medium
commonly used to present and disseminate
spatial data..
There are types of web maps.
 Static Maps
Web are view-only.
do not allow for user interaction
 Dynamic Maps
offering zooming, panning or hyperlinking to
other information
be generated by web mapping services such as
Open Layers, Leaflet, Google Maps, etc.
Map Dissemination TYIT10 Shruti Jadhav

30. 30
Web-based map dissemination has greatly increased the accessibility and use of
spatial data
 Web Mapping Services (WMS)
 Web Feature Services (WFS):
 Web Map Services (WMS):
 GIS Web Services
 Web-based GIS Applications:
Ways used for presenting disseminating spatial data. TYIT10 Shruti Jadhav

31. THE END
31