The document discusses the structure and types of cartilage. There are three main types of cartilage - hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage. Each type has a different composition and location in the body. Hyaline cartilage is the most common and found in locations like costal cartilage and joints. It has collagen type II fibers in a basophilic matrix. Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers and is found in the ear and larynx. Fibrocartilage contains dense collagen type I fibers and acts as a shock absorber at sites like the intervertebral discs. All cartilage types contain chondrocytes in lacunae within the avascular matrix and grow through interstitial or appositional methods.
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
What is cartilage? Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout your body. Cartilage at the end of your bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joints
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
In animals, organs are made up of four basic types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific functions which combine to form functioning organs.
In this lesson you will learn about different types of animal tissues :
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Neural Tissue
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
1. Connective tissue is one of the four tissue types found throughout the body. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.
2. Connective tissue develop from mesoderm during embryonic development. While some connective tissues are specialized ( bone , blood), all organs have some amount of connective tissue in them which hold their parenchyma together.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
What is cartilage? Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout your body. Cartilage at the end of your bones reduces friction and prevents them from rubbing together when you use your joints
In biology, tissue is a cellular organizational level between cells and a complete organ. A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same origin that together carry out a specific function. Broadly tissues can be classified into two major groups : Plant tissue and Animal tissue.
In animals, organs are made up of four basic types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues have distinctive features and specific functions which combine to form functioning organs.
In this lesson you will learn about different types of animal tissues :
1) Epithelial Tissue
2) Connective Tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Neural Tissue
I hope this document is helpful to you. Please share the document with your friends if you think this will benefit them. Get ready for the next lesson. Thanks.
1. Connective tissue is one of the four tissue types found throughout the body. Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.
2. Connective tissue develop from mesoderm during embryonic development. While some connective tissues are specialized ( bone , blood), all organs have some amount of connective tissue in them which hold their parenchyma together.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Dr. Sally Selim
Dr. Nadia El- Akabawy
ILOs:
General structure of cartilage.
The 3 histological types of cartilage.
The functional structure of each type.
What is cartilage?
Cartilage is a strong, flexible
specialized connective tissue
that protects your joints and
bones.
Cartilage acts as a shock
absorber throughout your body.
Cartilage at the end of your
bones reduces friction and
prevents them from rubbing
together when using your joints.
General Features of Cartilage:
1-It resists mechanical stress and has variable degrees
of flexibilities.
2-Cartilage is surrounded by a membrane of vascular
connective tissue called perichondrium.
3-Cartilage has no blood vessels (avascular), no
lymphatics,and no nerve fibers.
4-Cartilage takes its nutrients by diffusion through the
matrix from the perichondrium (or from the synovial
fluid in articular cartilage).
١ ٢
٣ ٤
2. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
- Chondrogenic cells
- Chondroblast
- Chondrocyte
- Chondroclast
Matrix:
Fibers:
Cells:
- Collagen Fs.
- Elastic Fs.
- Glycoproteins
- Proteoglycans
Perichondrium:
-The perichondrium covers all the surfaces of the cartilage except the
articular cartilages of the joints.
- Formed of two layers:
a) Outer fibrous:Collagen fibers,blood vessels, nerves and fibroblasts
b) Inner cellular: Chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts that secret matrix
and collagen fibers
Function:
1. Supply nutrition
2. Form new cartilage cells during growth
3. Attachment of skeletal muscles
٥ ٦
٧ ٨
3. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Cells
Chondrogenic cells:
Origin: bone marrow derived MSCs.
Site: in the inner cellular layer of
perichondrium.
L.M: They are spindle-shaped narrow cells.
Nucleus: oval and pale basophilic.
The cytoplasm: light basophilic.
E.M: They have free ribosomes, few
mitochondria, some RER and small Golgi
apparatus.
Function: divide and differentiate into
chondroblasts.
Chondroblast:
Origin: from chondrogenic
cells.
Site: in the inner side of
perichondrium.
L.M: elliptic shape, the long
axis is parallel to the surface,
basophilic cytoplasm with
vesicular nucleus.
EM
1. The cytoplasm is rich in
organelles of protein
synthesis (ribosomes,
rough endoplasmic
reticulum, well developed
Golgi apparatus and
mitochondria).
2. The nucleus contains
more euchromatin.
٩ ١٠
١١ ١٢
4. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Function: play an important role in the formation
of cartilage.
•Development of cartilage:The primary function of the
chondroblast is the development of the cartilage.
Chondroblasts found in the inner layer of the perichondrium
mature to form chondrocytes, which form the cellular structure
of the cartilage tissue.
•Maintenance of cartilage: Chondroblast also helps maintain the
structure and strength of the cartilage tissue by producing
components of the ECM.
•Growth of cartilage: Chondroblasts carry out appositional
growth of the cartilage, i.e., thickening of cartilage tissue.
Chondrocytes:
Origin: from chondroblast.
Site: in the cartilage matrix within
lacunae.
L.M: large rounded cells with dark
nucleus and pale basophilic cytoplasm.
Chondrocytes may also appear in
isogenous groups of up to eight cells.
Mitotic cell division of individual
chondral cells leads to cellular
grouping.
١٣ ١٤
١٥ ١٦
5. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
During histological preparation,
chondrocytes and their matrix
shrink, which retracts the cells
from the capsule and produces its
irregular shape.
E.M: few ribosomes, RER,
mitochondria, lipid droplets and
heterochromatic nucleus.
Function:
•Maintenance of cartilage:
Chondrocytes helps maintain the
structure and strength of the
cartilage tissue by preserving
components of the ECM.
•Interstitial Growth of cartilage:
Chondrocytes divide inside their
lacunae resulting in growth of the
cartilage at the center.
Chondroclast:
Origin: bone marrow
hematopoietic progenitors that
give rise to monocytes in
peripheral blood.
Site: on the deep surface of
resorbed hyaline cartilage.
L.M: multinucleated cells like
osteoclast.
E.M: like osteoclast.
Function: Chondroclasts
form on calcified cartilage to
resorb mineralized cartilage
matrix during endochondral
ossification and pathological
conditions of cartilage
resorption as in arthritic
conditions.
١٧ ١٨
١٩ ٢٠
6. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Chondroblast Chondrocytes
Immature developmental cartilage
cells that are involved in the
development of the cartilage tissue
Mature cartilage cells that function
to maintain the cartilage structure.
actively produce the component of
the ECM.
secrete ECM and are embedded in
it.
originate from mesenchymal
chondrogenic cells.
originate from the chondroblasts.
Appositional growth of the cartilage
by chondroblasts
Interstitial growth of the cartilage
by chondrocytes
Main function is to produce
chondrocytes and components of
the ECM
Primarily, to maintain the structure
of the cartilage and ECM
Fibers
Cartilage Fibers:
The fibers are either solely collagenous or a combination of
elastic and collagenous, depending on the cartilage type.
Elastic fibers
in elastic cartilage.
Collagen fibers type I
in fibrocartilage.
Collagen fibers type II
in hyaline and elastic cartilage.
٢١ ٢٢
٢٣ ٢٤
7. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Ground
Substance
( Matrix )
Matrix: - Matrix is the avascular extracellular
material secreted by chondroblast &
chondrocyte.
- More than 95% of cartilage volume
consists of extracellular matrix
(ECM).
- The ECM in cartilage is solid and
firm but also somewhat pliable,
which accounts for its resilience.
- Because there is no vascular
network within cartilage, the
composition of the ECM is crucial to
the survival of the chondrocytes.
The main matrix components are
proteoglycans and glycoproteins;
- Proteoglycans: mostly sulfated
glycosaminoglycans responsible for matrix
basophilic staining. The main
glycosaminoglycans are chondroitin sulfate.
- Glycoprotein: adhesive proteins adhering
matrix to chondrocytes.
The matrix closely
surrounding the
chondrocytes are
named capsular
territorial matrix, the
matrix in between
chondrocytes are
named interterritorial
matrix.
٢٥ ٢٦
٢٧ ٢٨
8. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Interstitial growth :
Young chondrocytes divide
inside their lacunae resulting in
growth of the cartilage at the
center and increase in length.
Occurs deep in matrix.
Appositional growth :
Mitotic division of
chondroblasts adds more
layers to the surface of the
cartilage resulting in increase
in width
Occurs on the perichondrium.
# Cartilage growth: Cartilage grows by two methods:
# Cartilage repair :
Cartilage has a limited ability for repair.
Injured cartilage is replaced by Connective tissue.
٢٩ ٣٠
٣١ ٣٢
9. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
# Cartilage Histological Types : according to the type of fibers;
Hyaline Cartilage.
Elastic Cartilage.
Fibrocartilage.
1- Hyaline Cartilage:
Site:
- Costal cartilage.
- Articular cartilage.
- Epiphyseal cartilage
(Ends of long bone for bone growth).
- Fetal skeleton
(Mold for future bone formation).
- Laryngeal skeleton
(Cricoid and thyroid cartilages).
- Nasal cartilage.
Structure = Matrix + Fibers + Cells
Hyaline cartilage is the most common of
the three types of cartilage.
In fresh state, it is homogeneous and
semi-transparent, hence its name, as
hyalos is greek for glassy.
As cartilage is avascular, it receives
nutrients by diffusion from capillaries
originating from the perichondrium.
Perichondrium is a layer of dense
connective tissue that surrounds all
hyaline cartilage, except in the articular
cartilage of movable joints.
The Matrix contains mainly fine collagen II
fibrils.
The Matrix is clear basophilic as the
refractive index of the amorphous ground
substance is the same as that for collagen
II therefore, collagen can not be seen in
common H&E sections.
Basophilia is due to the high
concentration of the negatively- charged
sulfate groups making it appear intensely
basophilic under H&E. There is masking of
the acidophilic collagen fibers by the high
concentration of the glycosaminoglycans
in the ground substance.
٣٣ ٣٤
٣٥ ٣٦
10. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Hyaline Cartilage
Cells:
- Chondrogenic cells:
Found mainly in the inner
chondrogenic layer of the
perichondrium.
- Chondroblasts:
Found superficially under
the perichondrium.
- Chondrocytes:
They are located in tiny
spaces within the cartilage
matrix known as lacunae.
2- Elastic Cartilage:
Site:
- Auricle and Auditory tube.
- Cuneiform Cartilage.
- Epiglottis and External auditory meatus.
Structure = Matrix +
Fibers + Cells
Elastic cartilage is resilient, easily
returning to its original shape after
bending or distortion so, it present in
areas where elastic recoil is needed.
In fresh state, it is yellow in color.
The Matrix is rich in dense,
interwoven network of elastic fibers
embedded in a small amount of
amorphous extracellular ground
substance plus collagen II fibrils.
Elastic fibers stain pink in
Hematoxylin and Eosin, black in
Verhoeff's Van Gieson stain, and
brown in Orcein.
3- Fibrocartilage:
Site:
- Symphysis pubis.
- Annulus fibrosis of
intervertebral discs.
- At points of tendons’
attachment to bone.
- Tempo- mandibular joint.
٣٧ ٣٨
٣٩ ٤٠
11. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
In fresh state, fibrocartilage
is white in color.
Fibrocartilage is the
strongest and least flexible
of the three types.
Its primary role is to provide
reinforcement at weight-
bearing areas, It acts more
like a shock absorber.
Structure = Matrix + Fibers + Cells Fibrocartilage has a dense arrangement of type I collagen fibers that
are arranged in an orderly manner.
Numerous chondrocytes are located within their lacunae and are
spaced between the acidophilic regular collagen bundles.
No perichondrium.
# Clinical note:
Disc prolapse;
- Disk herniation occurs
when the fibrocartilage
surrounding the
intervertebral disk
ruptures, releasing the
nucleus pulposus.
- The resultant pressure on
spinal nerve roots may
cause pain and damage the
surrounding nerves.
R
BE
M
E
M
E
R
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12. ٢٤/٠٧/١٤٤٤
Articular cartilage lacks perichondrium and it receives nutrient
from the synovial fluid
The matrix is more basophilic near the chondrocyte.
Collagen type II in a basophilic matrix, but the collagen is not
visible with the L.M.
Chondrocytes divide and form small groups called isogenous
group.
found in:
- Respiratory tract - Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Elastin stain stains elastic fibers black
Collagen type II is also present.
Many elastic fibers in the matrix and in perichondrium.
More chondrocytes and less matrix than hyaline cartilage.
found in:
- External ear - Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage
No perichondrium
Collagen type I present in parallel acidophilic
bundles. (Note: Collagen type I is stronger than type II)
More fibers and less chondrocytes than that in hyaline
and elastic cartilage.
Chondrocytes arise from fibroblasts and form parallel rows.
found in: - Intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilage
All types have chondrocytes in lacunae.
All types have avascular matrix.
All types have perichondrium-->>
EXCEPT: Fibrocartilage/ Articular cartilage
Similarities between types of cartilage
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