Carlos Rallo ii b_nfpa101

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Carlos Rallo de la Cruz
M. Arch. UPM
M. Eng. in Fire safety. UC3M
Dipl. Project Management. PUC
PhD Candidate CERTEC. UPC
Contact
carlosrallo@gmail.com
+34 647865702
Madrid, Spain
www.rallodelacruz.com
www.arquitecturayfuego.es
www.linkedin.com/in/carlosrallo
Fire Safety impact in Building Design
01. Prescriptive Design 05/05/2017
02. Performance Based Design 05/05/2017
03. NFPA 101 Live Safety Code 12/05/2017
04. Fire Safety in complex Architecture designs 12/05/2017
05. CFD / Fire Dynamics Simulator 19/05/2017
06. Crowd Dynamics / FDS+Evac, MassMotion 26/05/2017
Máster en Ingeniería de
Seguridad contra Incendios

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Fire safety in the Built Enviroment - Máster en Ingeniería de Seguridad contra Incendios - Universidad de Alcalá de Henares - 05.2017
Prof. Carlos Rallo de la Cruz carlosrallo@gmail.com https://www.linkedin.com/in/carlosrallo/ www.rallodelacruz.com www.arquitecturayfuego.es
03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

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03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
Sources of information for this summary:
• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code® (2015 Edition)
• Life Safety Code® Handbook (TWELFTH EDITION)
• NFPA®'s 2015 Life Safety Code® Essentials Classroom Training
• Personal professional experience

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03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / NFPA
http://www.nfpa.org/
Let’s take a look at the NFPA web!

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01. General Requirements
• Organization and key code concepts
• Code applicability of new and existing occupancies
• Occupancy classifications
• Determine hazards of contents, stories in height and building construction types
02. Egress Basics
• Means of egress
• Exit enclosure and protection
• Means of egress components requirements
03. Sizing and Arranging
• Determine occupant load
• Determine egress capacity
• Determine requirements
04. Signage and visibility
• Requirements
05. Features of Fire protection
• Requirements for vertical openings, hazardous area, interior finish, contents and furnishings
• Requirements for fire alarm and extinguishing systems

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• NFPA 101 Life Safety Code has direct
influence on safety to life in both new
construction and existing buildings .
• NFPA 101®, Life Safety Code®, is an
occupancy-based document.
Origin and Development of NFPA 101
See Code Introduction
03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / Introduction

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The Code is comprised of four major parts.
A Chapters 1 – 4 + 6-11 + 43 Base chapters or fundamental chapters
B Chapter 5, Performance-based option
C Chapters 12 – 42 Occupancy chapters
D Annex A, B, C Useful additional information
A Note
Special Structures 11
Rehabilitation 43
C Note
Even numbers New
Odd numbers Existing
D Note
Annex A Non-mandatory, FYI only
Annex B Voluntary basis
Annex C Informational References

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Occupancy
Chapters Subject / Title
Base
Chapters
_.1 GENERAL
_.1.1 Application
_.1.2 Classification of Occupnacy 6.1
_.1.3 Multiple Occupancies 6.1.14
_.1.4 Special Definitios Chapter 3
_.1.5
Classification of Hazard of
Contents 6.2
_.1.6
Minimum Construction
Requirements 8.2
_.1.7 Occupant Load 7.3.1
_.2 MEANS OF EGRESS
_.2.1 General
_.2.2 Components 7.2
_.2.3 Capacity 7.3
_.2.4 Number 7.4
_.2.5 Arrangement 7.5
_.2.6 Travel Distance 7.6
_.2.7 Discharge from Exits 7.7
_.2.8 Illumination 7.8
_.2.9 Emergency Lighting 7.9
_.2.10 Marking 7.10
_.2.11 Especial Means of Egress Features
_.3 PROTECTION
_.3.1 Vertical Openings 8.6
_.3.2 Hazards 8.7
_.3.3 Interior Finish 10.2
_.3.4 Detection/Alarm Systems 9.6
_.3.5 Extinguishment 9.7
_.3.6 Corridors 7.1.3.1
_.3.7 Smoke Barriers 8.5
_.3.8 Special Protection Features
_.4 SPECIAL PROVISIONS Chapter 11
_.5 BUILDING SERVICES 9.1-9.5
_.6 SPECIAL OCCUPANCY PROVISIONS
_.7 OPERATING FEATURES
Occupancy
Chapters Subject / Title
Base
Chapters

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• An asterisk (*) following the number or
letter designating a paragraph indicates
that explanatory material on the paragraph
can be found in Annex A.
• A reference in brackets [ ] following a
section or paragraph indicates material
that has been extracted from another
NFPA document.
• Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement.
• Should Indicates a recommendation or
that which is advised but not required

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Procedure for determining the Code requirements:
1º Determine occupancy classification. (According Chapter 3 & 6)
2º New or Exist
3º Determine occupant load
4º Determine Hazard of contents
5º Refer to applicable occupancy chapter
6º Determine occupancy subclassification or special use condition (if any)
7º Proceed through the applicable occupancy chapter to verify compliance with each reference
8º Where two or more requirements apply, apply the most restrictive.
9º Where two or more occupancy chapters apply, apply the most restrictive requirements.
Reference: NFPA 101 $ A.1.1

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03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / Occupancy classification

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Chapter 1 Administration
Chapter 2 Referenced Publications
Chapter 3 Definitions
Chapter 4 General
Chapter 5 Performance-Based Option
Chapter 6 Classification of Occupancy and Hazard of Contents
Chapter 7 Means of Egress
Chapter 8 Features of Fire Protection
Chapter 9 Building Service and Fire Protection Equipment
Chapter 10 Interior Finish, Contents, and Furnishings
Chapter 11 Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings
03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / General

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ASSEMBLY
EDUCATIONAL
HOSPITAL
RESIDENTIAL
HOTEL
MERCANTILE
BUSINESS
PARKING
INDUSTRIAL
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
Assembly Occupancies
Educational
Day-Care, Health Care, Ambulatory Health Care
One- and Two- Family Dwellings, Apartment Buildings, Residential Board and Care
Lodging or Room Houses, Hotels and Dormitories
Mercantile
Business
Storage
Industrial
General NFPA 101 Occupancies Do not forget to check
Chapter 3 Definitions
Special Structures and High-Rise Buildings

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Multiple Occupancy 6.1.14.2.1 A building or structure in which two or more
classes of occupancy exist.
Mixed Occupancy 6.1.14.2.2 A multiple occupancy where the occupancies are
intermingled.
Separated Occupancy 6.1.14.2.3 A multiple occupancy where the occupancies are
separated by fire resistance–rated assemblies.
Multiple occupancies 6.1.14.
(1) Mixed occupancies 6.1.14.3 The building must comply with the most restrictive
requirements of the occupancies involved.
(2) Separated occupancies 6.1.14.4 Occupancies must be separated from each other
by fire resistance‒rated construction.
Definitions
Requirements

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6.1.14.1.2 Where exit access from an occupancy traverses another occupancy, the multiple
occupancy shall be treated as a mixed occupancy.
6.1.14.1.3* Where incidental to another occupancy, areas used as follows shall be permitted to be
considered part of the predominant occupancy and shall be subject to the provisions
of the Code that apply to the predominant occupancy:
(1) Mercantile, business, industrial, or storage use
(2)*Nonresidential use with an occupant load fewer than that established by Section 6.1 for the
occupancy threshold
A.6.1.14.1.3 Examples of uses that might be incidental to another occupancy include the following:
(1) Newsstand (mercantile) in an office building
(2) Giftshop (mercantile) in a hotel
(3) Small storage area (storage) in any occupancy
(4) Minor office space (business) in any occupancy
(5) Maintenance area (industrial) in any occupancy
Incidental uses

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Section 7.12 applies to mechanical equipment rooms, boiler rooms, and furnace rooms
in all buildings, regardless of occupancy. The number of exits and common path of
travel limitations in these spaces are addressed independently of the occupancy in
which they are located.
The presence of these rooms does not result in a facility being designated a multiple
occupancy.
7.12.2 Stories used exclusively for mechanical equipment, furnaces, or boilers shall be
permitted to have a single means of egress where the travel distance to an exit on
that story is not in excess of the common path of travel limitations of 7.12.1.
Mechanical Equipment Rooms? (7.12 + 7.13)

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Can a building be classified as having more than one occupancy?
Yes. Occupancy classification is based on the use of a room or space. It is common for a
building to be classified as having more than one occupancy.
Room Occupancy
Classrooms of an elementary school Educational
Cafeteria (occupant load of 50 or more) Assembly
The school Multiple occupancy classification
If the classrooms and cafeteria share a common exit access corridor => Mixed occupancies

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How is occupant load determined?
Maximum probable number of persons who will occupy a space ...
...but must not be less than the number calculated based on the area of the space and how
it is used.
Building operator vs Calculated number based on floor area and use.
“Occupant load is calculated based
on USE of the space and not
on the occupancy classification”
“Occupant load specify in the NFPA 101
is the minimum number of occupant for
Which you have to provide certain life
Safety features.”
03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / Occupant load

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Occupant Load Factor (Table 7.3.1.2)
USE m2/person
Assembly Use
Concentrated use without fixed seating 0.65 net
Less concentrated use, without fixed seating 1.4 net
Bench-type seating 1 person/455 linear mm
Fixed seating Use number of fixed seats
Waiting spaces See 12.1.7.2 and 13.1.7.2
Kitchens 9.3
Library stack areas 9.3
Library reading rooms 4.6 net
Swimming pools 4.6 (water surface)
Swimming pools decks 2.8
Exercise rooms with equipment 4.6
Exercise rooms without equipment 1.4
Stages 1.4 net
Lighting and access catwalks, galleries, gridirons 9.3
Casinos and similar gaming areas 1
Skating rinks 4.6

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Business Use (Other than below) 9.3
Concentrated Business Use 4.6
Air traffic control tower observation levels 3.7
Day-Care Use 3.3 net
Detention and Correctional Use 11.1
Educational Use
Classrooms 1.9 net
Shops, laboratories, vocational rooms 4.6 net
Health Care Use
Impatient treatment departments 22.3
Sleeping departments 11.1
Ambulatory health care 13
Industrial Use
General and high hazard industrial 9.3
Special-purpose industrial NA
USE m2/person

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USE m2/person
Mercantile Use
Sales area on street floor 2.8
Sales area on two or more street floors 3.7
Sales area on floor below street floor 2.8
Sales area on floors above street floor 5.6
Floors or portions of floors used only for offices See business use
Fllors or portions of floors used only for storage, receiving,
and shipping, and not open to general public 27.9
Mall buildings
Per factors applicable to use
of space Figure 7.3.1.2(b)
Residential Use
Hotels and dormitories 18.6
Apartment buildings 18.6
Board and care, large 18.6
Storage Use
In storage occupancies NA
In mercantile occupancies 27.9
In other than storage and mercantile occupancies 46.5

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USE
OCCUPANT LOAD
MIN. Nº OF
EXITS
WAY TO EXIT
EXITS Nº, LOCATION, CAPACITY
WAY CAPACITY, DISTANCE TO EXIT
DIMENSIONS
&
PROPERTIES
03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / Means of Egress

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Chapter 7 Means of Egress
7.1 General
7.1.1* Application
7.1.2 Definitions
7.1.3 Separation of Means of Egress
7.1.4 Interior Finish in Exit Enclosures
7.1.5* Headroom.
7.1.6 Walking Surfaces in the Means of Egress
7.1.7 Changes in Level in Means of Egress
7.1.8* Guards
7.1.9 Impediments to Egress
7.1.10 Means of Egress Reliability
7.1.11 Sprinkler System Installation

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7.2 Means of Egress Components
7.2.1 Door Openings
7.2.2 Stairs
7.2.3 Smokeproof Enclosures
7.2.4 Horizontal Exits
7.2.5 Ramps
7.2.6* Exit Passageways
7.2.7 Escalators and Moving Walks
7.2.8 Fire Escape Stairs
7.2.9 Fire Escape Ladders
7.2.10 Slide Escapes
7.2.11* Alternating Tread Devices
7.2.12 Areas of Refuge
7.2.13 Elevators in Towers
NFPA 80 Video about fire doors
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLT_MtQH5s8

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OCCUPANCY < 50 => 1 EXIT
50< OCCUPANCY > 500 => 2 EXTIS
500< OCCUPANCY < 1000 => 3 EXITS
1000 < OCUPANCY => 4 EXITS
Number of exits (NFPA 101 $ 7.4.1.2)

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Exit: “That portion of a means of egress that is separated from all other spaces of the building or
structure by construction, location or equipment as required to provide a protected way of travel to the
exit discharge.” NFPA 101 $ 3.3.83
Exit discharge: “That portion of a means of egress between the termination of an exit and a public
way” NFPA 101 $ 3.3.85
Exits (NFPA 101 $ 7.1.3.2)

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Exit Remoteness

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EXITS / EXIT (+ WAY) CAPACITY
Most Restrictive Component!

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WAY /DISTANCE TO EXIT

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EXITS / EXIT (+ WAY) CAPACITY

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What is the required minimum width of an egress path?

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Chinch Gryniewicz/Plainpicture

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Point cloud to 3D MEP Mechical Room

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(1) Egress capacity width
(See Table 7.3.3.1 Capacity Factors)
(2) Minimum width as specified in the Code
(7.3.4.1)
New 915 mm
Existing 710 mm
Exception: < 6 people workstations see 7.3.4.1.1
Occupancy chapters modify the minimum width
requirement
Examples Minimum clear width (mm)
A new hospital corridor 2440
A business occupancy corridor 1120
(occupant load of 50 or more)
Assembly occupancy seating rows 305
(i.e., aisle accessways)
Industrial equipment access paths 560

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Are all doors in a means of egress required to swing in the direction of egress travel?
No.
Doors are required to swing in the direction of egress travel under any of four conditions:
(1) Where the door serves a room or area with an occupant load of 50.
(2) Where the door assembly is used in an exit enclosure.
(3) Where the door serves a high hazard contents area.
(4) Where the door serves in a horizontal exit.

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Are all doors in a means of egress required to be provided with panic hardware?
No.
Panic hardware is required by some occupancy chapters.
• Assembly
• Educational
• Day-care
Occupant load of 100 or more => Door panic hardware
Additionally…
Panic hardware is required regardless of occupancy
classification, on doors serving high hazard contents
areas with an occupant load of more than 5.

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Can the door leaf swing into a corridor?
Yes.
See possible designs.

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Hazard of Contents
The Code’s method of classifying hazard of contents is based on life safety.
For this reason, the Code’s provisions are not readily incorporated into the design criteria of
other codes or standards where hazard classification is based on property preservation.
03. NFPA 101 Life Safety Code / Hazard classification
Classification of Hazard of Contents (6.2.2)
• Low Hazard Contents
• Ordinary Hazard Contents
• High Hazard Contents

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Don’t forget!
• Minimum Construction Requirements
• Construction Type Limitations
• Fire Ratings for Opening Protectives

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USE MAX. Nº STORIES MIN. FIRE RESISTANCE
STRUCTURE MATERIALS
&
CONSTRUCTION TYPE
SYSTEMS REQUIRED
OCCUPANCY
&
MAX. SURFACE & FIRE
COMPARTMENTATION

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Type 1: Fire-Resistive. Just concrete and steel.
Type 2: Non-Combustible.
Type 3: Ordinary non-combustible walls. Floors, roofs and interior partitions wood.
Type 4: Heavy Timber non-combustible walls.
Type 5: Wood-Framed

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Fire Ratings for Opening Protectives

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Fire Ratings for Opening Protectives

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Carlos Rallo de la Cruz
M. Arch. UPM
M. Eng. in Fire safety. UC3M
Dipl. Project Management. PUC
PhD Candidate CERTEC. UPC
Contact
carlosrallo@gmail.com
+34 647865702
Madrid, Spain
www.rallodelacruz.com
www.arquitecturayfuego.es
www.linkedin.com/in/carlosrallo
Thank you for your attention!
Máster en Ingeniería de
protección frente al fuego
01. Prescriptive Design 05/05/2017
02. Performance Based Design 05/05/2017
03. NFPA 101 Live Safety Code 12/05/2017
04. Fire Safety in complex Architecture designs 12/05/2017
05. CFD / Fire Dynamics Simulator 19/05/2017
06. Crowd Dynamics / FDS+Evac, MassMotion 26/05/2017

Carlos Rallo ii b_nfpa101

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