The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including the heart, blood vessels, blood, and circulation. It covers the different types of circulation (coronary, pulmonary, systemic, portal). It also discusses several health problems that can affect the cardiovascular system, such as anemia, leukemia, hypertension, hemorrhage, aneurysms, coronary artery disease, and various heart conditions like congenital heart defects and arrhythmias. Finally, it provides recommendations for proper care of the cardiovascular system, including a healthy diet, regular exercise, keeping the body clean and drug free, and maintaining a healthy weight.

1. - Regular expansion and contraction of the arteries that can be felt
every time the heart beats.
- It can be felt by placing the finger over an artery in certain parts
of the body, such as wrist, foot, groin, and neck.
- The pulse rate and heartbeat are affected by different factors.
- They are faster after exercise, but they slow down when you
rest.
- Children have faster heartbeats than adults.
- Emotions like anger and fear also speed up heartbeats.
- When the body is in condition when it needs more supply of
oxygen-rich blood for the cells, the heart does additional work by
pumping more blood, increasing the heartbeat and pulse rate.

2. - Process of transporting nutrients from the small intestine
(absorbed by the villi), and oxygen (breathe in enters the
lungs) by the blood to the different parts of the body.
- It has different types:
1. Coronary circulation
2. Pulmonary circulation
3. Systemic circulation
4. Portal circulation

3. - Movement of blood from the heart chambers to the heart tissues, and
takes place when blood flows through the heart.
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
(Largest veins) Right atrium Right ventricle
Passes through
tricuspid
valve
Passes through
pulmonary
valve
Pulmonary arteryLungs

4. - Takes place as the blood moves from the heart to the lungs.
Lungs
Oxygen poor but
carbon dioxide rich
- Exchange of gases takes place
- CO2 is removed and breathed out, while oxygen is breathed in and
absorbed by the blood.

5. - Responsible for the distribution of oxygen and nutrients to all parts of
the body.
Pulmonary vein Left atrium Left ventricle
Passes through
mitral/bicuspid
valve
Passes through
aortic
valve
Aortaarteries
lungs
Largest artery
Capillaries
Nutrients and oxygen are absorbed, also waste
product like CO2 are collected by the blood.
Veins Heart

6. - Liver gets rid of alcohol and pharmaceutical drugs but stores iron and
vitamins to the blood.
- Liver is responsible for initially processing nutrient-rich blood, for
removing bacteria, and for picking up oxygen and nutrients to the
blood.
Blood passes
digestive organs and
goes to
Liver
through
hepatic portal
vein (blood
vessel that
carries blood to
the liver)

7. Health problems associate with the
Cardiovascular System
• Young and old people may be affected by cardiovascular
diseases (or conditions that involve the blood, blood vessels,
and the heart).
• It may be congenital (present since birth) or acquired
(developed some time after birth.

8. Health problems related to the Blood

9. Anemia – condition characterized by an abnormally low
number of RBCs or by decrease in the amount of
hemoglobin present in the blood.
• Children with anemia are usually
pale and weak and feel exhausted,
and also may experience
palpitations and loss of appetite
• Iron Deficiency Anemia is caused
by low diet in iron and loss of large
amount of RBCs due to external
bleeding.
• A person with this condition should
take food rich in iron like meat,
poultry, seafood, beans, spinach,
bread, and pasta.
• Infants must best fed with breast
milk rich in nutrients.
• For sever cases, blood transfusion
is advice with the same blood type.

10. Leukemia – type of cancer that affects WBCs. There
is too many WBCs in the bloodstream.
• Causes the person to: vulnerable to
anemia, bleeding, and infections.
• Must undergo blood transfusion
• Seek medical specialist for further
treatment.

11. Hypertension– condition that occurs when a person’s
blood pressure becomes higher than normal. It may
damage the heart and arteries.
• Causes: obesity, excessive eating,
or lack of exercise or physical
activities.
• MUST: seek medical advice from a
heart specialist for medication.
• SHOULD: eat a healthy diet with
more fruits and vegetables and
AVOID fatty food.
• ADULTS with Hypertension NEED
to GET MORE EXERCISES, and
QUIT UNHEALTHY HABITS like
drinking alcoholic beverages and
smoking.

12. Hemophilia– inherited condition in which blood fails to
clot normally.
• Person with this condition
experiences continuous bleeding
even from the smallest wounds or
may experience internal bleeding.
• DOCTOR’S advice must needed.
• EAT A BALANCED DIET.

13. Health problems related to the Blood
Vessels

14. Aneurysm–condition in which blood vessel swells and
its walls become thin.
• Blood vessel may burst and cause
internal bleeding or even death.
• ADVISED to undergo surgery.

15. Coronary Artery Disease– caused by atherosclerosis (condition
in which fats, calcium, and dead cells deposit along the inner
walls of the arteries and prevent smooth flow of blood.
• It may lead to heart attack
• PREVENTION: take doctor’s
prescribed drugs for high
cholesterol and high blood
pressure.
• SHOULD: take healthy diet, do
regular exercise, and avoid smoking

16. Varicose Veins– swollen and twisted veins that usually appear in
the legs when the flow of blood from the heart slows down.
• Causes: long periods of standing, or
too much physical exercise.
• Older people and pregnant women
develop this.
• Reflexology a form of body work
that reduces leg swelling or
varicose veins.

17. Hemorrhoids– swollen veins in the tissues around the rectal and
anal regions that may caused by constipation
• Passing out of hard feces is usually
painful and in worst cases, stools
may have traces of blood because
of the small cuts on the veins.
• SHOULD: eat food with high
amount of fiber like fruits and
vegetables.

18. Health problems related to the Heart

19. Congenital Heart Defect– health problem that affects
babies.
• It occurs even while the baby is still
inside mother’s womb.
• Common sign: heart murmur –
abnormal sound that can be heard
when you listen to a baby’s heartbeat.
• RESULT from contagious disease,
such as measles or hepatitis B that is
contracted during mother’s
pregnancy.
• NEED: lifelong follow-up and
monitoring by cardiologist (heart
specialist).
• AVOID: rough play and strenuous
activities
• SERIOUS CASES: operation is done
to save life of an affected child.
• EXTRA PRECAUTION is necessary
to prevent infection.

21. Arrythmia, cardiac arrhythmia, or Rhythm disorder–
condition which the rhythm of the heart becomes
irregular or abnormally fast or slow.
• Cause: congenital heart defect
• Person with this condition keeps
medical appointment regularly for
checkup and medicine prescription.
• NEEDS: healthy diet includes
variety of fruits and vegetables.
• SHOULD: physically active

22. Rheumatic heart fever– condition that may develop
when one has a streptococcal throat infection, which
occurs mainly in children or young adults.
• Streptococcus – type of bacteria
that may cause different kinds of
infection.
• RHF affects the heart tissues
• Characterized by: fever, pains, and
swelling of the valves of the heart.
• It is best to consult a doctor for
appropriate medication and care to
treat the disease.

23. Heart block– A condition where the heart muscles
become weak and beat only 40 to 50 times per minute.
• results form slow contraction of
the ventricles of the hear.
• The normal heartbeat ranges from
60 to 100 beats per minute.
• A battery-operated device called
pacemaker is implanted in the
heart to help the heart beat
normally.

24. Proper Care for the Cardiovascular
System
1. Have a good diet. (meat, vegetables, fish, rice, and fruits,
Iron-rich foods such as red meat, liver, dried fruits, green
leafy vegetables, nuts, and cereals). Avoid too salty foods,
and contains preservatives like dried fish, ham, bacon,
sausage, and smoked fish. DRINK PLENTY OF WATER.

25. Proper Care for the Cardiovascular
System
2. Have enough exercise. Brisk walking, jogging, biking, and
swimming may strengthen heart muscles and improve blood
circulation. Active participation on sports. Exercise at least
three to four times a week.
3. Keep your body clean and drug free.
4. Watch your weight.