This document summarizes lesson two of the EMSP 2544 Cardiology class. It discusses the nervous and hormonal control of the heart, important electrolytes, and the cardiac conductive system. The autonomic nervous system controls heart rate, rhythm and contractility. Hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine are also involved in regulation. Key electrolytes like calcium, potassium and sodium influence cardiac function. The cardiac conductive system consists of the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers which coordinate heart rhythm and contraction.
Introduction
HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone
Life-saving Hormone
Actions of aldosterone
Aldosterone escape or escape phenomenon
Regulation of aldosterone secretion
Renin–angiotensin system
Applied
Introduction
HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone
Life-saving Hormone
Actions of aldosterone
Aldosterone escape or escape phenomenon
Regulation of aldosterone secretion
Renin–angiotensin system
Applied
TWO ADRENAL GLANDS: SUPERIOR POLES OF TWO KIDNEYS
COMPOSED: ADRENAL CORTEX AND ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL CORTEX: CORTICOSTEROIDS (MINERALOCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ANDROGENIC HORMONES)
ANDROGENIC HORMONES: TESTOSTERONE
MINERALOCORTICOIDS: ELECTROLYTES
GLUCOCORTICOIDS: INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE CONC, PROTEIN AND FAT METABOLISM
ALDOSTERONE: MINERALOCORTICOIDS
CORTISOL: GLUCOCORTICOIDS
detail description about the fluid and electrolyte balance. fluids and electrolytes needed during surgeries and during trauma are described. a note is added on acid base balance in the body
this presentation on cellular electrophysiology carry the information of electrical properties of biophysiology in cellular level. i hope it help you all.
TWO ADRENAL GLANDS: SUPERIOR POLES OF TWO KIDNEYS
COMPOSED: ADRENAL CORTEX AND ADRENAL MEDULLA
ADRENAL CORTEX: CORTICOSTEROIDS (MINERALOCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS, ANDROGENIC HORMONES)
ANDROGENIC HORMONES: TESTOSTERONE
MINERALOCORTICOIDS: ELECTROLYTES
GLUCOCORTICOIDS: INCREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE CONC, PROTEIN AND FAT METABOLISM
ALDOSTERONE: MINERALOCORTICOIDS
CORTISOL: GLUCOCORTICOIDS
detail description about the fluid and electrolyte balance. fluids and electrolytes needed during surgeries and during trauma are described. a note is added on acid base balance in the body
this presentation on cellular electrophysiology carry the information of electrical properties of biophysiology in cellular level. i hope it help you all.
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List three functions of water in our bodies.
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Define hyponatremia and identify factors that can cause this condition.
Identify four symptoms of dehydration.
Nervous control of blood vessels regulation of arterial pressureAmen Ullah
The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There arespecial need of the tissue which is:
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delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
Cardiovascular tests are used to assess the function of the heart and to identify the disorders associated with the pathological heart function. Following are the tests used to assess cardiovascular function
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ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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1. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
1
Cardiac Physiology
Galveston College ParamedicGalveston College Paramedic
ClassClass
EMSP 2444 Cardiology
2015
by Rory Prue
2. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
2
Topics
Nervous Control of the Heart
Hormonal Regulation
Electrolytes
Conductive System
3. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
3
Objectives
Identify the structures of the autonomic nervous
system and their effect on heart rate, rhythm,
and contractility
Identify the structure and course of all divisions
and subdivisions of the cardiac conduction
system
Identify & describe how the heart’s pacemaking
control, rate, and rhythm are determined
List the most important ions involved in
myocardial action potential and their primary
function in this process
5. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
5
Nervous Control
Nervous Control
of the Heart
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Autonomic Control
of the Heart
Chronotropy
Inotropy
Dromotropy
Role of
Electrolytes
7. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
7
Nervous Control
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve
fibers in atria
Ventricles mainly have sympathetic
nerves
8. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
8
Sympathetic Control
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers release
norepinephrine; have effects on
myocardium:
Inotropic
Dromotropic
Chronotropic
9. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
9
Sympathetic Control
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart
Dilation of coronary blood vessels
Constriction of peripheral vessels
Increased oxygen demands of the heart met
by increase in blood and oxygen supply
10. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
10
Sympathetic Control
Norepinephrine release results from
stimulation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic
receptors in the heart
Sympathetic stimulation increases the
heart rate
11. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
11
Parasympathetic Control
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart
by vagus nerve
Continuous inhibitory influence on the heart
by decreasing heart rate and contractility
12. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
12
Hormonal Regulation
Sympathetic impulses are transmitted to
adrenal medulla and blood vessels
Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and
norepinephrine
13. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
13
Epinephrine
Epinephrine increases rate and force of
contraction
Epinephrine also:
Constricts blood vessels in skin, kidneys, GI
tract, and other organs
Dilates skeletal and coronary vessels
14. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
14
Norepinephrine
Causes constriction of peripheral blood
vessels in most areas of the body
Stimulates cardiac muscle
16. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
16
Electrolytes
Substances that separate into electrically
charged particles called ions.
Cations have a positive charge.
Anions have a negative charge.
18. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
18
Sodium (Na+
)
Most prevalent cation in extracellular fluid.
“Water follows sodium.”
Important in transmission of nervous
impulses.
Hypernatremia is an abnormal increase in
sodium.
Hyponatremia is an abnormal decrease in
sodium.
19. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
19
Potassium (K+
)
Most prevalent cation in the intracellular
fluid.
Important in transmission of electrical
impulses.
Hyperkalemia is an abnormally high
potassium level.
Hypokalemia is an abnormally low
potassium level.
20. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
20
Calcium (Ca++
)
Plays a major role in muscle contraction
as well as nervous impulse transmission.
Hypercalcemia is an abnormally increased
calcium level.
Hypocalcemia is an abnormally low
calcium level.
21. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
21
Magnesium (Mg++
)
Necessary for several biochemical
processes.
Closely associated with phosphate.
Hypermagnesemia is an abnormally
increased level of magnesium.
Hypomagnesemia is an abnormally
decreased level of magnesium.
23. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
23
Chloride (Cl-
)
Negative charge balances the positive
charge of cations.
Major role in fluid balance and renal
function.
Associated with sodium.
24. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
24
Bicarbonate (HCO3
-
)
Principal buffer of the body
Neutralizes the hydrogen ion and other
organic acids
25. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
25
Phosphate (HPO4
-
)
Important in body energy stores
Closely associated with magnesium in
renal function
Acts as a buffer, primarily in the
intracellular space
26. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
26
Role of Electrolytes
Myocardial cells bathed in electrolyte
solution
Electrolytes that influence cardiac
function:
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium26
Magnesium
27. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
27
Conductive System
Cardiac conductive system properties:
Excitability
Ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus
Conductivity
Ability of the cells to propagate the electrical impulse from
one cell to another
Automaticity
Pacemaker cells’ capability of self-depolarization
Contractility
Ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten
28. EMSP 2544 Cardiology
Lesson Two
28
Conduction System
Sinoatrial Node
Internodal Atrial
Pathways
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular
Junction
Bundle of His
Left and Right Bundle
Branches
Purkinje Fibers