11. Coronary Arteries
Left Anterior Descending Artery
Circumflex Artery
Right Circumflex Artery
12. The Cardiac Cycle
• Ventricular filling • Ventricular emptying
– DIASTOLE – SYSTOLE
– AV valves are opened – AV valves are closed
– SV are closed – SV are opened
•
15. Two-Dimensional
Echocardiography (2D)
• Access to the heart can be very difficult
• Windows available:
– Parasternal
– Apical
– Subcostal
– Suprasternal
– Transoesophageal
16.
17.
18.
19. Parasternal Long Axis
• Right Ventricular Wall
• Right Ventricle
• Interventricular Septum
• Left Ventricle
• Posterior Wall
• Mitral Valve
• Papillary Muscles
• Chordae Tendinae
• Left Atrium
• Aortic Valve
• Ascending Aorta
20. Parasternal Short Axis (Aortic Valve Level)
• Right Ventricle
• Left Atrium
• Tricuspid Valve
• Pulmonic Valve
• Pulmonary Artery
• Aortic Valve
• Right Atrium
21. Parasternal Short Axis (Mitral Valve Level)
• Right Ventricular Wall
• Right Ventricle
• Interventricular Septum
• Left Ventricle
• Mitral Valve
• Posterior Wall
• Pericardium
22. Parasternal Short Axis (Papillary Level)
• Right Ventricular Wall
• Right Ventricle
• Interventricular Septum
• Left Ventricle
• Papillary Muscles
• Posterior Wall
23. Apical Four Chamber
• Left Ventricular Apex
• Interventricular Septum
• Right Ventricle
• Interatrial Septum
• Left Ventricle
• Lateral Wall
• Mitral Valve
• Tricuspid Valve
• Papillary Muscles
• Chordae Tendinae
• Left Atrium
• Right Atrium
• Pulmonary Veins
24. Apical Five Chamber
• Left Ventricular Apex
• Interventricular Septum
• Right Ventricle
• Interatrial Septum
• Left Ventricle
• Lateral Wall
• Mitral Valve
• Tricuspid Valve
• Aortic Valve
• LV Outflow Tract
• Left Atrium
• Right Atrium
• Pulmonary Veins
25. Apical Two Chamber
• Left Ventricular
Apex
• Left Ventricle
• Inferior Wall
• Anterior Wall
• Mitral Valve
• Left Atrium
• Pulmonary Veins
26. Apical Long Axis
• Left Ventricular
Apex
• Left Ventricle
• Inferior Wall
• Anterior Wall
• Mitral Valve
• Left Atrium
• AO
30. M-Mode echocardiography
• M-Mode is obtained by
placing a cursor through
structures of interest in the
Heart
• Only structures transected by
this line are imaged and they
are plotted against time to
form a tracing
31. M-Mode echocardiography
• A graph against time of the
position of the reflecting
structures of the heart relative
to the marker is produced
• The M-Mode, or Time
Motion, makes accurate
measurements of dimensions
and velocity of motion
36. DOPPLER
• To assess blood flow VELOCITY and DIRECTION
• PWD is used when the exact location of the blood
flow sampled needs to be known
• CWD is used when we need to determine the peak
velocity of blood flow through a particular valve
37. FLOW PATTERNS
MITRAL VALVE FLOW
• Blood flow from the LA to the LV
• Diastole
• Displayed above the baseline
38. FLOW PATTERNS
AORTIC VALVE FLOW
• Blood ejected from the LV into the Ao
• Systole
• Displayed below the baseline
40. FLOW PATTERNS
PULMONARY VALVE FLOW
• Blood ejected from the RV into the PA
• Systole
• Displayed below the baseline
41. COLOR FLOW DOPPLER
in Echocardiography
• To assign colors to flow direction and
show the entire area of any flow, normal
or abnormal, within the Heart
• Quick visual search of flow anomalies.
• Standard practice is “BART”