Carbon monoxide poisoning can occur endogenously from biochemical reactions or exogenously from incomplete combustion of fuels. CO binds strongly to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport. Symptoms include headache, weakness and confusion. At autopsy, cherry-red lividity may be seen due to carboxyhemoglobin formation. Blood analysis uses spectroscopic, chemical and instrumental methods to detect elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels above 50-60%, which can be lethal. Precise quantification is important for forensic investigations into causes of death.
Please find the power point on Carbonmonoxide poisioning and Its management. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Please find the power point on Carbonmonoxide poisioning and Its management. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
We saw the infamous 26/11 at Mumbai, India. We lost some brave-hearts. Hence, we look into the forensics behind firearm injuries. We shall also discuss the JFK assassination case in brief. I would recommend downloading the presentation and view it in power point 2010 or above to see all the effects flawlessly.
This lecture includes Introduction to Poisons, Different Types of Classification of Poisons, Analysis of Poisons (Volatile, Nonvolatile) (Acidic, Basic, Neutral).
We saw the infamous 26/11 at Mumbai, India. We lost some brave-hearts. Hence, we look into the forensics behind firearm injuries. We shall also discuss the JFK assassination case in brief. I would recommend downloading the presentation and view it in power point 2010 or above to see all the effects flawlessly.
Blood gas analyser & blood gas analysis with clinical significanceerohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Blood Gas Analyzer and Blood Gas Analysis for self- learning undergraduate medical ,dental, ,pharmacology and biotechnology students . Laboratory determination of blood gas analysis –Micro method & technical errors involved are described.
Blood sample collection for blood gas analysis is illustrated.
Principle & Important components of Blood gas Analyzer are presented in lucid language.
Polari graphic method for PO₂ Measurement using pO₂ electrode is explained. Integral parts of pO₂ electrode ie platinum electrode, silver /silver chloride reference electrode & their working (reaction at electrode) is presented here.
Design of pCO2, & pH electrodes along with their working principles are elucidated for perusal of technologist.
Typical reference ranges in blood gas analysis are mentioned and are useful to classify acid base imbalance. Nomogram of acid base disorder is illustrated for clinical applications.
Laboratory determination of blood gas analysis along with its standardization is presented step wise. The Henderson’s Hassel Balch equation pursuing interrelation of TCO₂, Bicarbonate, Carbonic acid, PCO ₂, & p H is presented for manual calculation of certain parameters.
Google images are used for impact of subject on self-learners.
Lecture "Phenols and amines" on Pharmaceutical Chemistry is devoted by synthesis, physico-chemical properties and analysis of medicinal substances, which are derivatives of phenols and aromatic amines.Also is included examples of tests "KROK-2".
Trajan Scientific and Medical collaborates with academic and industry partners to develop and deliver innovative solutions to impact human wellbeing. Focusing on developing and commercialising technologies that enable analytical systems to be more selective, sensitive and specific, to improve biological, environmental or food related measurements. Global operations with hubs in Europe, USA, Asia and Austrailia serve over 100 countries with highly specialised products used in scientific analysis and laboratory consumables and devices for healthcare applications. Trajan’s comprehensive range of technical capabilities include precision glass fabrication and surface treatments, chemical synthesis and separation solutions, materials knowledge and integrated solutions for samples integrity, precision machining and design engineering, photonics sensing and device technologies, microscopy products, as well as clinical collection devices and methods.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
5. ENDOGENOUS
Results from biochemical reaction (Haeme Degradation, Lipid
Peroxidation)
Never reach toxic levels on its own
Normal Individual – 1-5%
Smokers – 5-8%
Levels increase in case of :
Haemolytic Anaemia
Sepsis
SOURCES(cont.)
6. SOURCES(cont.)
EXOGENOUS
Incomplete combustion of almost any form of fuel or hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons (wood, charcoal, gas, kerosene)
Automobile exhaust
Fires
Tobacco smoke
Heaters
Camp stoves
7. METHYLENE CHLORIDE
Paint and adhesive remover
Used to decaffeinate coffee or tea
Can be absorbed through skin
Converted to CO in liver after inhalation
SOURCES(cont.)
8. FATAL DOSE
COHb level in blood exceeding 50 to 60 % is potentially lethal
A CO concentration of 5000 ppm in air is lethal to humans
after five minutes of exposure
9. TOXICOKINETICS
The lungs avidly absorb CO which combines with
haemoglobin(85%) and myoglobin (15%)
Elimination occurs exclusively through the lungs
10. MODE OF ACTION
CO binds to haemoglobin with an affinity 200-250 times
greater then that of oxygen to form Carboxyhaemoglobin
(COHb)
CO interfere with cellular respiration by inactivating
mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase
12. AUTOPSY FEATURES
(A) Lividity of cherry-red or bright
pink colour, as a consequence of COHb
formation
(B) Smoke in the face, nostrils and
mouth is suggestive of CO poisoning
13. Cont.
(D) Smoke soot covering the
larynx, trachea and bronchi
(C) Cutaneous bullae
14. FORENSIC ISSUES
Circumstances seem to point irrefutably to carbon monoxide
poisoning, but the blood analysis shows low or normal COHb
levels.
Due to the time gap between analysis, hospital biochemistry
laboratory results and forensic science laboratory results do
not agree.
15. SAMPLE STABILITY AND STORAGE
Freezing the samples and thawing them only at the time of
analysis
Anti-coagulated blood should ideally be sealed into vials with
a minimum of air space
Stored deep frozen or atleast at 3°C prior to assay
Reducing agent – sodium dithionite
16. ANALYSIS
SPECTROSCOPIC TEST — The spectrum of the blood will show
two absorption bands similar to those of oxyhaemoglobin, but
placed nearer the violet end. The addition of ammonium
sulphide does not alter the spectrum.
HOPPE-SEYLER’S TEST — Caustic Soda of specific gravity 1.3 if
added to :
Normal blood - Greenish colour
Blood with Carbon Monoxide – Bright Red colour
17. ANALYSIS(cont.)
KUNKEL’S TEST — The blood, diluted with 4 volumes of water, is
mixed with 3 times its volume of 1% tannic acid solution and
shaken well.
Carbon Monoxide blood forms a Crimson-Red coagulum, which
retains its colour for several months.
Normal blood forms a coagulum which is at first red, becomes
brown in the course of one to two hours and then becomes Grey in
in 24 to 48 hours.
The blood saturated even with 10% Carbon Monoxide responds
responds to this test.
18. ANALYSIS(cont.)
POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE TEST — 15 c.c. Of blood is mixed
with an equal amount of 20% potassium ferrocyanide solution
solution and 2 c.c. of dil. acetic acid and shaken gently.
Blood with carbon monoxide - bright red coagulum
Normal blood - dark brown coagulum
19. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
METHODS PRINCIPLE PROBLEMS
Derivative spectroscopy Use of derivative
spectrometry to eliminate
non-specific interference
Strict control over timing
of reading essential
Fourier transform infrared
spectrophotometry
Absorbance measurement at
characteristic bands
Not generally available in
clinical laboratories
GC-TCD Chemical liberation of carbon
carbon monoxide from blood
blood and direct or indirect
measurement of gas
Very precise but complex,
more time consuming
20. cont…
AVOXIMETER 4000
Allow faster results(in less than 10 sec) to help legal system in closing
cases
Low blood volume required
Portable
Accurate analysis of COHb with refrigerated sample(4°C) for at least 6
21. REFERENCES
Blyth A W, Blyth M W, Poisons: Their Effects And Detection,
4th Edition, Charles Griffin And Company Ltd., 1906
Dinis-olivery R J, Carvalho F, Magalhaes T, Santos A,
Postmortem Changes In Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, Clinical
Toxicology 2010; 48 : 762-763
Modi J P, A Textbook Of Medical Jurisprudence And
Toxicology, 6th Edition, Butter Worth & Co. (India) Ltd., 1940
Penney D G, Carbon Monoxide Toxicity, 2nd Edition, CRC
Press LLC, 2000
Pillay V V, Modern Medical Toxicology, 4th Edition Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, 2013