The threat of global warming is high due to the extensive use of fossil fuels.Using non-renewable resources is a viable solution. Sunlight can be converted in two ways - into electrical energy and into chemical energy. Water splitting and CO2 are two important methods which can be used in solar cells.
reducation of co2 and its application to environment. Rabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
reducation of co2 and its application to environment
Renewable Fuels by Photocatalytic Reduction of carbondioxide (CO2); (Artifici...SAAD ARIF
This presentation contains the enhancement of photocatalytic Titania (TiO2) by Graphene, their synthesis method by solution mixing or in-situ growth and also the application for carbondioxide (CO2) reduction for renewable fuel using solar energy.
Ni-doping can substantially increase the p[erformance of electrochemical water splitting in the case of WC or MoC lattice. In situ XAFS shows the charge transfer between Ni and W/Mo which is the origin of better HER/OER performance in the wide pH range of electrolytes.
metal organic framework-carbon capture and sequestrationVasiUddin Siddiqui
MOF is a porous crystal like a spunge having an enormous surface area and provide much more rooms for storage the gases preferentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and work as storage for next generation fuel.
Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two-dimensional carbon based semiconduc...Pawan Kumar
The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption, high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields. The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution.
Introduction
Basis
Importance
Classification
Homogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Example
Heterogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Examples
Promoters
Catalytic Poisoning
Autocatalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Enzymes
References
Catalyst: -
The substances that alter the rate of a reaction but itself remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction is called a Catalyst.
The process is called Catalysis.
prop-
A catalyst cannot start the reaction by itself.
Catalytic activity increases as surface area of catalyst increases.
Catalysts are thermolabile, this effect is very well pronounced in enzymes.
Catalytic activity is maximum at a catalyst’s optimum temperature.
A catalyst does not alter the position of the equilibrium, instead it helps in achieving the equilibrium faster.
Existing technologies and industries can be combined to achieve an environmental trifecta: 1) mitigating climate change by sequestering (locking up) CO2, 2) eliminating brine disposal from brine desalination operations, and 3) preventing the salinization and acidification of groundwater and surface waters resulting from road salting, acid precipitation, and acid mine drainage.
The “Carbon Negative Water Solutions environmental trifecta” has three main components detailed as follows:
1) The sequestration of carbon from flue stack capture (FSC), or direct air capture (DAC), of CO2, subsequently incorporated into solid carbonate mineral [MCO3 or MHCO3], or into increased naturally dissolved bicarbonate (HCO3) in groundwater, surface water, and oceans. Dissolved HCO3 can be incorporated into algae for biofuel, fertilizer, or feedstock production.
2) Elimination of brine disposal from both seawater and groundwater brine desalination operations. The most common technology for this step usually involves 1) the electrolysis of brine, producing a base MOH, and 2) the aeration of CO2 gas forming carbonic acid, which reacts with the base to produce a carbonate salt [MCO3 or MHCO3]. Various HxClx marketable byproducts are produced, including H2, Cl2, HCl, and ClOx. The H2 can supplement the hydrogen economy.
3) Prevention of the salinization and acidification of groundwater and surface waters resulting from road salting, acid precipitation, and acid mine drainage. MHCO3 replacing MCl in road salting operations provides non-point source application of bicarbonate for the neutralization of acid precipitation. The elimination of MCl salts prevents the chloride salinization of groundwater and surface waters. MHCO3 can also be applied locally, providing point source application for the neutralization of acid mine drainage point sources.
The threat of global warming is high due to the extensive use of fossil fuels.Using non-renewable resources is a viable solution. Sunlight can be converted in two ways - into electrical energy and into chemical energy. Water splitting and CO2 are two important methods which can be used in solar cells.
reducation of co2 and its application to environment. Rabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
reducation of co2 and its application to environment
Renewable Fuels by Photocatalytic Reduction of carbondioxide (CO2); (Artifici...SAAD ARIF
This presentation contains the enhancement of photocatalytic Titania (TiO2) by Graphene, their synthesis method by solution mixing or in-situ growth and also the application for carbondioxide (CO2) reduction for renewable fuel using solar energy.
Ni-doping can substantially increase the p[erformance of electrochemical water splitting in the case of WC or MoC lattice. In situ XAFS shows the charge transfer between Ni and W/Mo which is the origin of better HER/OER performance in the wide pH range of electrolytes.
metal organic framework-carbon capture and sequestrationVasiUddin Siddiqui
MOF is a porous crystal like a spunge having an enormous surface area and provide much more rooms for storage the gases preferentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and work as storage for next generation fuel.
Sunlight-driven water-splitting using two-dimensional carbon based semiconduc...Pawan Kumar
The overwhelming challenge of depleting fossil fuels and anthropogenic carbon emissions has driven research into alternative clean sources of energy. To achieve the goal of a carbon neutral economy, the harvesting of sunlight by using photocatalysts to split water into hydrogen and oxygen is an expedient approach to fulfill the energy demand in a sustainable way along with reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though the past few decades have witnessed intensive research into inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts, their quantum efficiencies for hydrogen production from visible photons remain too low for the large scale deployment of this technology. Visible light absorption and efficient charge separation are two key necessary conditions for achieving the scalable production of hydrogen from water. Two-dimensional carbon based nanoscale materials such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nitride, modified 2D carbon frameworks and their composites have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their astonishing properties such as superior charge transport, tunable energy levels and bandgaps, visible light absorption, high surface area, easy processability, quantum confinement effects, and high photocatalytic quantum yields. The feasibility of structural and chemical modification to optimize visible light absorption and charge separation makes carbonaceous semiconductors promising candidates to convert solar energy into chemical energy. In the present review, we have summarized the recent advances in 2D carbonaceous photocatalysts with respect to physicochemical and photochemical tuning for solar light mediated hydrogen evolution.
Introduction
Basis
Importance
Classification
Homogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Example
Heterogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Examples
Promoters
Catalytic Poisoning
Autocatalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Enzymes
References
Catalyst: -
The substances that alter the rate of a reaction but itself remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction is called a Catalyst.
The process is called Catalysis.
prop-
A catalyst cannot start the reaction by itself.
Catalytic activity increases as surface area of catalyst increases.
Catalysts are thermolabile, this effect is very well pronounced in enzymes.
Catalytic activity is maximum at a catalyst’s optimum temperature.
A catalyst does not alter the position of the equilibrium, instead it helps in achieving the equilibrium faster.
Existing technologies and industries can be combined to achieve an environmental trifecta: 1) mitigating climate change by sequestering (locking up) CO2, 2) eliminating brine disposal from brine desalination operations, and 3) preventing the salinization and acidification of groundwater and surface waters resulting from road salting, acid precipitation, and acid mine drainage.
The “Carbon Negative Water Solutions environmental trifecta” has three main components detailed as follows:
1) The sequestration of carbon from flue stack capture (FSC), or direct air capture (DAC), of CO2, subsequently incorporated into solid carbonate mineral [MCO3 or MHCO3], or into increased naturally dissolved bicarbonate (HCO3) in groundwater, surface water, and oceans. Dissolved HCO3 can be incorporated into algae for biofuel, fertilizer, or feedstock production.
2) Elimination of brine disposal from both seawater and groundwater brine desalination operations. The most common technology for this step usually involves 1) the electrolysis of brine, producing a base MOH, and 2) the aeration of CO2 gas forming carbonic acid, which reacts with the base to produce a carbonate salt [MCO3 or MHCO3]. Various HxClx marketable byproducts are produced, including H2, Cl2, HCl, and ClOx. The H2 can supplement the hydrogen economy.
3) Prevention of the salinization and acidification of groundwater and surface waters resulting from road salting, acid precipitation, and acid mine drainage. MHCO3 replacing MCl in road salting operations provides non-point source application of bicarbonate for the neutralization of acid precipitation. The elimination of MCl salts prevents the chloride salinization of groundwater and surface waters. MHCO3 can also be applied locally, providing point source application for the neutralization of acid mine drainage point sources.
Production of Renewable Fuels by the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 using Ma...Pawan Kumar
The photo-reductive performance of natural ilmenite was boosted and the production of renewable fuels from the reduction of CO2 was enhanced by doping the natural mineral with magnesium. The doping was achieved by high energy ball milling in the presence of MgO and Mg(NO3)2. The photo-reduction of CO2 in aqueous solution led to the evolution of H2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6, and the insertion of Mg in the structure of ilmenite enabled increases of up to 1245% in the fuel production yield, reaching total production of 210.9 µmol h-1 gcat-1. Displacements of the conduction band to more negative potentials were evidenced for the samples doped with magnesium. Indirect effects such as increases in the valence band maximum, and the introduction of intermediate energy levels were also evidenced through the measurement of the crystallite size and the determination of the band structure of the materials. Mott-Schottky analyses of the samples showed the n-type nature of the semiconductor materials and enabled the estimation of the density of charge carriers, which strongly influenced the photocatalytic performance. The strong potential of the application of natural ilmenite in gas phase artificial photosynthesis was proved by the evaluation of CO2 reduction in gas conditions, which allowed the enhancement in the selectivity and significantly increased the production of CH4 as compared to aqueous solution, reaching an important yield of CH4 of 16.1 µmol h-1 gcat-1.
On the Current Status of the Mechanistic Aspects of Photocatalytic Reduction ...Hariprasad Narayanan
Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, one of the pathways involved in the carbon dioxide conversion process, has been receiving significant attention from the scientific community in the last four decades. Nevertheless, the mechanism of carbon dioxide reduction is still unclear and the information available is not sufficient for developing it into large scale applications, possibly because of the invariable hurdles associated with the reduction process. The reductive photocatalytic conversion of CO2 involves all the redox reactions occurring at the interface of the semiconductor such as water splitting, hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, photo-oxidation reactions and reactions of radical intermediates. The overall product yield is highly dependent on the extent of these competing reactions. Herein, we discuss our perceptions and current status of the interface reactions and their involvement in the fundamental mechanistic aspects of the photocatalytic conversion of CO2.
Single Atom Catalysts for Selective Methane Oxidation to OxygenatesPawan Kumar
Direct conversion of methane (CH4) to C1–2 liquid oxygenates is a captivating approach to lock carbons in transportable value-added chemicals, while reducing global warming. Existing approaches utilizing the transformation of CH4 to liquid fuel via tandemized steam methane reforming and the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis are energy and capital intensive. Chemocatalytic partial oxidation of methane remains challenging due to the negligible electron affinity, poor C–H bond polarizability, and high activation energy barrier. Transition-metal and stoichiometric catalysts utilizing harsh oxidants and reaction conditions perform poorly with randomized product distribution. Paradoxically, the catalysts which are active enough to break C–H also promote overoxidation, resulting in CO2 generation and reduced carbon balance. Developing catalysts which can break C–H bonds of methane to selectively make useful chemicals at mild conditions is vital to commercialization. Single atom catalysts (SACs) with specifically coordinated metal centers on active support have displayed intrigued reactivity and selectivity for methane oxidation. SACs can significantly reduce the activation energy due to induced electrostatic polarization of the C–H bond to facilitate the accelerated reaction rate at the low reaction temperature. The distinct metal–support interaction can stabilize the intermediate and prevent the overoxidation of the reaction products. The present review accounts for recent progress in the field of SACs for the selective oxidation of CH4 to C1–2 oxygenates. The chemical nature of catalytic sites, effects of metal–support interaction, and stabilization of intermediate species on catalysts to minimize overoxidation are thoroughly discussed with a forward-looking perspective to improve the catalytic performance.
Nanostructured composite materials for CO2 activationPawan Kumar
The increasing energy crisis and the worsening global climate caused by the excessive
utilization of the fossil fuel have boosted tremendous research about CO2 capture, storage and
utilization. Among these approaches, utilization of carbon dioxide to produce valuable chemicals
is preferred than dumping it. Particularly, utilization of CO2 as feedstock for the photocatalytic
conversion into valuable products is a viable approach for harvesting solar radiation as an energy
source and to mitigate increasing CO2 concentration. Artificial photosynthesis by using
nanostructured materials as photocatalyst has immense potential to convert carbon dioxide into
renewable fuels such as methanol/CO etc. The present chapter focuses on the synthesis, characterization and application of various nanostructured materials for CO2 activation including
photoreduction of CO2 to valuable products.
Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels Course Material.
National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR, IIT Madras), considered for the first on-line course the topic of Carbon dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels. NCCR has learnt many such lessons which are necessary for the researchers to understand and also have a complete comprehension of the limitations.
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2. INTRODUCTION
CO2 is a greenhouse gas.
It is mainly responsible for the global warming and ocean
acidification.
The methods for reduction is classified as:
a. Artificial
b. Natural
Various chemicals and fuels are produced by co2 reduction.
4. FUTURE CHALLENGES
A recent report on the future
of carbon dioxide (Co2)
emission predicts that in the
coming few decades (2010-
2060), ~496 gigatonnes of
Co2 will be produced because
of fossil fuels combustion by
existing infrastructure.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FRabiaAziz6%2Frabia-aziz-bs-iv-reducation-of-co2-and-its-application-to-environment-ppt-
2&psig=AOvVaw2uRLneUCyc2KAVh1szwbrJ&ust=1649651233585000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAoQjRxqFwoTCKirptPUiPcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAO
5. SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM
Co2 can be artificially converted into fuel or
commodity chemicals.
The Co2 conversion methodology not only
addresses the potential solution for
controlling the Co2 concentration level in the
environment but also offers an alternative
approach for conversion of renewable energy
to a chemical fuel or product.
So far, various noble metals (Ag, Au, Cu, Pt
and so on) and metal complexes are used as
heterogeneous catalysts (as electrodes ) for
Co2 reduction. However, the rising cost of
noble metals is the main hindrance towards
their large scale practical applications.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fsaurav9119%2Felectrochemical-reduction-of-carbon-dioxide&psig=AOvVaw1kVDVdBrhgM3nNR-
16f7hA&ust=1649655978304000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAoQjRxqFwoTCPi6xenliPcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
6. Attempts at Co2 Reduction
Radiochemical
Chemical reduction
Thermochemical
Photo chemical
Electrochemical
Biochemical
Bio photochemical
Photo electrochemical
Bio electrochemical
Bio photoelectrochemical
7. ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION
The electrochemical reduction of
carbon dioxide is the conversion
of carbon dioxide(Co2) to more reduced
chemical species using electrical
energy.
Electrochemical reduction of carbon
dioxide represents a possible means of
producing chemicals or fuels,
converting carbon dioxide (CO2) to
organic feedstocks such as formic acid
(HCOOH),carbon monoxide
(CO), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4)
and ethanol (C2H5OH).
Among the more selective metallic
catalysts in this field are tin for formic
acid, silver for carbon monoxide
and copper for methane, ethylene or
ethanol.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide#:~:text=The%20electrochemical%20reduction%20of%20carbon,of%20the%20most%20promising%20approaches.
12. CATALYTIC CO2 REDUCTION
SABATIER REACTION FOR METHANE PRODUCTION
o Electrolysis of water produces H2.
o The H2 is combined with captured CO2, compressed and reacts over a catalyst at a
moderate temperature and pressure(≈225˚C, ≈5MPa) to produce methanol and water.
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
13. CALVIN CYCLE
The Calvin cycle is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air
into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow.
Every living thing on Earth depends on the Calvin cycle.
Plants depend on the Calvin cycle for energy and food.
The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to make organic products that plants need using
the products from the light reactions of photosynthesis (ATP and NADPH).
The products formed after a single turn of the Calvin cycle are 3 ADP, 2 glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate (G3P) molecules, and 2 NADP+.
16. Merits and De-Merits
MERITS
More affordable way to reduce Co2 levels by
directly converting the gas into useful
products.
Convert molecules in more stable forms.
Very low environmental impact , doesn’t
produce harmful emissions.
DE-MERITS
Efficiency is low.
Lack of efficient catalysts of water
oxidation & Co2 reduction.