Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by .pdf
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Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by simple diffusion. Once dissolved in seawater, the carbon dioxide can remain as is or can be converted into carbonate (CO3-2) or bicarbonate (HCO3-). When CO2 enters the ocean, carbonic acid is formed: CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 This reaction has a forward and reverse rate. These two reqctions achieve a chemical equilibrium in which they both occur at equal rates, thus mainting a relatively stable ratio of CO2 to H2CO3. Another reaction that is important in controlling the acidity (i.e. pH levels) of the oceans is the release of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate: H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3- This reaction buffers seawater against large changes in pH. Certain forms of sea life biologically fix bicarbonate with calcium (Ca+2) to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This substance is used to produce shells and other hard body parts by organisms such as coral, clams, oysters, some protozoa, and some algae. When these organisms die, their shells and body parts sink to the ocean floor where they accumulate as carbonate-rich deposits. After long periods of time, these deposits are physically and chemically altered into sedimentary rocks. Ocean deposits are by far the biggest sink of carbon on the plane Solution Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by simple diffusion. Once dissolved in seawater, the carbon dioxide can remain as is or can be converted into carbonate (CO3-2) or bicarbonate (HCO3-). When CO2 enters the ocean, carbonic acid is formed: CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 This reaction has a forward and reverse rate. These two reqctions achieve a chemical equilibrium in which they both occur at equal rates, thus mainting a relatively stable ratio of CO2 to H2CO3. Another reaction that is important in controlling the acidity (i.e. pH levels) of the oceans is the release of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate: H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3- This reaction buffers seawater against large changes in pH. Certain forms of sea life biologically fix bicarbonate with calcium (Ca+2) to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This substance is used to produce shells and other hard body parts by organisms such as coral, clams, oysters, some protozoa, and some algae. When these organisms die, their shells and body parts sink to the ocean floor where they accumulate as carbonate-rich deposits. After long periods of time, these deposits are physically and chemically altered into sedimentary rocks. Ocean deposits are by far the biggest sink of carbon on the plane.
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describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump u.pdf
describe the oceans solubility pump and the oceans biological pump using the pools of carbon
(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
The solubility pump is driven by to principal factors. First one 4more C02 can dissolve into cold
polar waters thane warm waters. As major ocean currents more from tropics to the poles they are
cold and take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere secondly the higher latitude zones also
places where deep waters are formed as the water gets cold they become denser and sink into
oceans interior absoring the Co2 accumulated on the surface.
Bioloical pump: in this process carbon dioxide moves away from the surface ocean.
Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
the food web for all animal life in the ocean.
Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
into the deeper waters before converted by Marine bacteria only 0.1 % reaches the sea floor as
sediment.
Carbon is cycled through the ocean biological processes of photosynthesis respiration and
decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
compounds called dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) for example aquous carbon dioxide ,carbonic
acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
bodies it is converted by organisms into organic carbon by photosynthesis and the food chain
also helps in this process if circulates in the layout for longer periods before getting deposited as
sediments.
Oceanic absorption of Co2 is considered as very important form of carbon sequestration limiting
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formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
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Particulate organic carbon POC is the carbon that is too large and is tilted out of your sample.
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(DIC, PIC, POC, DOC) and the processes. how are the two linked? where does the ocean \"take
up\" C and where is it released from the ocean?
Solution
The oceans play an important role in regulating the amount of fever to in atmosphere because 02
can move quickly into and out of the oceans. It is estimated that approximately 93% of Co2is
found in oceans.
In oceans the solubility pump is physicochemical process which transports dissolved inorganic
carbon to the interior.
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Microscopic Marine animals called zooplankyon eat the phytoplankton and provide the basis for
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Although most of the fever to taken up by phytoplankton is recycled near the surface 30% sinks
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sediment.
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decomposition of aquatic plants. As the oceanic plants don\'t have large Woody stems the
decomposition after quickly then on land Judo this very little carbon is stored in the ocean prove
biological processes the total amount of carbonn update and carbon loss from the ocean depends
on the balance of organic and inorganic processes.
Carbon dioxide is soluble in water it reacts with water to form several ionic and nonionic
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acid, bicarbonate and carbonate.
Carbon enters the ocean by dissolving in the water it also enters through rivers and other water
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formed do the decomposition processes of organisms in the Marine system. It is defined as the
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Explain what natural carbonate buffer system is. You may use a lake for your example.
Solution
As the name suggests the \"natural carbonate buffer system\". The carbonate is formed by the
natural carbon di oxide gas. Let us consider for a lake. Lake is a large water body whose surface
is open to the atmosphere. We already know that Buffers are the mistures of weak acid and its
conjugate bases that have withstanding capacity of the pH changes.
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i.e weak acid. Carbonic acid splits into
H2CO3 ---------) H+ + HCO3- Ions.
CaCO3 , Calcium carbonate is a commanly available mineral in the deposites of the lakes. it
splits into
CaCO3 ---------) Ca2+ + CO32- ions.
CO32- of Calcium carbonate combines with water to form OH - and HCO3- . H+ formed by the
Carbonic acid combines with OH- to form water. This phenomenon forms buffer of Weak acid (
Carbonic Acid) and weak base forming water thus maintaining the pH of the Lake.
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up\" period in the credit? If so, when and why?2018 Cash
FlowTotalJanuaryFebuaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecembe
rCOH previous month$ 147,000.00$ 151,500.00$ 105,250.00$ 79,150.00$
74,449.00$ 11,865.94$ (25,572.10)$ (58,106.43)$ 82,407.18$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 199,972.06added LP$ 20,850.00$ 25,551.00$ 88,134.06$
125,572.10$ 158,106.43$ 17,592.82Beging COH$ 147,000.00$ 151,500.00$
105,250.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 199,972.06Expected Sales$ 10,000.00$
11,000.00$ 13,000.00$ 11,000.00$ 250,000.00$ 350,000.00$ 450,000.00$
500,000.00$ 365,000.00$ 14,000.00$ 13,000.00$ 13,000.00$
2,000,000.00Collections 30 & 90$ 30,000.00$ 6,500.00$ 7,150.00$
8,450.00$ 7,150.00 $ - $ - $ 162,500.00$ 227,500.00$
292,500.00$ 325,000.00$ 237,250.00Gross profit for month$ 33,500.00$
10,350.00$ 11,700.00$ 12,300.00$ 94,650.00$ 122,500.00$ 157,500.00$
337,500.00$ 355,250.00$ 297,400.00$ 329,550.00$ 241,800.00COGS$ 3,000.00$
3,300.00$ 3,900.00$ 3,300.00$ 75,000.00$ 105,000.00$ 135,000.00$
150,000.00$ 109,500.00$ 4,200.00$ 3,900.00$ 3,900.00$
600,000.00Labor$ 3,000.00$ 3,300.00$ 3,900.00$ 3,300.00$ 75,000.00$
105,000.00$ 135,000.00$ 150,000.00$ 109,500.00$ 4,200.00$ 3,900.00$
3,900.00$ 600,000.00Operating Expenses$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$
20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$
20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 240,000.00Fixed Asset Purchase$
30,000.00$ 30,000.00PP$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$
10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$
100,000.00Interest on ST$ 1,251.00$ 2,784.06$ 8,072.10$ 15,606.43$
25,092.82$ 26,148.38$ 21,342.29$ 7,082.82$ 107,379.91Pay Back on ST$
80,101.62$ 237,657.71$ 118,047.08Total of Expenses$ 26,000.00$ 56,600.00$
37,800.00$ 37,851.00$ 182,784.06$ 248,072.10$ 315,606.43$ 355,092.82$
355,250.00$ 297,400.00$ 162,929.90$ 37,800.00Before Taxes$ 7,500.00$
(46,250.00)$ (26,100.00)$ (25,551.00)$ (88,134.06)$ (125,572.10)$ (158,106.43)$
(17,592.82) $ (0.00) $ 0.00$ 166,620.10$ 204,000.00Tax paid$
3,000.00 $ (0.00) $ 0.00$ 66,648.04$ 81,600.00Net Profit$
4,500.00$ (46,250.00)$ (26,100.00)$ (25,551.00)$ (88,134.06)$ (125,572.10)$
(158,106.43)$ (17,592.82) $ (0.00) $ 0.00$ 99,972.06$
122,400.00Ending Cash$ 151,500.00$ 105,250.00$ 79,150.00$ 74,449.00$
11,865.94$ (25,572.10)$ (58,106.43)$ 82,407.18$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
199,972.06$ 322,372.06Minimum ending Cash$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00Over/Short$ 51,500.00$ 5,250.00$
(20,850.00)$ (25,551.00)$ (88,134.06)$ (125,572.10)$ (158,106.43)$ (17,592.82)
$ (0.00) $ (0.00)$ 99,972.06$ 222,372.06Cummulative ST$
20,850.00$ 46,401.00$ 134,535.06$ 260,107.16$ 418,213.59$ 435,806.41$
355,704.79$ 118,047.08
Solution
Based on the analysis of t.
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Ocean acidification is caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the oceans due to human emissions since the Industrial Revolution. As CO2 is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH and the concentration of carbonate ions. This process is known as ocean acidification and impacts marine life by making it difficult for calcifying organisms like oysters and corals to form their shells and skeletons as the pH becomes less suitable for calcification. While some algae may benefit from higher CO2 levels, most marine species, food webs, and coastal economies that rely on fisheries are threatened by ocean acidification if emissions are not reduced.
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The document discusses several important biogeochemical cycles in marine systems, including the nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and oxygen cycles. It provides details on the various chemical forms each element takes in the ocean, the processes of transformation between different forms, and the key organisms and environmental factors involved in regulating the fluxes between different reservoirs within each cycle. The marine nitrogen cycle is highlighted as being particularly complex, with nitrogen undergoing numerous chemical transformations facilitated by marine organisms as part of their metabolic processes.
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When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions.
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -----> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Solution
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions.
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -----> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq).
Let the discrete random variable X denote the number of times an ev.pdf
Let the discrete random variable X denote the number of times an event occurs in an interval of
time (or space). Then Xmay be a Poisson random variable with x = 0, 1, 2, ...
Solution
Let the discrete random variable X denote the number of times an event occurs in an interval of
time (or space). Then Xmay be a Poisson random variable with x = 0, 1, 2, ....
More Related Content
Similar to Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by .pdf
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon between the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans, and lithosphere. Carbon is exchanged through physical, chemical, and biological processes, with the largest pools located in the oceans and lithosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, disrupting the natural carbon cycle and global climate. Understanding the carbon cycle is important for studying biological and climate processes.
Carbon cycle
The document discusses the carbon cycle, which involves carbon continually moving through living organisms, oceans, atmosphere, and rocks. There are four main subcycles - the rock subcycle over millions of years, ocean subcycle over hundreds of years, biological subcycle over days to years, and fossil fuel subcycle over millions of years being released in recent decades. Carbon is essential for life and plays a key role in climate as a greenhouse gas.
Carbon Cycle
The document discusses the carbon cycle, which involves the movement of carbon between different reservoirs on Earth, including the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and lithosphere. Carbon cycles through these reservoirs through various processes on timescales ranging from years to millions of years. Key aspects of the carbon cycle include photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, weathering of rocks, deep ocean storage, and the formation and combustion of fossil fuels.
Carbon Cycle
The document summarizes the carbon cycle, which is the movement of carbon between different reservoirs on Earth and in its atmosphere. Carbon continually cycles between living organisms, oceans, atmosphere, and rocks through various processes over timescales ranging from years to millions of years. Key parts of the cycle include photosynthesis fixing carbon from the atmosphere into organisms, respiration and decomposition releasing carbon back to the air, and geological processes like weathering sequestering carbon in rocks over millions of years.
geomorph1 kfsfhfsgfsufsh f hsk s udhds fdh.pptx
The document discusses two chemical weathering processes: carbonation and hydrolysis. Carbonation involves carbon dioxide dissolving in water to form carbonic acid, which reacts with limestone. Hydrolysis is the main chemical weathering process where water splits into ions that react with silicate minerals like orthoclase, converting it to aluminosilicic acid and potassium hydroxide. These products are unstable and react further, breaking down the minerals over time.
Asam Basa Air Laut_Pertemuan 6
The document discusses acids, bases, and pH. It explains that acids donate H+ ions while bases accept H+ ions. Common acids include HCl and carbonic acid, while NaOH is a strong base. Neutralization reactions between acids and bases produce water and salts. Buffers resist changes in pH. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 with acidic solutions having a pH below 7 and basic solutions above 7. The carbonate buffering system and carbon dioxide system in the ocean help regulate ocean pH. Increasing carbon dioxide absorption is lowering ocean pH and threatening marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons.
Ocean Acidification
The ocean absorbs about one-third of carbon dioxide emissions from human activities. This uptake benefits society by slowing climate change but causes ocean acidification as CO2 reacts with seawater. Ocean acidification threatens marine organisms that build shells and skeletons, and could disrupt marine food webs and ecosystems. Future projections estimate the oceans will become 150% more acidic by 2100 if emissions continue unabated, reaching levels not seen for over 20 million years. Strengthening the science of ocean acidification impacts is urgently needed to inform decision making.
Oceanic acidification
This document discusses ocean acidification, which refers to the ongoing decrease in ocean pH and increase in acidity caused by carbon dioxide uptake from the atmosphere. It explains that 30-40% of human-released CO2 dissolves into oceans, altering water chemistry and increasing acidity levels in the oceans by almost 30% since the industrial era. The impacts of ocean acidification include effects on calcification and calcifying organisms, as well as damage to coral reefs and increased coral bleaching. Preventive measures include reducing CO2 emissions, increasing forestation, and iron fertilization.
Ocean acidification __methane
Conclusion
While methane may be broken down into a less harmful form, when methane is oxidized the problem doesn't simply go away. Methane oxidizes into carbon dioxide both in seawater and in the atmosphere, adding to the carbon dioxide levels in both these realms. As we have seen, carbon dioxide in seawater contributes to ocean acidity, while atmospheric carbon dioxide traps heat and promotes warming – though not quite to the extent that methane would – and as atmospheric CO2 levels rise, so too will the CO2 that is absorbed into the ocean. It is a classic feedback loop that feeds into itself, having the potential to accelerate global warming and climate change to a tipping point – the point of no return.
Explain what natural carbonate buffer system is. You may use a lake f.pdf
Explain what natural carbonate buffer system is. You may use a lake for your example.
Solution
As the name suggests the \"natural carbonate buffer system\". The carbonate is formed by the
natural carbon di oxide gas. Let us consider for a lake. Lake is a large water body whose surface
is open to the atmosphere. We already know that Buffers are the mistures of weak acid and its
conjugate bases that have withstanding capacity of the pH changes.
Here the natually available CO2 combines with H2O to form H2CO3. H2CO3 is Carbonic acid
i.e weak acid. Carbonic acid splits into
H2CO3 ---------) H+ + HCO3- Ions.
CaCO3 , Calcium carbonate is a commanly available mineral in the deposites of the lakes. it
splits into
CaCO3 ---------) Ca2+ + CO32- ions.
CO32- of Calcium carbonate combines with water to form OH - and HCO3- . H+ formed by the
Carbonic acid combines with OH- to form water. This phenomenon forms buffer of Weak acid (
Carbonic Acid) and weak base forming water thus maintaining the pH of the Lake.
This process is termed as natuall carbonate buffer system..
Carbonates overview
The document provides an overview of a course on carbonates and sedimentary basins. It discusses how carbonate sediments form in different depositional environments and the factors controlling carbonate accumulation and distribution. It also summarizes the key components and textures of carbonate rocks and the processes of diagenesis.
Which two gases are the most important for aquatic organisms Wh.pdf
Using the Cash Budget of the ToysRCash Inc store below, would you expect to have a \"clean-
up\" period in the credit? If so, when and why?2018 Cash
FlowTotalJanuaryFebuaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecembe
rCOH previous month$ 147,000.00$ 151,500.00$ 105,250.00$ 79,150.00$
74,449.00$ 11,865.94$ (25,572.10)$ (58,106.43)$ 82,407.18$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 199,972.06added LP$ 20,850.00$ 25,551.00$ 88,134.06$
125,572.10$ 158,106.43$ 17,592.82Beging COH$ 147,000.00$ 151,500.00$
105,250.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 199,972.06Expected Sales$ 10,000.00$
11,000.00$ 13,000.00$ 11,000.00$ 250,000.00$ 350,000.00$ 450,000.00$
500,000.00$ 365,000.00$ 14,000.00$ 13,000.00$ 13,000.00$
2,000,000.00Collections 30 & 90$ 30,000.00$ 6,500.00$ 7,150.00$
8,450.00$ 7,150.00 $ - $ - $ 162,500.00$ 227,500.00$
292,500.00$ 325,000.00$ 237,250.00Gross profit for month$ 33,500.00$
10,350.00$ 11,700.00$ 12,300.00$ 94,650.00$ 122,500.00$ 157,500.00$
337,500.00$ 355,250.00$ 297,400.00$ 329,550.00$ 241,800.00COGS$ 3,000.00$
3,300.00$ 3,900.00$ 3,300.00$ 75,000.00$ 105,000.00$ 135,000.00$
150,000.00$ 109,500.00$ 4,200.00$ 3,900.00$ 3,900.00$
600,000.00Labor$ 3,000.00$ 3,300.00$ 3,900.00$ 3,300.00$ 75,000.00$
105,000.00$ 135,000.00$ 150,000.00$ 109,500.00$ 4,200.00$ 3,900.00$
3,900.00$ 600,000.00Operating Expenses$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$
20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$
20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 20,000.00$ 240,000.00Fixed Asset Purchase$
30,000.00$ 30,000.00PP$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$
10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$ 10,000.00$
100,000.00Interest on ST$ 1,251.00$ 2,784.06$ 8,072.10$ 15,606.43$
25,092.82$ 26,148.38$ 21,342.29$ 7,082.82$ 107,379.91Pay Back on ST$
80,101.62$ 237,657.71$ 118,047.08Total of Expenses$ 26,000.00$ 56,600.00$
37,800.00$ 37,851.00$ 182,784.06$ 248,072.10$ 315,606.43$ 355,092.82$
355,250.00$ 297,400.00$ 162,929.90$ 37,800.00Before Taxes$ 7,500.00$
(46,250.00)$ (26,100.00)$ (25,551.00)$ (88,134.06)$ (125,572.10)$ (158,106.43)$
(17,592.82) $ (0.00) $ 0.00$ 166,620.10$ 204,000.00Tax paid$
3,000.00 $ (0.00) $ 0.00$ 66,648.04$ 81,600.00Net Profit$
4,500.00$ (46,250.00)$ (26,100.00)$ (25,551.00)$ (88,134.06)$ (125,572.10)$
(158,106.43)$ (17,592.82) $ (0.00) $ 0.00$ 99,972.06$
122,400.00Ending Cash$ 151,500.00$ 105,250.00$ 79,150.00$ 74,449.00$
11,865.94$ (25,572.10)$ (58,106.43)$ 82,407.18$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
199,972.06$ 322,372.06Minimum ending Cash$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00$
100,000.00$ 100,000.00$ 100,000.00Over/Short$ 51,500.00$ 5,250.00$
(20,850.00)$ (25,551.00)$ (88,134.06)$ (125,572.10)$ (158,106.43)$ (17,592.82)
$ (0.00) $ (0.00)$ 99,972.06$ 222,372.06Cummulative ST$
20,850.00$ 46,401.00$ 134,535.06$ 260,107.16$ 418,213.59$ 435,806.41$
355,704.79$ 118,047.08
Solution
Based on the analysis of t.
kajaloceanacidification-150123152716-conversion-gate02.pdf
Ocean acidification is caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the oceans due to human emissions since the Industrial Revolution. As CO2 is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH and the concentration of carbonate ions. This process is known as ocean acidification and impacts marine life by making it difficult for calcifying organisms like oysters and corals to form their shells and skeletons as the pH becomes less suitable for calcification. While some algae may benefit from higher CO2 levels, most marine species, food webs, and coastal economies that rely on fisheries are threatened by ocean acidification if emissions are not reduced.
ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the oceans due to human emissions since the Industrial Revolution. As CO2 is absorbed by seawater, chemical reactions occur that reduce seawater pH and the concentration of carbonate ions. This process is known as ocean acidification and impacts marine life by making it difficult for calcifying organisms like oysters, corals, and plankton to form their shells and skeletons. While some algae may benefit from higher CO2 levels, most marine species face threats of thinner shells, lower survival rates, and lower population growth under increasingly acidic conditions. Options to mitigate ocean acidification include reducing CO2 emissions, allowing species to adapt or relocate, or developing carbon capture
Carban cycle
The document summarizes the carbon cycle. It states that carbon cycles between the atmosphere, organisms, and oceans. Carbon exists in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide which is vital for photosynthesis in plants and is the basic building block for organic compounds. It cycles between organisms, dead organic matter, the soil, rocks like limestone, oceans, and the atmosphere through various processes like photosynthesis, respiration, weathering, and dissolution. The carbon cycle is important because increased carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas that can impact climate change.
Carbon Cycle in Oceanic Environment by Syekat
Carbon Cycle in Oceanic Environment by SyekatNazmul Haque Syekat, Noakhai Science & Technology University.
Carbon is an essential element for all life forms on Earth. Whether these life forms
take in carbon to help manufacture food or release carbon as part of respiration, the
intake and output of carbon is a component of all plant and animal life.
The carbon cycle is vital to life on Earth. Nature tends to keep carbon levels balanced,
meaning that the amount of carbon naturally released from reservoirs is equal to the
amount that is naturally absorbed by reservoirs. Maintaining this carbon balance
allows the planet to remain hospitable for life. Scientists believe that humans have
upset this balance by burning fossil fuels, which has added more carbon to
the atmosphere than usual and led to climate change and global warming.Carbon cycle
Carbon is an essential element that cycles between the atmosphere, ocean, organisms, and geologic reservoirs as part of the carbon cycle. Photosynthesis incorporates carbon from the air and water into organic compounds, while respiration and decomposition release it back. Fossil fuels like coal and oil were formed from ancient plant and algae remains over millions of years. Burning fossil fuels returns carbon to the air, and limestone erosion also adds carbon back to the cycle through weathering. The carbon cycle continuously moves carbon between the biosphere and geosphere.
QUADRATIC CHEM.pptx
The document discusses several important biogeochemical cycles in marine systems, including the nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and oxygen cycles. It provides details on the various chemical forms each element takes in the ocean, the processes of transformation between different forms, and the key organisms and environmental factors involved in regulating the fluxes between different reservoirs within each cycle. The marine nitrogen cycle is highlighted as being particularly complex, with nitrogen undergoing numerous chemical transformations facilitated by marine organisms as part of their metabolic processes.
MARINE BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLING
A biogeochemical cycle is the circulation of an element in the Earth system. It involves various reservoirs that store the element, fluxes between reservoirs as well as the physical, chemical and biological parameters that regulate the fluxes. The oceans play a key role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements on our planet. As primary productivity is strictly limited to the photic zone and decay of organic matter is pursued in the deeper water masses of the oceanic system, the distribution of many elements exhibits a strong vertical gradient. A biogeochemical cycle refers to the cycling and transport of a chemical element or compound, usually in multiple forms and physical states, through the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components of the earth system. Some of the most commonly examined biogeochemical cycles include carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron and phosphorous.
The marine nitrogen cycle is one of the most complicated biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. Nitrogen is a biologically limiting element and changes in its form, or concentration, can cause changes in the cycling of other elements, such as carbon and phosphorus. Marine nitrogen cycle is perhaps the most complex and therefore the most fascinating among all biogeochemical cycles in the sea. Nitrogen exists in more chemical forms than most other elements, with a myriad of chemical transformations. All these transformations are undertaken by marine organisms as part of their metabolism, either to obtain nitrogen to synthesize structural components, or to gain energy for growth. Nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere dissolves into seawater at the ocean surface. Nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen in the ocean, but is not useful to most living things. Dissolved nitrogen gas is taken up by just a few types microbes, which convert the nitrogen into a much more useable form, known as ammonium (NH4+). This process, known as “nitrogen fixation,” is vitally important. Without it, very little nitrogen would available for thousands of other organisms that live near the ocean surface.
Ammonium is the form of nitrogen that is most easily consumed by microorganisms. For this reason, ammonium is consumed almost as fast as it is produced, a process called “assimilation.” The result is that the nitrogen becomes incorporated into the cells of living organisms. Some marine microbes consume nitrite and nitrate, another form of assimilation. When microbes (and other organisms) die, they decompose, releasing ammonium and tiny particles containing particulate organic nitrogen (PON), as well as dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) into the surrounding seawater. Some microbes convert ammonium to nitrite (NO2-) and then nitrite to nitrate (NO3-). This two-step process is called “nitrification.” The result of this process is that nitrate is released into the ocean. A host of organisms consume particulate organic nitrogen and dissolved organic nitrogen, converting some of the nitrogen back to a
Carboncycle
Carbon is essential for life and is present in many biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. It cycles between the atmosphere, ocean, living things, and geological reservoirs as part of the global carbon cycle. The carbon cycle involves photosynthesis fixing carbon from the air or water into organic compounds, respiration and decomposition releasing it back, and geological processes like fossil fuel formation, limestone creation and erosion, and volcanic activity moving it between air, water, and rocks over long time periods.
Similar to Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by .pdf (20)
Explain what natural carbonate buffer system is. You may use a lake f.pdf
Explain what natural carbonate buffer system is. You may use a lake f.pdf
Which two gases are the most important for aquatic organisms Wh.pdf
Which two gases are the most important for aquatic organisms Wh.pdf
kajaloceanacidification-150123152716-conversion-gate02.pdf
kajaloceanacidification-150123152716-conversion-gate02.pdf
More from anandanand521251
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions..pdf
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions.
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -----> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Solution
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, they dissociate into ions.
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -----> Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq).
Let the discrete random variable X denote the number of times an ev.pdf
Let the discrete random variable X denote the number of times an event occurs in an interval of
time (or space). Then Xmay be a Poisson random variable with x = 0, 1, 2, ...
Solution
Let the discrete random variable X denote the number of times an event occurs in an interval of
time (or space). Then Xmay be a Poisson random variable with x = 0, 1, 2, ....
Given operation are push, pop, top, isEmptyLets assume that .pdf
Given operation are: push, pop, top, isEmpty
Lets assume that \'S\' is given stack
1. Set num to the second element from the top of the stack, leaving the stack without its top
elements.
setSecondElement(S, num):
if(S.isEmpty())
print \"stack is empty\"
S.pop()
if(S.isEmpty())
print \"stack is empty\"
num = S.top()
2. Given an integer n, set the nth element from the top of the stack, leaving the stack unchanged.
setNthWithoutChange(S, num, n):
create tempStack
// popping first n elements from S and pushing into temp stack
for i=1 to n:
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack contains less element than n\"
break;
tempStack.push(S.pop())
// if we have sufficient elements
if i==n :
num= tempStack.top()
// pop all elements from tempstack and push back into S
while(!tempStack.isEmpty()):
S.push(tempStack.pop())
3. Set num to the bottom element of the stack, leaving the stack empty.
setBottomElementWithChange(S, num):
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack is empty\"
else:
num = S.pop() // setting first element to num
while(!S.isEmpty())
num = S.pop()
4. Set num to the bottom element of the stack, leaving the stack unchanged.
setBottomElementWithoutChange(S, num):
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack is empty\"
else:
create a tempStack
while(!S.isEmpty())
tempStack.push(S.pop())
num = tempStack.top()
// pushing back into S
while(!tempStack.isEmpty())
S.push(tempStack.pop())
5. Set num to the nth element from the bottom of the stack leaving the stack unchanged.
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack is empty\"
else:
create a tempStack
while(!S.isEmpty())
tempStack.push(S.pop())
int count = 0;
while(!tempStack.isEmpty())
temp = tempStack.pop()
count = count + 1
if(count == n)
num = temp
S.push(temp)
if count < n:
print \"stack do not have sufficient element\"
Solution
Given operation are: push, pop, top, isEmpty
Lets assume that \'S\' is given stack
1. Set num to the second element from the top of the stack, leaving the stack without its top
elements.
setSecondElement(S, num):
if(S.isEmpty())
print \"stack is empty\"
S.pop()
if(S.isEmpty())
print \"stack is empty\"
num = S.top()
2. Given an integer n, set the nth element from the top of the stack, leaving the stack unchanged.
setNthWithoutChange(S, num, n):
create tempStack
// popping first n elements from S and pushing into temp stack
for i=1 to n:
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack contains less element than n\"
break;
tempStack.push(S.pop())
// if we have sufficient elements
if i==n :
num= tempStack.top()
// pop all elements from tempstack and push back into S
while(!tempStack.isEmpty()):
S.push(tempStack.pop())
3. Set num to the bottom element of the stack, leaving the stack empty.
setBottomElementWithChange(S, num):
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack is empty\"
else:
num = S.pop() // setting first element to num
while(!S.isEmpty())
num = S.pop()
4. Set num to the bottom element of the stack, leaving the stack unchanged.
setBottomElementWithoutChange(S, num):
if(S.isEmpty()):
print \"stack is empty\"
else:
create a tempStack
while(!S..
The reaction of sodium hydroxide with sulfuric ac.pdf
The reaction of sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid in water: H2SO4 + 2 NaOH ?
Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
Solution
The reaction of sodium hydroxide with sulfuric acid in water: H2SO4 + 2 NaOH ?
Na2SO4 + 2 H2O.
What is a constructorAns)A constructor is also type of method whi.pdf
What is a constructor?
Ans)A constructor is also type of method which will be called and executed at the time of
creation of an Object.By using default or zero argumented constructor,always we can initialize
the instance variables with default values.By using parameterized constructor we can initialize
the instance variables with different values.
________________________________________________
Why is Overloading useful in java?
Ans)
Overloading:
Writing two or more methods with the same name and same method signatures but with different
number of parameters in the same class is called overloading .
If we want to extends the available features of the class then we have to use overloading in java.
Like public int add(int x,int y);
public double add(doublex,double y);
here both the methods are performing the addition operation on two numbers.But based on the
type of data that we are passing the corresponding method will be called and getting executed.
If we pass two integer values as parameters then public int add(int x,int y) will be executed (or)
if we pass two double values as parameters then public double add(doublex,double y) method
will be executed.
We can achieve dynamic polymorphism by using method overloading.
//Default constructor
MyClass()
{
System.out.println(\"Inside MyClass().\");
x=0;
}
//Parameterized constructor
//Here we are calling the MyClass(int i) constructor by passing integer type value
MyClass(int i)
{
System.out.println(\"Inside MyClass(int).\");
x=i;
}
//Parameterized constructor
//Here we are calling the MyClass(double d) constructor by passing double type value
MyClass(double d)
{
System.out.println(\"Inside MyClass(double).\");
x=(int) d;
}
//Parameterized constructor
//Here we are calling the MyClass(int i,intj) constructor by passing two integer type //values
MyClass(int i, int j){
System.out.println(\"Inside MyClass(int,int).\");
x=i*j;
}
________________________________________________
What is a parameter?
Ans)Parameter is type of variable that we are passing as input to the method or constructor.
The method or constructor will perform internal operations by receiving the parameter value as
input.
________________________________________________
Does java use pass parameters by reference or by value ?
Ans)
Java will use pass by value.It wont uses pass by reference.Everything it passes by value.When
ever we are calling a method by passing arguments,java interally creates the copy of the variable
inside the original variable and pass those to the method as arguments.This is called pass by
value.There is no pass by reference in java.
_________________________________________
Part2:(Modified according to the requirement)
Override.java
class Override {
void ovlDemo(){
System.out.println(\"No parameters\");
}
//Override ovlDemo for one integer parameter.
void ovlDemo(int a) {
System.out.println(\"One parameter: \" + a);
}
//Override ovlDemo for two integer parameters.
int ovlDemo(int a, int b){
System.out.println(\".
d. The number of moles of O2 would increase. as t.pdf
d. The number of moles of O2 would increase. as the reaction goes backward
Solution
d. The number of moles of O2 would increase. as the reaction goes backward.
The main difference between DBA and Data Scientists 1) DBA stands.pdf
The main difference between DBA and Data Scientists:
1) DBA stands for Database Administrator.
2) Data Scientist is mainly referred as an Analyst.
3) Data engineers or DBA\'s deals with ETL(Extract/Load/Transform) .
4) Data Scientists deals with DAD(Discover/Access/Distill).
5) Sometimes data engineers may be doing DAD and some other time data scientists will be
dealing with the ETL.
6) Data engineers may be dealing with DAD because they may have a work to do on a statistical
analysis to optimize some database processes.
7) Whereas the Data scientists may be dealing with the database management to manage a
small,local database to obtain a better database without any exceptions.
According to the details asked, a data scientist can have a knowledge on Data because the steps
for DBA are:
1) Explore: Exploring the data (creating a data dictionary) cleaning (removing impurities),
refining of data.
2) Analyzing: statistical analyses in both automated and manual. Might or might nor require
statistical modeling.
3) Load: This is responsible for loading data into the database.
Solution
The main difference between DBA and Data Scientists:
1) DBA stands for Database Administrator.
2) Data Scientist is mainly referred as an Analyst.
3) Data engineers or DBA\'s deals with ETL(Extract/Load/Transform) .
4) Data Scientists deals with DAD(Discover/Access/Distill).
5) Sometimes data engineers may be doing DAD and some other time data scientists will be
dealing with the ETL.
6) Data engineers may be dealing with DAD because they may have a work to do on a statistical
analysis to optimize some database processes.
7) Whereas the Data scientists may be dealing with the database management to manage a
small,local database to obtain a better database without any exceptions.
According to the details asked, a data scientist can have a knowledge on Data because the steps
for DBA are:
1) Explore: Exploring the data (creating a data dictionary) cleaning (removing impurities),
refining of data.
2) Analyzing: statistical analyses in both automated and manual. Might or might nor require
statistical modeling.
3) Load: This is responsible for loading data into the database..
The encoding format of the given decimal numbers are as fallowsFor.pdf
The encoding format of the given decimal numbers are as fallows
For -5.2
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111011
For -5.1
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111011
For -5.0
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111011
For -4.9
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.8
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.7
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.6
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.5
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.4
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.3
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.2
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.1
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -4.0
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
For -3.9
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.8
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.7
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.6
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.5
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.4
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.3
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.2
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.1
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -3.0
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111101
For -2.9
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.8
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.7
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.6
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.5
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.4
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.3
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.2
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.1
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -2.0
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
For -1.9
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
For -1.8
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
For -1.7
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
For -1.6
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
For -1.5
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
For -1.4
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
For -1.3
1111111111111111111111111111111111111.
In computer security, a vulnerability is a weakness which allows an .pdf
In computer security, a vulnerability is a weakness which allows an attacker to reduce a system\'s
information assurance. Vulnerability is the intersection of three elements: a system susceptibility
or flaw, attacker access to the flaw, and attacker capability to exploit the flaw.[1] To exploit a
vulnerability, an attacker must have at least one applicable tool or technique that can connect to a
system weakness. In this frame, vulnerability is also known as the attack surface.
Vulnerabilities are flaws in computer software that create weaknesses in your computer or
network’s overall security. Vulnerabilities can also be created by improper computer or security
configurations. Threats exploit the weaknesses of vulnerabilities, resulting in potential damage to
the computer or its data.
The impact of a security breach can be very high. The fact that IT managers, or upper
management, can (easily) know that IT systems and applications have vulnerabilities and do not
perform any action to manage the IT risk is seen as a misconduct in most legislations.
Intrusion detection system is an example of a class of systems used to detect attacks. Some sets
of criteria to be satisfied by a computer, its operating system and applications in order to meet a
good security level have been developed: ITSEC and Common criteria are two examples.
Vulnerability falls under security like computer security, network security,etc.
How to mitigate the risk
§ Install Anti-Virus Software.
Ensure that reputable anti-virus software is installed on all computers. This should include all
servers, PCs and laptops. If employees use computers at home for business use or to remotely
access the network, these PCs should also have anti-virus software installed.
§ Ensure that the anti-virus software is up to date.
Everyday new computer viruses are being released and it is essential that businesses are
protected from these viruses by keeping the anti-virus software up to date. If possible, companies
should look at policies whereby computers that do not have the most up to date anti-virus
software installed are not allowed to connect to the network.
§ Employ a firewall to protect networks.
As computer viruses can spread by means other than email, it is important that unwanted traffic
is blocked from entering the network by using a firewall. For users that use computers for
business away from the protection of the company’s network, such as home PCs or laptops, a
personal firewall should be installed to ensure the computer is protected.
§ Filter all email traffic.
All incoming and outgoing email should be filtered for computer viruses. This filter should
ideally be at the perimeter of the network to prevent computer viruses. Emails with certain file
attachments commonly used by computer viruses to spread themselves, such as .EXE, .COM and
.SCR files, should also be prevented from entering the network.
§ Educate all users to be careful of suspicious e-mails.
Ensure that all users know to .
QuestionEvaluate lim as x approaches infinity 2x-11+2xSolution.pdf
Question:
Evaluate lim as x approaches infinity 2x-1/1+2x
Solution
:
lim x-> (2x-1)/(2x+1)
first we divide both numerator and denominator by 2x
we get
lim x-> (1-1/2x)/(1+1/2x)
as x-> we have 1/2x tend to zero
so
= (1-0)/(1+0)
= 1/1
= 1
so limit value is 1.
Option (E) Pb is the correct answer.This is because lead occurs in.pdf
Option (E) Pb is the correct answer.
This is because lead occurs in solid state at normal temerature but in the liquid state at higher
temperature. in the liquid state, the liquid molecules have greater attraction between the
molecules in each other i.e. have stronger cohesion. Thus, lead liquid is likely to have the highest
surface tension.
Solution
Option (E) Pb is the correct answer.
This is because lead occurs in solid state at normal temerature but in the liquid state at higher
temperature. in the liquid state, the liquid molecules have greater attraction between the
molecules in each other i.e. have stronger cohesion. Thus, lead liquid is likely to have the highest
surface tension..
NH4+ is acid as it give a proton tobecome NH3, a baseNO2- is a bas.pdf
NH4+ is acid as it give a proton tobecome NH3, a base
NO2- is a base as it can take a protonto become HNO2 , an acid
HCO3- is a base as it can take proton tobecome an acid, H2CO3
HS- is a base as it can take a proton to become anacid, H2S
H3O+ is an acid
F- is a base as it can take a proton to become HF,an acid
HS- is a base as it can take a proton to become anacid, H2S
H3O+ is an acid
F- is a base as it can take a proton to become HF,an acid
Solution
NH4+ is acid as it give a proton tobecome NH3, a base
NO2- is a base as it can take a protonto become HNO2 , an acid
HCO3- is a base as it can take proton tobecome an acid, H2CO3
HS- is a base as it can take a proton to become anacid, H2S
H3O+ is an acid
F- is a base as it can take a proton to become HF,an acid
HS- is a base as it can take a proton to become anacid, H2S
H3O+ is an acid
F- is a base as it can take a proton to become HF,an acid.
Jessica and Leah bought identical boxes of stationary. Leah used her.pdf
Jessica and Leah bought identical boxes of stationary. Leah used hers to write one sheet letters
and Jessica uses hers to write two page letters. Leah used all her envelopes and had 20 sheets left
over. Jessica used all her sheets and had 13 envelopes left over. How many envelopes were there
in each box?
Leah --> each letter was of 1 sheet
Jess --> Each letter was of 2 sheets
Say each stat box has x envelopes and y sheets
LEah used all envelopes and had 20 sheets left over
Since LEah needs only 1 sheet per envelope, we have the eqution :
y = x + 20 ---> ONE
Jessica used all her sheets and had 13 envelopes left over
Jess uses 2 sheets per envelope
So, she used (x - 13) envelopes for her 2y sheets
y = 2(x - 13)
y = 2x - 26 --> TWO
From ONE and TWO :
x + 20 = 2x - 26
x = 46
y = x + 20
y = 46 + 20
y = 66
So, we have 46 envelopes and 66 sheets
So, we have 46 envelopes in each box ---> ANSWER
Solution
Jessica and Leah bought identical boxes of stationary. Leah used hers to write one sheet letters
and Jessica uses hers to write two page letters. Leah used all her envelopes and had 20 sheets left
over. Jessica used all her sheets and had 13 envelopes left over. How many envelopes were there
in each box?
Leah --> each letter was of 1 sheet
Jess --> Each letter was of 2 sheets
Say each stat box has x envelopes and y sheets
LEah used all envelopes and had 20 sheets left over
Since LEah needs only 1 sheet per envelope, we have the eqution :
y = x + 20 ---> ONE
Jessica used all her sheets and had 13 envelopes left over
Jess uses 2 sheets per envelope
So, she used (x - 13) envelopes for her 2y sheets
y = 2(x - 13)
y = 2x - 26 --> TWO
From ONE and TWO :
x + 20 = 2x - 26
x = 46
y = x + 20
y = 46 + 20
y = 66
So, we have 46 envelopes and 66 sheets
So, we have 46 envelopes in each box ---> ANSWER.
ln e^35applying logarithmic property35 ln eln e = 135 1.pdf
ln e^3/5
applying logarithmic property
3/5 ln e
ln e = 1
3/5 * 1 = 3/5
therefore , ln e^3/5 = 3/5
Solution
ln e^3/5
applying logarithmic property
3/5 ln e
ln e = 1
3/5 * 1 = 3/5
therefore , ln e^3/5 = 3/5.
hi,Now its clear,I had gone through all your solution and it is co.pdf
hi,
Now its clear,I had gone through all your solution and it is correct.
Solution
hi,
Now its clear,I had gone through all your solution and it is correct..
falsethey have volume but no shapeSolutionfalsethey have v.pdf
This document does not contain any meaningful information to summarize in 3 sentences or less. It consists of the word "false" repeated twice without any other context.
C is correct. The Data Link layer is responsible for encapsulation, .pdf
C is correct. The Data Link layer is responsible for encapsulation, framing, media access, and
physical addressing.
A, B, and D are incorrect. A is incorrect because the Transport layer is responsible for
segmentation, flow control, and reliable end-to-end data delivery. B is incorrect because the
Network layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing. D is incorrect because the
Physical layer is responsible for encoding bits onto the media.
Solution
C is correct. The Data Link layer is responsible for encapsulation, framing, media access, and
physical addressing.
A, B, and D are incorrect. A is incorrect because the Transport layer is responsible for
segmentation, flow control, and reliable end-to-end data delivery. B is incorrect because the
Network layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing. D is incorrect because the
Physical layer is responsible for encoding bits onto the media..
AnswerThe hormones and structuresorgansPituitary glandFemal.pdf
Answer:
The hormones and structures/organs:
Pituitary gland
Female reproductive organs, fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus
Anatomy & layout of pituitary:
In vertebrates, this is the endocrine gland with no ducts and looking like a small pea weighing
0.5 grams. It has anatomically protruded from hypothalamus & referred as “hypophysis” at the
base of brain. This gland is meticulously rests on hypophysial fossa & center to the middle
cranial fossa attaché to sphenoid bone & bony cavity i.e. sella tercica.
It composed of three main lobes:
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis): release stress hormones, growth hormones, FSH, LH
Intermediate lobe: cell synthesize melanocyte-stimulating hormone release into blood portal
system
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis): This is connected to hypothalamus as described below
with median eminence, releases vasopressin, oxytocin
Gonadotrophin releaseing hormone (GnRH) formally released from GnRH neurons located
within the hypothalamus. This hormone travels through hypophyseal portal system and
stimulates adenohypophysis of pituitary gland to release gonadotrophins such as, androgen
release (testosterone synthesis hormones) follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone
(LH).
Positive feedback mechanism is defined as the output response produced by the activity of input
signal trough a specific amount of stimulus on the organ during the process of homeostasis.
Positive feedback in isolation is not sufficient to maintain homeostasis because of set point
alterations triggered by the stimulus.
Positive feedback cycle in reproductive cycle: Female reproductive system controlled by the two
phases predominantly one follicular phase from day 1 to day 14 and in this phase, follicle growth
is going be observed controlled by follicle stimulating hormone. The predominant stages
involved here primordial ell become primary followed by secondary in which one will mature
one with structures such as zona pellucida, theca follicle along with estrogen formed at day 6.
Feedback mechanism involves the following events
Stimulus: It produced on effector cells and this variable be regulated
Receptor activity: The stimulus activates receptors such as nuclear receptors to trigger gene
expression
Input via afferent nerves: Information passes through afferent nerves to the control center
Output via efferent nerves: Output effect produce by the control center via efferent pathway
Response: Finally, response in the form of either positive or negative produced via cellular
organs
Ovulation takes place on day 14 due to the stimulus given by leutinizing hormone.
Higher levels of estrogen are during the last follicular phase produces a positive feedback
mechanism on leutinizing hormone and gonadotrophic hormone and further leading to formation
of corpus luteum.
Hormones such as gonadotrophins (FSH, LH) released from the anterior pituitary are responsible
for the regulation of ovarian and uterine menstruation cycle further leading to elev.
a) Pronciples that guarantee high cache rateb) Types of cache for.pdf
a) Pronciples that guarantee high cache rate:
b) Types of cache for writing: Cache is a technique used for storing a copy of data temporarily in
rapidly accessible storage area known as memory. Different types of cache used for writing are:
Solution
a) Pronciples that guarantee high cache rate:
b) Types of cache for writing: Cache is a technique used for storing a copy of data temporarily in
rapidly accessible storage area known as memory. Different types of cache used for writing are:.
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Jessica and Leah bought identical boxes of stationary. Leah used her.pdf
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hi,Now its clear,I had gone through all your solution and it is co.pdf
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falsethey have volume but no shapeSolutionfalsethey have v.pdf
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- 1. Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by simple diffusion. Once dissolved in seawater, the carbon dioxide can remain as is or can be converted into carbonate (CO3-2) or bicarbonate (HCO3-). When CO2 enters the ocean, carbonic acid is formed: CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 This reaction has a forward and reverse rate. These two reqctions achieve a chemical equilibrium in which they both occur at equal rates, thus mainting a relatively stable ratio of CO2 to H2CO3. Another reaction that is important in controlling the acidity (i.e. pH levels) of the oceans is the release of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate: H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3- This reaction buffers seawater against large changes in pH. Certain forms of sea life biologically fix bicarbonate with calcium (Ca+2) to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This substance is used to produce shells and other hard body parts by organisms such as coral, clams, oysters, some protozoa, and some algae. When these organisms die, their shells and body parts sink to the ocean floor where they accumulate as carbonate-rich deposits. After long periods of time, these deposits are physically and chemically altered into sedimentary rocks. Ocean deposits are by far the biggest sink of carbon on the plane Solution Carbon dioxide enters the waters of the ocean by simple diffusion. Once dissolved in seawater, the carbon dioxide can remain as is or can be converted into carbonate (CO3-2) or bicarbonate (HCO3-). When CO2 enters the ocean, carbonic acid is formed: CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 This reaction has a forward and reverse rate. These two reqctions achieve a chemical equilibrium in which they both occur at equal rates, thus mainting a relatively stable ratio of CO2 to H2CO3. Another reaction that is important in controlling the acidity (i.e. pH levels) of the oceans is the release of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate: H2CO3 ? H+ + HCO3- This reaction buffers seawater against large changes in pH. Certain forms of sea life biologically fix bicarbonate with calcium (Ca+2) to produce calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This substance is used to produce shells and other hard body parts by organisms such as coral, clams, oysters, some protozoa, and some algae. When these organisms die, their shells and body parts sink to the ocean floor where they accumulate as carbonate-rich deposits. After long periods of time, these deposits are physically and chemically altered into sedimentary rocks. Ocean deposits are by far the biggest sink of carbon on the plane