CARBON BLACK A WASTE FROM RUBBER INDUSTRY IS USED AS AN ADDITIVE IN CONCRETE TO REDUCE ITS PORES &IMPROVE DENSITY HARDNESS,STRENGTH,REDUCE PERMEABILITY
PVC is a versatile thermoplastic polymer widely used in construction. It can be made rigid or flexible depending on additives. Some key uses of PVC include pipes, windows, doors, cables, flooring and roofing due to properties like durability, chemical resistance and low cost. PVC composites mixed with natural fibers also have applications and provide improved properties at lower density. Major PVC producers focus on pipes, windows and other construction materials.
This document provides an overview of epoxy resins, including their history, structure, chemistry, curing processes, properties, applications, and health risks. Epoxy resins were discovered in the 1930s and introduced commercially in the 1940s. They are thermosetting polymers formed by reacting epichlorohydrin with bisphenol A or other core chemicals. Epoxy resins cure via addition polymerization when combined with hardeners, producing crosslinked networks with strong bonds and excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties. Their applications include coatings, adhesives, composites, and more due to these advantages.
Portland cement is the most important ingredient of concrete and is a versatile and relatively high cost material. Large scale production of cement is causing environmental problems on one hand and depletion of natural resources on other hand. This threat to ecology has led to researchers to use industrial by products as supplementary cementations material in making concrete. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of concrete made with partial replacement of cement by silica fume.
Geo polymer concrete is made from alkaline activation of materials rich in silica and alumina, such as fly ash, without the use of Portland cement. This reduces CO2 emissions. Marble dust can partially replace fly ash in geo polymer concrete mixes. Testing showed that mixes cured in steam achieved higher compressive strengths than ambient curing, and strengths increased with lower water-to-solids ratios and longer curing times. While marble dust concrete exhibited slightly lower strengths than fly ash mixes, it demonstrates similar strengthening behaviors from curing and offers potential environmental benefits from marble waste reuse.
A fresh coat of paint can improve a room but also introduce chemicals. While paints, finishes, and adhesives make home projects possible, they can release toxins. New regulations have led to lower VOC paints and greener adhesives. When choosing products, look for water-based, low VOC, and natural options to reduce chemical exposure and improve indoor air quality. Proper ventilation and disposal are also important.
APPLICATIONS OF PLA - POLY (LACTIC ACID) IN TISSUE ENGINEERING AND DELIVERY S...Ana Rita Ramos
Poly (lactic acid) is a thermoplastic derived from renewable resources and is at present, one of the most promising biodegradable and nontoxic biopolymers. In addition to its versatility and consequent large-scale production, PLA can be processed with a large number of techniques.
Due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, this polymer is becoming largely applied in the biomedical field such as in tissue engineering for scaffolds and in delivery systems in the form of micro and nanoparticles. Furthermore, because it’s relatively cheap and an eco-friend, it has been considered as one of the solutions to lessen the dependence on petroleum-based plastics and solid waste problems.
In order to maximize the knowledge and development of this polymer, it is necessary to understand the material synthesis, proprieties, manufacturing processes, main applications, commercialization and its market state, which will be presented in this review.
1. Introduction
2. Poly (lactic acid)
2.1. Precursors
2.2. Synthesis
2.3. Proprieties
2.4. Processing
2.5. Biomedical Applications
2.6. Other Applications
3. Economic Potential of PLA
4. Conclusions
carbon black as an additive in concretetp jayamohan
Concrete is the essential construction material used for many applications in the
construction industry. Though it is used worldwide, it has its ill effects like the presence of pores
and micro-cracks. These ill effects lead to acid intrusion and less resistance to atmospheric
attack. As a result, its durability and strength get reduced. The current tendency in the world is to
find new materials at lower cost which can guarantee better performances during their
incorporations in the concrete. Usage of waste materials for construction purpose enhances the
traditional methods of construction. The effect of addition of carbon black powder, a waste from
rubber industry as a filler material in concrete is investigated. Study on uniformity, surface
hardness, split tensile strength, flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete specimens
containing various percentages of carbon black were carried out. The effect of added carbon
black to concrete mix on corrosion of steel reinforcement was studied. This was achieved by
inserting steel bars in different concrete mixes containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, carbon
black/cement. Carbon black as a filler enhances the performance of concrete.
PVC is a versatile thermoplastic polymer widely used in construction. It can be made rigid or flexible depending on additives. Some key uses of PVC include pipes, windows, doors, cables, flooring and roofing due to properties like durability, chemical resistance and low cost. PVC composites mixed with natural fibers also have applications and provide improved properties at lower density. Major PVC producers focus on pipes, windows and other construction materials.
This document provides an overview of epoxy resins, including their history, structure, chemistry, curing processes, properties, applications, and health risks. Epoxy resins were discovered in the 1930s and introduced commercially in the 1940s. They are thermosetting polymers formed by reacting epichlorohydrin with bisphenol A or other core chemicals. Epoxy resins cure via addition polymerization when combined with hardeners, producing crosslinked networks with strong bonds and excellent mechanical and chemical resistance properties. Their applications include coatings, adhesives, composites, and more due to these advantages.
Portland cement is the most important ingredient of concrete and is a versatile and relatively high cost material. Large scale production of cement is causing environmental problems on one hand and depletion of natural resources on other hand. This threat to ecology has led to researchers to use industrial by products as supplementary cementations material in making concrete. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the strength parameters of concrete made with partial replacement of cement by silica fume.
Geo polymer concrete is made from alkaline activation of materials rich in silica and alumina, such as fly ash, without the use of Portland cement. This reduces CO2 emissions. Marble dust can partially replace fly ash in geo polymer concrete mixes. Testing showed that mixes cured in steam achieved higher compressive strengths than ambient curing, and strengths increased with lower water-to-solids ratios and longer curing times. While marble dust concrete exhibited slightly lower strengths than fly ash mixes, it demonstrates similar strengthening behaviors from curing and offers potential environmental benefits from marble waste reuse.
A fresh coat of paint can improve a room but also introduce chemicals. While paints, finishes, and adhesives make home projects possible, they can release toxins. New regulations have led to lower VOC paints and greener adhesives. When choosing products, look for water-based, low VOC, and natural options to reduce chemical exposure and improve indoor air quality. Proper ventilation and disposal are also important.
APPLICATIONS OF PLA - POLY (LACTIC ACID) IN TISSUE ENGINEERING AND DELIVERY S...Ana Rita Ramos
Poly (lactic acid) is a thermoplastic derived from renewable resources and is at present, one of the most promising biodegradable and nontoxic biopolymers. In addition to its versatility and consequent large-scale production, PLA can be processed with a large number of techniques.
Due to its excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, this polymer is becoming largely applied in the biomedical field such as in tissue engineering for scaffolds and in delivery systems in the form of micro and nanoparticles. Furthermore, because it’s relatively cheap and an eco-friend, it has been considered as one of the solutions to lessen the dependence on petroleum-based plastics and solid waste problems.
In order to maximize the knowledge and development of this polymer, it is necessary to understand the material synthesis, proprieties, manufacturing processes, main applications, commercialization and its market state, which will be presented in this review.
1. Introduction
2. Poly (lactic acid)
2.1. Precursors
2.2. Synthesis
2.3. Proprieties
2.4. Processing
2.5. Biomedical Applications
2.6. Other Applications
3. Economic Potential of PLA
4. Conclusions
carbon black as an additive in concretetp jayamohan
Concrete is the essential construction material used for many applications in the
construction industry. Though it is used worldwide, it has its ill effects like the presence of pores
and micro-cracks. These ill effects lead to acid intrusion and less resistance to atmospheric
attack. As a result, its durability and strength get reduced. The current tendency in the world is to
find new materials at lower cost which can guarantee better performances during their
incorporations in the concrete. Usage of waste materials for construction purpose enhances the
traditional methods of construction. The effect of addition of carbon black powder, a waste from
rubber industry as a filler material in concrete is investigated. Study on uniformity, surface
hardness, split tensile strength, flexural strength and compressive strength of concrete specimens
containing various percentages of carbon black were carried out. The effect of added carbon
black to concrete mix on corrosion of steel reinforcement was studied. This was achieved by
inserting steel bars in different concrete mixes containing 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, carbon
black/cement. Carbon black as a filler enhances the performance of concrete.
Clay is composed of fine-grained minerals that are plastic when wet and can harden when dried or fired. There are four main types of clay minerals. Nanoclays have at least one dimension in the nanometer range and are used to synthesize nanocomposites. Nanoclays are synthesized via a sol-gel process using acids and solvents, which results in a gel or powder. The addition of nanoclays to epoxy improves its mechanical properties like tensile strength and Young's modulus up to an optimal amount of 5wt%. Nanoclays have applications in cosmetics, drug delivery, lubricants, and wastewater treatment.
Manufacturing and Quality Control of Cement.Abhishek Garai
This Slide explains in details how cement is made in industry and how the quality of the cement is maintained.
Please write to me if u have inquiry and suggestion: +919564011691/+917788817058
abhi.loveofmylife@gmail.com
IRJET- Potential of Natural Bio-Polymers In Stabilization of SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using natural biopolymers like xanthan gum and guar gum to stabilize clay soil. It discusses how soil stabilization can improve engineering properties and addresses issues with clay soil like low strength and compressibility. The research aims to compare the stabilizing effects of different biopolymer proportions on clay soil over various curing periods. Literature reviews previous studies showing biopolymers increased soil strength and provided environmental benefits compared to traditional stabilizers like cement. Tests on expansive and dispersive soils indicated guar gum imparted higher strength than xanthan gum.
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Amino Resin, Phenolic R...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance," which are typically convertible into polymers. Such viscous substances can be plant-derived or synthetic in origin. They are often mixtures of organic compounds. Many plants, particularly woody plants produce resin in response to injury. The resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens.
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Alkyd Resin Manufacturing, Applications of Emulsion Polymers, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, Emulsion polymers manufacture, Epoxy resin manufacturing plant, Epoxy resins manufacturing process, Everything about resins in a single book, Formulation of Acrylic Resin, Formulation of Alkyd Resin, Formulation of Amino Resin, Formulation of Epoxy Resin, Formulation of Paints, Formulation of Phenolic Resin, Formulation of Polyurethane Resins, Formulation of Silicone Resin, Formulation of Varnishes, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, How to manufacture resin, How to Start a Resins Production Business, How to start a successful Resin production business, How to Start Emulsions of Synthetic Resin Business, How to Start Resin production Industry in India, Industrial Resins, Manufacturing Process of Acrylic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Manufacturing Process of Amino Resin, Manufacturing Process of Paints, Manufacturing Process of Phenolic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Pigments & Additives, Manufacturing Process of Polyurethane Epoxy Resin, Manufacturing Process of Silicone Resin, Manufacturing Process of Varnishes, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Resin production Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Resin manufacturing industry, Oleoresinous Manufacturing Equipment, Phenolic resin manufacturing, Plastic Resin & Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing, Polyester resin manufacturing process, Preparation and Formulation of Silicone Resin based Coatings, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Resins Manufacturing, Project for startups, Project identification and selection, Resin Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Resin manufacturing Industry in India, Resin manufacturing plant, Resin manufacturing process, Resin manufacturing Projects, Resin production Business, Resin production process, Resin Types and Production, Resins Based Profitable Projects, Resins for Surface Coatings: Polyurethanes, Resins properties and applications, Resins Small Business Manufacturing, Resins Technology book, Setting up and opening your Resin Business, Setting up of Resin production Units, Small scale Commercial Resin making, Small scale Resin production line
This document discusses green concrete as an alternative to traditional OPC concrete that can help address issues of global warming and pollution. It defines green concrete as any concrete that reduces carbon dioxide emissions, saves energy, and uses eco-friendly materials by partially or fully replacing OPC with industrial wastes like fly ash, rice husk ash, or slag. Green concretes like geopolymer concrete provide advantages over OPC concrete such as lower CO2 emissions, reduced energy needs, and superior strength and durability properties. The use of green concrete can thus benefit both the environment and economy.
Clay is a naturally occurring material composed of fine grained minerals that is plastic and can harden with water content changes. There are four main groups of clays including kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and chlorite. Nano-clays are minerals with at least one dimension in the nanometer range and have high aspect ratios. Montmorillonite nanoclay is commonly used and has a crystal lattice structure. Nanoclays are prepared through a process of purification and surface modification. They have applications as thickeners in inks, lubricating oils, cosmetics, wastewater treatment, and as drug delivery vehicles.
Synthetic resins are materials with a property of interest that is similar to natural plant resins: they are viscous liquids that are capable of hardening permanently. Otherwise, chemically they are very different from the various resinous compounds secreted by plants. Synthetic resins comprise a large class of synthetic products that have some of the physical properties of natural resins but are different chemically. Synthetic resins are not clearly differentiated from plastics.
Tags
Alkyl and hydroxy alkyl alkylcellulose, Applications of Synthetic Resins, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Emulsion polymers manufacture, Formulation of Synthetic Resins, Formulation of Resins, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to Manufacture Synthetic Resins, How to start a successful synthetic resin business, How to start a synthetic resin production Business, How to start a synthetic resin production?, How to Start Emulsions of Synthetic Resin Business, How to start synthetic resin production Industry in India, Indene-coumarone resins,Manufacturing process of Epoxy Resins, Manufacturing process of Ion-exchange Resins, Manufacturing process of Phenolic resins, Manufacturing process of Polyamide Resins, Manufacturing process of Polyvinyl Acetate Solid Resins, Manufacturing process of Silicone resins, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Synthetic resin Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in synthetic resin production industry, Process of making synthetic resin adhesive, Processing of synthetic resin, Production of a synthetic resin, Profitable Small Scale synthetic resin Manufacturing, Project for startups, Resin Types and Production, Rosin & rosin derivatives, Rubber resins Formulation, Setting up and opening your synthetic resin Business, Shellac resins, Small scale Commercial synthetic resin making, Small Scale Synthetic resin manufacturing Projects, Small scale synthetic resin production line, Starting a synthetic resin production Business, Start-up Business Plan for synthetic resin production, Startup Project for synthetic resin production, Startup project plan, Sucrose resins, Synthetic resin Based Profitable Projects, Synthetic resin Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Synthetic Resin Business, Synthetic resin Making Small Business Manufacturing, Synthetic Resin Manufacturing, Synthetic resin manufacturing Industry in India, Synthetic resin manufacturing process, Synthetic resin method, Synthetic resin production, Synthetic resin production Business, Synthetic Resin Technology with formulation, Synthetic resin uses, Synthetic Resins, Synthetic Resins Technology book, Technological advances in the manufacture of resins, Technology of Synthetic Resins, Terpene resins, Types and applications of synthetic resin, Uses of rosin in the polymer fiel, Water-reducible resins
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
Ch. Gopi Chand presented on fiber reinforced concrete at Sri Venkateswara Engineering College. Fiber reinforced concrete was developed as a replacement for asbestos fibers in concrete. It involves adding short discrete fibers uniformly throughout a concrete mix. These fibers increase the tensile strength and cracking resistance of concrete. Fiber reinforced concrete has applications in thin sheets, pipes, precast elements, and transparent panels and partitions due to its improved strength and durability properties.
This document provides a summary of a Rapra Review Report on polymers used in building and construction. It begins with an introduction to the structure and contents of Rapra Review Reports. The report discussed contains a literature review on the topic commissioned from an expert, references and abstracts from relevant documents, and an index of the abstracts. It provides information on accessing the full text of the referenced documents via the Rapra Document Delivery Service. The document aims to give readers an overview of the information contained in the Rapra Review Report on polymers in building and construction.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is obtained by burning rice husks between 600-700°C for 2 hours. It is composed primarily of silicon dioxide and can be used to partially replace cement in concrete production. The addition of RHA increases strength and durability by reducing calcium hydroxide levels in concrete. It also reduces efflorescence and susceptibility to chemical and sulfate attacks. Using RHA in concrete can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and provides an economic use for the agricultural waste product of rice husks. The seminar outlines the physical and chemical properties of RHA and reviews its advantages and disadvantages when used in concrete.
This document discusses various methods for preparing nanocomposites, including sol-gel processing, electrospinning, and melt mixing. It provides details on the sol-gel process, describing how a solution transforms into a gel network through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. Electrospinning is outlined as a method for producing polymer nanofibers containing nanofillers. The document concludes that nanocomposites can be made with enhanced properties using inexpensive techniques, and may find applications where light weight and high strength are needed.
A pdf file on High Performance Concrete giving full details about High Performance Concrete, their use,advantages,disadvantages,strength,applications,tensile strength,bridges.
- Portland cement is produced by heating limestone, clay, and other materials to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum.
- The main compounds in clinker are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite.
- The proportions of calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide in the raw materials determine the compound composition through Bogue equations.
The document discusses ferrocement, which is a type of reinforced concrete using closely spaced layers of mesh or small rods encapsulated in mortar. Ferrocement consists of a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or fiber-reinforced polymer meshes and steel rods. It has several advantages over reinforced concrete including high strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and ability to withstand large deformations. Ferrocement can be used for applications such as tanks, floors, waterproofing, manhole covers, buildings, pipes, bridges, and strengthening existing concrete structures. It is applied using hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting.
Production of Urea Formaldehyde UF85. Start Own Industry of Urea Formaldehyde.
UFC-85 is a viscous liquid containing 60% formaldehyde, 25% urea and balance water. Formaldehyde is first produced by the reaction of methanol with air. This is then absorbed in urea solution to form UFC-85.
Urea formaldehyde is the very common chemical and is mostly used because of its chemical properties. Examples are textiles, paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle resistant fabrics, cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc. also used to glue wood together. Urea-formaldehyde (UF), also known as urea-methanal, so named for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure, is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer. It is produced from urea and formaldehyde.
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The document presents research on the effect of potassium chloride (KCl) on blended cement concrete (BCC). Tests were conducted on BCC with KCl concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 14 g/l added to deionized water. The results showed that increasing KCl concentration caused retardation of initial and final cement setting times. Compressive strengths of BCC at 28 and 90 days generally increased with higher KCl concentrations, with a significant strength increase observed at 10 g/l KCl. Chloride ion permeability of BCC decreased as KCl concentration increased. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on BCC with 10 g/l KCl to deionized water.
This document summarizes a study on using recycled concrete aggregate in concrete. It discusses that recycled aggregate can reduce environmental impacts from construction waste and lower costs. The study tested the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete with 20%, 40%, and 60% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. The 40% replacement mix achieved the highest strengths. The study concluded that recycled aggregate concrete can meet design requirements and is a sustainable construction material option.
Clay is composed of fine-grained minerals that are plastic when wet and can harden when dried or fired. There are four main types of clay minerals. Nanoclays have at least one dimension in the nanometer range and are used to synthesize nanocomposites. Nanoclays are synthesized via a sol-gel process using acids and solvents, which results in a gel or powder. The addition of nanoclays to epoxy improves its mechanical properties like tensile strength and Young's modulus up to an optimal amount of 5wt%. Nanoclays have applications in cosmetics, drug delivery, lubricants, and wastewater treatment.
Manufacturing and Quality Control of Cement.Abhishek Garai
This Slide explains in details how cement is made in industry and how the quality of the cement is maintained.
Please write to me if u have inquiry and suggestion: +919564011691/+917788817058
abhi.loveofmylife@gmail.com
IRJET- Potential of Natural Bio-Polymers In Stabilization of SoilIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using natural biopolymers like xanthan gum and guar gum to stabilize clay soil. It discusses how soil stabilization can improve engineering properties and addresses issues with clay soil like low strength and compressibility. The research aims to compare the stabilizing effects of different biopolymer proportions on clay soil over various curing periods. Literature reviews previous studies showing biopolymers increased soil strength and provided environmental benefits compared to traditional stabilizers like cement. Tests on expansive and dispersive soils indicated guar gum imparted higher strength than xanthan gum.
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Amino Resin, Phenolic R...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance," which are typically convertible into polymers. Such viscous substances can be plant-derived or synthetic in origin. They are often mixtures of organic compounds. Many plants, particularly woody plants produce resin in response to injury. The resin acts as a bandage protecting the plant from invading insects and pathogens.
See more
http://goo.gl/nL87v7
http://goo.gl/XsPcRR
http://goo.gl/KmQ0DN
http://www.entrepreneurindia.co/
Tags
Alkyd Resin Manufacturing, Applications of Emulsion Polymers, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, Emulsion polymers manufacture, Epoxy resin manufacturing plant, Epoxy resins manufacturing process, Everything about resins in a single book, Formulation of Acrylic Resin, Formulation of Alkyd Resin, Formulation of Amino Resin, Formulation of Epoxy Resin, Formulation of Paints, Formulation of Phenolic Resin, Formulation of Polyurethane Resins, Formulation of Silicone Resin, Formulation of Varnishes, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, How to manufacture resin, How to Start a Resins Production Business, How to start a successful Resin production business, How to Start Emulsions of Synthetic Resin Business, How to Start Resin production Industry in India, Industrial Resins, Manufacturing Process of Acrylic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Alkyd Resin, Manufacturing Process of Amino Resin, Manufacturing Process of Paints, Manufacturing Process of Phenolic Resin, Manufacturing Process of Pigments & Additives, Manufacturing Process of Polyurethane Epoxy Resin, Manufacturing Process of Silicone Resin, Manufacturing Process of Varnishes, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Resin production Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Resin manufacturing industry, Oleoresinous Manufacturing Equipment, Phenolic resin manufacturing, Plastic Resin & Synthetic Fiber Manufacturing, Polyester resin manufacturing process, Preparation and Formulation of Silicone Resin based Coatings, Preparation of Project Profiles, Process technology books, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Resins Manufacturing, Project for startups, Project identification and selection, Resin Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Resin manufacturing Industry in India, Resin manufacturing plant, Resin manufacturing process, Resin manufacturing Projects, Resin production Business, Resin production process, Resin Types and Production, Resins Based Profitable Projects, Resins for Surface Coatings: Polyurethanes, Resins properties and applications, Resins Small Business Manufacturing, Resins Technology book, Setting up and opening your Resin Business, Setting up of Resin production Units, Small scale Commercial Resin making, Small scale Resin production line
This document discusses green concrete as an alternative to traditional OPC concrete that can help address issues of global warming and pollution. It defines green concrete as any concrete that reduces carbon dioxide emissions, saves energy, and uses eco-friendly materials by partially or fully replacing OPC with industrial wastes like fly ash, rice husk ash, or slag. Green concretes like geopolymer concrete provide advantages over OPC concrete such as lower CO2 emissions, reduced energy needs, and superior strength and durability properties. The use of green concrete can thus benefit both the environment and economy.
Clay is a naturally occurring material composed of fine grained minerals that is plastic and can harden with water content changes. There are four main groups of clays including kaolinite, montmorillonite-smectite, illite, and chlorite. Nano-clays are minerals with at least one dimension in the nanometer range and have high aspect ratios. Montmorillonite nanoclay is commonly used and has a crystal lattice structure. Nanoclays are prepared through a process of purification and surface modification. They have applications as thickeners in inks, lubricating oils, cosmetics, wastewater treatment, and as drug delivery vehicles.
Synthetic resins are materials with a property of interest that is similar to natural plant resins: they are viscous liquids that are capable of hardening permanently. Otherwise, chemically they are very different from the various resinous compounds secreted by plants. Synthetic resins comprise a large class of synthetic products that have some of the physical properties of natural resins but are different chemically. Synthetic resins are not clearly differentiated from plastics.
Tags
Alkyl and hydroxy alkyl alkylcellulose, Applications of Synthetic Resins, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Emulsion polymers manufacture, Formulation of Synthetic Resins, Formulation of Resins, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to Manufacture Synthetic Resins, How to start a successful synthetic resin business, How to start a synthetic resin production Business, How to start a synthetic resin production?, How to Start Emulsions of Synthetic Resin Business, How to start synthetic resin production Industry in India, Indene-coumarone resins,Manufacturing process of Epoxy Resins, Manufacturing process of Ion-exchange Resins, Manufacturing process of Phenolic resins, Manufacturing process of Polyamide Resins, Manufacturing process of Polyvinyl Acetate Solid Resins, Manufacturing process of Silicone resins, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Synthetic resin Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in synthetic resin production industry, Process of making synthetic resin adhesive, Processing of synthetic resin, Production of a synthetic resin, Profitable Small Scale synthetic resin Manufacturing, Project for startups, Resin Types and Production, Rosin & rosin derivatives, Rubber resins Formulation, Setting up and opening your synthetic resin Business, Shellac resins, Small scale Commercial synthetic resin making, Small Scale Synthetic resin manufacturing Projects, Small scale synthetic resin production line, Starting a synthetic resin production Business, Start-up Business Plan for synthetic resin production, Startup Project for synthetic resin production, Startup project plan, Sucrose resins, Synthetic resin Based Profitable Projects, Synthetic resin Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Synthetic Resin Business, Synthetic resin Making Small Business Manufacturing, Synthetic Resin Manufacturing, Synthetic resin manufacturing Industry in India, Synthetic resin manufacturing process, Synthetic resin method, Synthetic resin production, Synthetic resin production Business, Synthetic Resin Technology with formulation, Synthetic resin uses, Synthetic Resins, Synthetic Resins Technology book, Technological advances in the manufacture of resins, Technology of Synthetic Resins, Terpene resins, Types and applications of synthetic resin, Uses of rosin in the polymer fiel, Water-reducible resins
In this construction world, Geopolymer concrete is a special concrete which doesn't
requires the Ordinary Portland Cement and also reduces the emission of carbon-dioxide. The
Geopolymer Concrete is made up of industrial by-products (which contains more Silica and
Alumina) and activated with the help of Alkaline solution (combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate or potassium hydroxide & potassium silicate). The high viscosity nature of
Geopolymer Concrete had the ability to fail due to lack of compaction. In improvising the
issue, Self Compacting Geopolymer Concrete has been introduced. The SCGC doesn't require
any additional compaction it will flow and compacted by its own weight. This concrete is made
up of industrial by-products like Fly ash, GGBFS and Silica Fume and activated with alkaline
solution. The earlier research was mostly on Fly ash based SCGC. In few research works Fly
ash was partially replaced with GGBS and Silica Fume. They evaluated the compressive
strength of concrete with varying molarties of NaOH; curing time and curing temperature. The
flexural behavior of the concrete also examined. The Fly ash based SCGC was got high
compressive strength in heat curing as well as low compressive strength in ambient curing.
The presence of GGBS improves the strength in ambient curing. For aiming the high strength
in ambient curing Fly ash will be completely replace and examine with different mineral
admixtures.
Ch. Gopi Chand presented on fiber reinforced concrete at Sri Venkateswara Engineering College. Fiber reinforced concrete was developed as a replacement for asbestos fibers in concrete. It involves adding short discrete fibers uniformly throughout a concrete mix. These fibers increase the tensile strength and cracking resistance of concrete. Fiber reinforced concrete has applications in thin sheets, pipes, precast elements, and transparent panels and partitions due to its improved strength and durability properties.
This document provides a summary of a Rapra Review Report on polymers used in building and construction. It begins with an introduction to the structure and contents of Rapra Review Reports. The report discussed contains a literature review on the topic commissioned from an expert, references and abstracts from relevant documents, and an index of the abstracts. It provides information on accessing the full text of the referenced documents via the Rapra Document Delivery Service. The document aims to give readers an overview of the information contained in the Rapra Review Report on polymers in building and construction.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on rice husk ash (RHA). RHA is obtained by burning rice husks between 600-700°C for 2 hours. It is composed primarily of silicon dioxide and can be used to partially replace cement in concrete production. The addition of RHA increases strength and durability by reducing calcium hydroxide levels in concrete. It also reduces efflorescence and susceptibility to chemical and sulfate attacks. Using RHA in concrete can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions from cement production and provides an economic use for the agricultural waste product of rice husks. The seminar outlines the physical and chemical properties of RHA and reviews its advantages and disadvantages when used in concrete.
This document discusses various methods for preparing nanocomposites, including sol-gel processing, electrospinning, and melt mixing. It provides details on the sol-gel process, describing how a solution transforms into a gel network through hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions. Electrospinning is outlined as a method for producing polymer nanofibers containing nanofillers. The document concludes that nanocomposites can be made with enhanced properties using inexpensive techniques, and may find applications where light weight and high strength are needed.
A pdf file on High Performance Concrete giving full details about High Performance Concrete, their use,advantages,disadvantages,strength,applications,tensile strength,bridges.
- Portland cement is produced by heating limestone, clay, and other materials to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum.
- The main compounds in clinker are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite.
- The proportions of calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide in the raw materials determine the compound composition through Bogue equations.
The document discusses ferrocement, which is a type of reinforced concrete using closely spaced layers of mesh or small rods encapsulated in mortar. Ferrocement consists of a cement mortar mix reinforced with steel mesh or fiber-reinforced polymer meshes and steel rods. It has several advantages over reinforced concrete including high strength, stiffness, impact resistance, and ability to withstand large deformations. Ferrocement can be used for applications such as tanks, floors, waterproofing, manhole covers, buildings, pipes, bridges, and strengthening existing concrete structures. It is applied using hand plastering, semi-mechanized processes, centrifuging, or guniting.
Production of Urea Formaldehyde UF85. Start Own Industry of Urea Formaldehyde.
UFC-85 is a viscous liquid containing 60% formaldehyde, 25% urea and balance water. Formaldehyde is first produced by the reaction of methanol with air. This is then absorbed in urea solution to form UFC-85.
Urea formaldehyde is the very common chemical and is mostly used because of its chemical properties. Examples are textiles, paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle resistant fabrics, cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc. also used to glue wood together. Urea-formaldehyde (UF), also known as urea-methanal, so named for its common synthesis pathway and overall structure, is a non-transparent thermosetting resin or polymer. It is produced from urea and formaldehyde.
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The document presents research on the effect of potassium chloride (KCl) on blended cement concrete (BCC). Tests were conducted on BCC with KCl concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 14 g/l added to deionized water. The results showed that increasing KCl concentration caused retardation of initial and final cement setting times. Compressive strengths of BCC at 28 and 90 days generally increased with higher KCl concentrations, with a significant strength increase observed at 10 g/l KCl. Chloride ion permeability of BCC decreased as KCl concentration increased. X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on BCC with 10 g/l KCl to deionized water.
This document summarizes a study on using recycled concrete aggregate in concrete. It discusses that recycled aggregate can reduce environmental impacts from construction waste and lower costs. The study tested the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete with 20%, 40%, and 60% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. The 40% replacement mix achieved the highest strengths. The study concluded that recycled aggregate concrete can meet design requirements and is a sustainable construction material option.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Behavior of Concrete by Replacing N...ijsrd.com
Concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Destruction of concrete structure due to natural calamities like earthquake, tsunami or by the bombardment, it has became a major problem in finding place for dumping the concrete debris particularly in urban areas. This paper deals with the study of strength of concrete incorporating Recycled Aggregate concrete. The main objectives of this investigation is to find out up to what percentage the Natural Coarse Aggregate (N.C.A) can be replaced by R.C.A in the concrete mix and to find out the extra quantity of cement to be added for each percentage replacement by R.C.A to achieve its target mean strength A series of test were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength with and without recycled aggregates. Natural coarse aggregates in concrete were replaced with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of crushed concrete coarse aggregate. For the strength characteristics, the result showed a gradual decrease in compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural and modulus of elasticity as the percentage of recycled aggregate is increased.
This document summarizes research on reusing waste clay bricks. It discusses how waste clay bricks can be used as supplementary cementitious materials in concrete and mortar to improve physical properties like strength and durability. The document also examines using waste clay bricks in environmental materials to remove pollutants from wastewater. Finally, it explores applications of waste clay bricks as fillers in decorative paints and rubber/plastic materials, as well as in producing recycled ancient architectural bricks.
The document discusses using polypropylene fibers in concrete to improve its properties. Various concrete mixtures with 0.15%, 0.20%, 0.25%, and 0.30% polypropylene fiber by volume were tested. Compression tests on cubes at 7 and 28 days found that compressive strength generally increased with fiber content up to 0.20-0.25%, with 0.30% showing little further improvement. Slump tests showed workability decreased slightly with higher fiber amounts. Water absorption decreased with fiber content, indicating reduced permeability. Applications include pavements, runways, bridges and building construction where polypropylene fiber concrete provides improved strength, crack resistance and durability.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of Concrete by Partial Replacement o...IRJET Journal
The document presents an experimental investigation on using silica fumes, powdered ceramic tiles, and coconut and sea shells as partial replacements for cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate respectively in concrete. Various mix designs were tested with replacement levels ranging from 10-17.5% for materials. Testing showed that a mix with 10% silica fume, 15% ceramic tile powder, and 15% coconut and sea shells replacement achieved a compressive strength equivalent to normal M25 grade concrete, indicating potential for using waste materials in concrete production.
This study investigated the mechanical and durability properties of high strength concrete (HPC) using silica fume and steel fiber additions. The concrete mixtures contained 10% silica fume replacement of cement by weight, and steel fiber contents of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by volume. Testing showed that HPC with 2% steel fiber provided the highest compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. Impact resistance and modulus of elasticity also increased with higher steel fiber content. Addition of silica fume and steel fiber improved the bond strength and reduced chloride permeability compared to normal concrete. This experimental investigation demonstrated that using silica fume and steel fiber can enhance the mechanical and durability characteristics of high strength
IRJET- A Comprehensive Study on Behaviour of Concrete with Partial Replacemen...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using industrial wastes like marble powder and copper slag as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregates in concrete. The key findings are:
1) Optimum replacement of cement with marble powder was found to be 10% and optimum replacement of fine aggregates with copper slag was found to be 40%, as these levels produced the highest concrete strengths.
2) Concrete with these partial replacements showed improved strength and durability compared to normal concrete, as well as providing an economic way to reuse industrial wastes.
3) Studies found that concrete strength initially increased with higher replacement levels but then declined beyond the optimum amounts, with 10% marble powder and 40% copper slag found to be the most effective
INFLUENCE OF NANOSILICA ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETEroselinkalist12
In this study the mix design of concrete based on the IS 10262 - 2009. The NS used as a mineral admixture in concrete with the replacement of cement. The effect of NS in concrete based on the compressive strength, flexural strength and Split tensile strength.
The document provides a literature review on the properties of concrete with fractional replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. It discusses 3 main points:
1) Several studies have shown that replacing natural coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates can reduce the compressive strength of concrete, but treating recycled aggregates with water and acid can improve strengths.
2) Other studies found that replacing sand with copper slag as a fine aggregate and using recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregates can increase compressive strength up to 30% replacement.
3) The literature review concludes that compressive strength generally increases with higher quality recycled aggregates and copper slag, and workability increases with more copper slag. Strengths are also improved by the hardness of recycled aggregates and copper slag.
- The study aimed to determine the bond strength and chloride permeability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) compared to conventional concrete (CC).
- Materials were tested to determine properties and optimize an SCC mix with 20% fly ash replacement. Workability tests established acceptable SCC mixes.
- Mechanical properties like compressive and splitting tensile strength were found to be higher for SCC compared to CC at curing ages of 7, 14, and 28 days.
- Bond strength was evaluated through pullout tests and chloride permeability through rapid chloride permeability tests (RCPT), with results of SCC and CC compared.
This document summarizes a project report on strengthening concrete blocks with the addition of rubber scrap and coconut shells. The report describes testing concrete blocks containing 5% rubber scrap replacing coarse aggregate. Fly ash was also added, varying from 0-20% replacing cement. The project aimed to reuse rubber waste and study the properties of rubberized concrete blocks. Testing found rubberized concrete more durable but weaker, with lower strength than ordinary concrete. Adding silica increased strength. Properties of concrete with 10-20% coarse aggregate replaced with coconut shells were also studied. Results showed lower strength but higher absorption in coconut shell concrete compared to normal concrete. The addition of fly ash and steel fibers improved mechanical properties. This study explored using waste materials like rubber and
Experimental Study Compared With American Code - ConcreteFilled – Double Skin...ijceronline
Six Specimens with three different volume fractions of steel fibers are cast and tested. Experiments on circular steel tubes in – filled with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and normal concrete have been performed to investigate the contribution of steel fibers to the load bearing capacity of Short Composite Columns . The main variable considered in the test study is the percentage of steel. Fibers added to the in –filled concrete. All the specimens were tested under axial failure state realization. This project presents the percentage Variation in the compression strengths of the 3 types of Composite members taken under Study. The results show that 1.5% SFRC in filled steel columns exhibit enhanced ultimate load carrying compression until capacity. Experimental studies compared with American code
IRJET- A Review on “Partial Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregate by Al...IRJET Journal
This document reviews research on using copper slag and artificial aggregate as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. It summarizes several studies that found:
1) Replacing 20% of cement and fine aggregate with copper slag and ceramic powder increased compressive strength by around 36%.
2) Replacing 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag increased compressive strength by 17.5% while maintaining workability.
3) Using 20% copper slag as a partial cement replacement achieved a compressive strength of 85% of a reference mix without copper slag.
4) Compressive strength increased up to a 80% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag and ferrous slag.
Fly ash and silica fume concrete mix design Saiduluthota
This document discusses using fly ash and silica fume as partial replacements for cement in concrete. It outlines the objectives to study their effects on compressive strength and find optimal replacement percentages. The methodology describes casting specimens with 0%, 30%, and 40% fly ash replacement and 15%, 20% silica fume replacement. Test results showed that compressive strength generally increased with age but decreased with higher replacement levels initially before surpassing plain concrete at later ages. Both fly ash and silica fume concretes exhibited lower permeability. The conclusion is that pozzolanic replacements can improve water permeability and mechanical properties of concrete.
1) The document discusses using zeolite as a partial replacement for cement in concrete to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Zeolite improves the properties of concrete such as compressive strength, carbon dioxide absorption, chloride permeability and expansion resistance.
2) Zeolite concrete can absorb up to 60% of the carbon dioxide released during the concrete production process, making it more environmentally friendly. The carbon dioxide absorption capacity of concrete increases by approximately 30% with the addition of zeolite.
3) Studies have found an optimal concentration of 10-20% zeolite replacement of cement to maximize compressive strength in concrete. Higher percentages may decrease strength. Zeolite concrete also exhibits greater resistance to chlorides and
Fresh, Strength and Durability Characteristics of Binary and Ternary Blended ...AbdulRazakBH
Abstract: Paper Mineral admixtures being the economical alternatives to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) for various normal and special concretes induce desirable properties to concrete such as higher flow, low heat of hydration, higher strength gain and enhanced durability. Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS) being one of the largely used mineral admixture alongside Fly Ash as supplementary cementitious material in concrete contributes to enhanced durability properties and low heat of hydration. Various replacement percentages of GGBS at 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% are used in binary blended Self compacting concrete(SCC) in the present study. At 40% replacement level, SCC exhibited improved workability, strength and durability properties. Alccofine(Ultrafine GGBS) used in ternary blended SCC enhanced early strength gain without affecting workability of SCC to a significant extent.
Keywords : Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS), Alccofine, Ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
Experimental study of effects of potassium carbonate on strength parameters o...IAEME Publication
This study examines the effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on the strength properties of plain concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with K2CO3 added at different percentages by weight of cement (2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, and 3%). The specimens were tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at various ages. Results showed strengths increased up to 2.6% K2CO3 addition, but decreased with 3% addition. The optimum K2CO3 percentage was found to be 2.6%, as it improved strengths without harming concrete properties.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE ON STRENGTH PARAMETERS O...IAEME Publication
This study presents the effects of Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) on plain concrete. Potassium carbonate as depressant admixture was added in different percentages by weight of cement. The concrete specimens were tested for compressive, flexural and split tensile strengths and the results
obtained were compared with those of normal concrete. The optimum percentage of admixture that could be used without harming the properties of concrete was also assessed. The results concluded permissibility of using admixture (K2CO3) up to 2.6% by weight of cement.
Similar to CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE (20)
COMPLAINTS AND APPEALS in Research examples from abroadtp jayamohan
The document discusses several topics related to research misconduct allegations and whistleblowing. It provides guidance for complainants on carefully preparing allegations, protections for complainants, and reporting allegations to the appropriate institutional official. It also discusses cases where whistleblowers uncovered misconduct through diligent analysis of data, but faced resistance, and a case where a complainant was found to have defamed and invaded the privacy of the researcher through improper public disclosure of unproven allegations.
There are several ways to identify research gaps including reviewing literature, discussions with colleagues, reviewing digital platforms, analyzing issues raised by organizations, examining highly cited research, and questioning aspects of previous research works. Some challenges in identifying gaps are the large number of unsolved issues to analyze, unorganized literature reviews, hesitation to question existing works, and lack of skills like curiosity and imagination.
prevention of flood using reataining walltp jayamohan
This document discusses the application of a retaining wall with a relief shelf for flood control in Kuttanad, Kerala. Kuttanad frequently experiences severe flooding, with water levels rising over 5 feet in many areas. The study aims to analyze how incorporating a retaining wall with a relief shelf can help control floods in the region. Retaining walls are commonly used in engineering, but adding a relief shelf can increase the stability of taller walls by decreasing lateral earth pressures. The document provides background on retaining walls and discusses software used for the finite element analysis. It also lists several references on retaining wall design and the impacts of flooding in Kuttanad.
This document discusses flood modelling and prediction in Kerala using GIS and remote sensing. It provides background on Kerala's geography and climate, which causes frequent flooding. It then describes how GIS and remote sensing tools like digital elevation models, land use data, and rainfall data can be used as inputs to model flood inundation areas and predict future flooding. The outputs of these models, like flood extent maps, can help with disaster management and planning flood prevention measures.
This document provides an overview of a project report on designing a multi-storied reinforced concrete building using ETABS software. The objectives are to analyze, design, and detail the structural components of the building. The methodology involves preparing CAD drawings, calculating loads, analyzing the structure, and designing and detailing structural elements. The building to be designed is a residential building with ground + 5 floors located in Chalikkavattom. Loads like dead, live, wind, and seismic loads will be calculated according to Indian codes and applied in the ETABS analysis model.
This document provides an overview of berth development projects at several ports. It discusses the scope of improving existing berths at Morehead Port in North Carolina and the Panama Canal by strengthening structures, increasing dredge depth, and adding new finger piers for larger ships. It also reviews a project to monitor lateral soil movement during dredging near berths constructed with diaphragm walls and piles at Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai. Geotechnical site investigations including testing were important for understanding soil conditions and designing stable berth structures.
This document discusses precautions taken for concreting in sub-zero temperatures. It recommends selecting cement that hydrates fast to generate early heat, using admixtures like calcium chloride or sodium chloride to lower the freezing point of water and accelerate hydration, insulating concrete to preserve heat during curing, and employing air entraining agents to increase durability against frost damage by modifying the pore structure. Heating materials like aggregates and mixing water is also suggested to maintain the concrete above freezing during the pre-hardening period.
The document contains floor plans for a two story building. The ground floor includes a 5x4 verandah, 3x4.2 store, 5x3 dining area, 4x2 car porch, 4x5 living room, 4x2 kitchen, and 1.8x4.2 toilet. The first floor contains a master bedroom, work area, two bedrooms, two toilets, and windows and doors labeled on the plans. Dimensions are provided for all rooms and building elements in meters. The plans were created by student Gayathry.T.J with roll number 27.
This engineering drawing shows elevation section A-A with various dimensions in meters. It includes dimensions for the overall height of 2.9 meters and widths of 0.12, 0.9, 1.2, 0.45 and 0.45 meters. Smaller dimensions shown are 0.1, 1.38, 0.13 and 0.6 meters.
The document contains a floor plan layout for a house with dimensions for various rooms and features. It includes a kitchen, two bedrooms, a dining/living area, verandah, toilet, and car porch. The bedrooms are labeled Bedroom-1 and Bedroom-2 and measure 3x4 meters and 4x5.3 meters respectively. An index provides labels and dimensions for doors, windows, and ventilators used in the plan.
Internship front pages (3 files merged)tp jayamohan
This report summarizes the internship of the author at a construction site in South Kalamassery, Ernakulam. The five-day internship involved observing the reinforcement and concreting of the basement slab, and formwork of retaining walls. The project site is a five-story residential and commercial building. On the first day, reinforcement was placed for the basement slab. On the second day, the basement slab was concreted. The last two days focused on the formwork of retaining walls. The report also discusses soil testing, foundation design using a reinforced concrete raft, and concrete mixing and placement.
1. Water resources are essential for development but face increasing challenges from climate change, demand, and sedimentation. Reservoirs constructed on rivers are prone to sedimentation over time, reducing their storage capacity.
2. Sedimentation in reservoirs occurs as sediment particles from the watershed settle in the reservoir due to decreased flow speeds. This reduces the reservoir's storage potential and can impact downstream soil fertility and biodiversity. Assessing sedimentation is important for reservoir management.
3. Remote sensing techniques provide an alternative method for assessing reservoir sedimentation that is more expedient and efficient than traditional surveys. Satellite imagery can be used to measure changes in reservoir water spreads at different elevations over time, indicating loss of storage capacity
William John Macquorn Rankine, (born July 5, 1820, Edinburgh, Scot.—died Dec. 24, 1872, Glasgow), Scottish engineer and physicist and one of the founders of the science of thermodynamics, particularly in reference to steam-engine theory.
Trained as a civil engineer under Sir John Benjamin MacNeill, Rankine was appointed to the Queen Victoria chair of civil engineering and mechanics at the University of Glasgow (1855). One of Rankine’s first scientific works, a paper on fatigue in metals of railway axles (1843), led to new methods of construction. His Manual of Applied Mechanics (1858) was of considerable help to designing engineers and architects. His classic Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859) was the first attempt at a systematic treatment of steam-engine theory. Rankine worked out a thermodynamic cycle of events (the so-called Rankine cycle) used as a standard for the performance of steam-power installations in which a condensable vapour provides the working fluid.
William John Macquorn Rankine, (born July 5, 1820, Edinburgh, Scot.—died Dec. 24, 1872, Glasgow), Scottish engineer and physicist and one of the founders of the science of thermodynamics, particularly in reference to steam-engine theory.
Trained as a civil engineer under Sir John Benjamin MacNeill, Rankine was appointed to the Queen Victoria chair of civil engineering and mechanics at the University of Glasgow (1855). One of Rankine’s first scientific works, a paper on fatigue in metals of railway axles (1843), led to new methods of construction. His Manual of Applied Mechanics (1858) was of considerable help to designing engineers and architects. His classic Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859) was the first attempt at a systematic treatment of steam-engine theory. Rankine worked out a thermodynamic cycle of events (the so-called Rankine cycle) used as a standard for the performance of steam-power installations in which a condensable vapour provides the working fluid.
Utilization of jarosite generated from leadtp jayamohan
Large quantities of industrial waste by-products are produced in India by different type of industries viz. Jarosite, Jarofix, Copper slag, Zinc slag, Red mud, Steel slag and Coal ash. For many years these materials were considered as waste and were dumped haphazardly near the producing plants. Efforts are being carried out by research studies to utilize these materials in embankment, sub base and base layers of road construction. Experimental studies have been also carried out to investigate their feasibility as an additive in cement concrete. Jarosite material is produced during extraction of zinc ore concentrate by hydrometallurgy operation. When zinc ore concentrate is roasted at 9000 C and subjected to leaching, Jarosite is formed as a waste material. The Jarosite material is mixed with 2 % lime and 10 % cement and transported to the disposal area as a Jarofix material.
Tall structures are ;
Flexible, low in damping, slender and light in weight.
Sensitive to dynamic wind loads.
Adversely affect the serviceability and occupant comfort.
Oscillations are observed in the along-wind and crosswind directions and in torsional mode.
Behaviour of wind response is largely determined by building shapes.
Aerodynamic optimization of building shapes is the most efficient way to achieve wind resistant design.
In ancient China, tall buildings appear to be those of traditional pagodas.
Abrasive jet micro-machining (AJM), in which abrasive parti-cles are accelerated by air and directed toward a target, has beenused to make components for micro-electromechanical (MEMS) and micro-fluidic capillary electrophoresis devices . One ofthe disadvantages of AJM is that the compressed air jet used topropel the erodent particles diverges significantly after the noz-zle exit, increasing the size of the blast zone and the width of thesmallest channel or hole that can be machined without the use of a patterned erosion-resistant mask that defines the micro-featureedges . Abrasive slurry jet micro-machining (ASJM) is similar to AJM except that pressurized water, instead of air, is used to accel-erate the suspended abrasive particles such as garnet or alumina(Al2O3). In both AJM and ASJM, the material removal occurs by ero-sion. However, for the same jet dimension and flow speed, slurryjets have a much lower divergence angle than air jets , allow-ing for the micro-machining of small features without the use ofpatterned masks.
This document discusses a novel direct-injection system for 2-stroke engines that uses LPG as fuel. It aims to increase fuel efficiency by reducing fuel spillage and fresh charge losses. CFD simulations analyze different injector positions and their effects. Graphs of mass flow rate and combustion chamber pressure show the best position is at the transfer port. Emission levels are also studied and compared to a conventional engine. The ignition system is recommended to use a fast-response inductive ignition to suit the direct-injection setup, though it can still work with the existing ignition.
This document discusses dynamic analysis of soil structure interaction on gravity dams. It first provides background on dynamic analysis and how the behavior of dams is influenced by foundation conditions. It then reviews literature showing that considering soil stiffness, mass, and soil-structure interaction leads to higher displacements and stresses in dams compared to models without these factors. The document outlines a methodology to model different soil types, analyze soil-structure interaction, and conduct dynamic analysis. It provides a time schedule and expected outcomes of discovering displacement based on soil-structure interaction and seismic response of the structure. Finally, it lists references on this topic.
• Considering soil-structure interaction makes a structure more flexible and thus, increasing the natural period of the structure compared to the corresponding rigidly supported structure
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
4. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
4
The presence of pores in concrete proves to be a
major problem ever since it was discovered.
Pores in turn attract water that leads to various ill
effects .
A study is made to minimize the pores present using
carbon black as filler.
And suggest the optimum percentage of CB to be
added in concrete for its enhanced performance .
OBJECTIVE
5. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
5
For this various tests are carried out on specimens
containing various percentages of carbon black .
The effect of added carbon black on corrosion of
steel reinforcement was also studied.
CB powder is a waste from rubber industry & finds
difficulty in its disposal
By using carbon black as filler in concrete we can
reduce this problem to a great extent.
6. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
Dr.G.Chitra,P.Vetri Selvi,Dr.D.Vijayalakshmi(2014) conducted a
study to suggest the optimum percentage of carbon black to be
added in concrete by casting specimens with different
percentages of carbon black.
Masadeh, S. (2015) Studied the effect of carbon black on
corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete.
B.Padma priya, Mrs.K.Pandeeswari.M.E.(2016) Investigated
the effect of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) and carbon black
on various strength properties of concrete.
7. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
7
T.M. Jeyashree,G. Chitra(2017)Conducted a study on
uniformity, surface hardness, split tensile strength, flexural
strength and compressive strength of concrete specimens
containing various percentages of carbon black .
Gaurav Navnit Nagavkar(2017) An attempt was made using
carbon black powder, a waste from rubber industry as filler and
Calcium Sulphate in the form of hydrate is used as desiccant in
concrete.
8. CARBON BLACK
Carbon black is virtually pure elemental carbon in
the form of colloidal particles
They are produced by incomplete combustion or
thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid
hydrocarbons under controlled conditions.
It is a waste from rubber industry, finds difficulty in
disposal.
8
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
9. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
9
Its physical appearance is that of a black, finely divided pellet or
powder.
The specific gravity of carbon black is 1.33 and pH value 6.
This indicates that carbon black is almost an inert material.
10. Due to their extreme small size they can fill the
pores thereby :
Increase density of concrete which improves its
strength and resistance to atmospheric attack
Decrease in permeability of concrete
It is a waste from rubber industry and are dumped
into soil creating soil pollution and contamination of
water table.
By using carbon black as filler in concrete we can
reduce this problem to a great extent.
10
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES OF USING CARBON BLACK
AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
12. S
P
E
C
I
M
E
N
12
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
18 concrete cubes of
150x150x150 mm size
12 concrete cylinders of
150x300 mm size.
Cubes cast with the 0%, 2%,
5%, 8% , 12% and 15% of
CB
Cylinders cast with
0%, 2%, 5% and 8% CB
M20 Grade
concrete is used
13. PREPARATION OF CONCRETE MIX
13
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
Weight
batching
CA, fine
aggregates
and water
mixed
manually
on a water
tight
platform
Water added
gradually &
mixed for
10min to get
a uniform
mix
cement &
remnant of
water
added &
mixed for
2min
CB is
added &
mixed for
3min
14. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
14
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
To determine the
compressive strength of
concrete cubes, the
specimen was placed in
the compression testing
machine after curing.
The load was applied
gradually without shock and
continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/min till the
specimen fails. The max load
at failure is noted
16. REBOUND HAMMER TEST
16
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
This method is
based on the
principle that the
rebound of elastic
mass depends on
the hardness of
surface against
which the mass
strikes.
The surface
hardness and
therefore the
rebound is taken
to be related to
the compressive
strength of
concrete cubes
17. 17
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
The results of rebound hammer test shows that concrete specimen with
2%, 5% has given better results when compared to control specimen.
18. non destructive
method
establish the
homogeneity &
find
imperfections
higher
velocity
obtained
with good
quality
velocity of an
ultrasonic pulse
through a
material
depends upon
the µ, E ,
density
18
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST
19. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
19
Experimental Setup of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
20. 20
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
The results of UPV test shows that
CB increases the uniformity of
concrete.
Among CB concrete specimens 2%
shows the best result.
21. 21
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
Splitting tensile strength test was conducted on concrete cylinders to
determine the tensile strength of CB concrete.
The specimen was taken from water after 28 days of curing & wiped out.
The weight and dimension of the specimen was noted.
The cylinder specimen was placed on compression testing machine & load
was applied continuously without shock at a constant rate.
The breaking load (P) was noted.
22. 22
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
Results show that the split tensile strength of CB concrete is lesser
when compared to that of control specimen.
Since carbon black imparts brittle nature in concrete, this makes the
concrete weak in tension.
23. 23
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
Optimum % of CB in concrete was obtained from the above-
mentioned tests results.
For the optimum % obtained, concrete cylinders of size 150 mm
diameter and 300 mm height were cast with and without
CB powder with rebar & were used for conducting OCP test.
All the specimens were taken out after 28 days of
curing and then dried.
OPEN CIRCUIT POTENTIAL TEST
24. 24
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
Specimens are immersed in 3.5% NaCl, the
potential of the reinforced bar was measured
against saturated calomel electrode (SCE) .
Then the specimens were subjected to 3.5%
NaCl solutions to induce accelerated corrosion.
The potential readings are measured
periodically & research was continued for 60
days.
25. 25
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
RELATIONSHIP B/W OCP VALUES & PROBABILITY
OF CORROSION
27. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
27
Both the control and carbon black concrete showed the
negative potential of more than -50 mV initially at 7 to 10 days.
After that potential, the value of all specimens decreases
simultaneously with increasing number of days.
It is also noticed that the corrosion rate of CB concrete is
less when compared to the control specimen.
28. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
From the present study, the following conclusions are
arrived:
Non-destructive tests and compressive strength test
results show that performance of 2%, 5% and 8% carbon
black concrete is improved compared to control specimen.
Split tensile strength for 2% carbon black specimen is
reduced by 5% compared to control specimen.
With every 2% increase in carbon black, split tensile
strength has been reduced by 4% approximately.
OCP test results show improved performance for carbon
black specimens. 28
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
29. 29
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
Being very fine particle CB fill the pores present in concrete
and the permeability of concrete has reduced.
From the Open circuit potential test results it can be seen
that 5% and 8% carbon black addition is effective in RCC
elements.
Addition of carbon black beyond 8% is ineffective, seen from
the reduction in performance of 12% and 15% specimens.
Hence, it is concluded that the addition of carbon black
between 5% and 8% as a filler material will be very effective in
enhancing the performance of concrete elements.
30. Investigate
the
performance
of concrete
with higher
% of CB as
filler with the
introduction
of binders
Study the
performance
of concrete
with CB as a
replacement
for cement.
Study effect
of CB on
cement
hydration
Study effect
of CB on
inter
transition
zone
30
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
FUTURE SCOPE
31. REFERENCE
Dr.G.Chitra, P.Vetri Selvi, Dr.D.Vijayalakshmi (2014).
“Carbon Black as an Additive in Conventional Concrete”,
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering.
Masadeh, S. (2015) “The Effect of Added Carbon Black to
Concrete Mix on Corrosion of Steel in Concrete”, Journal
of Minerals and Materials Characterization and
Engineering, 3, 271-276.
31
WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
32. WASTE CARBON BLACK AS A FILLER IN CONCRETE
32
T.M. Jeyashree and G. Chitra(2016) “Experimental
Studies On Concrete Elements Using Waste Carbon Black
As Filler Material “,Asian Journal Of Civil Engineering (Bhrc)
Vol. 18.
B.Padma priya, Mrs.K.Pandeeswari.M.E.(2016)
“Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Concrete
with Carbon Black and PET”, International Journal of
Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 4, 1082-1088.
Gaurav Navnit Nagavkar(2017) “Effect On Properties Of
Concrete With Partial Replacement Of Additives With
Cement”,International Journal Of Engineering Sciences &
Research Technology .