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Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids
1.
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor CHAPTER 3 The Molecules of Cells Modules 3.11 – 3.20 From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2.
PROTEINS 3.11 Proteins are
essential to the structures and activities of life • Proteins are involved in – cellular structure – movement – defense – transport Figure 3.11 – communication • Mammalian hair is composed of structural proteins • Enzymes regulate chemical reactions Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3.
3.12 Proteins are
made from just 20 kinds of amino acids • Proteins are the most structurally and functionally diverse of life’s molecules – Their diversity is based on different arrangements of amino acids Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4.
• Each amino
acid contains: – an amino group – a carboxyl group – an R group, which distinguishes each of the 20 different amino acids Amino Carboxyl (acid) Figure 3.12A group group Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
• Each amino
acid has specific properties Leucine (Leu) Serine (Ser) Cysteine (Cys) HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC Figure 3.12B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
3.13 Amino acids
can be linked by peptide bonds • Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis • The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide bonds Carboxyl Amino PEPTIDE group group BOND Dehydration synthesis Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide Figure 3.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7.
3.14 Overview: A
protein’s specific shape determines its function • A protein, such as lysozyme, consists of polypeptide chains folded into a unique shape – The shape determines the protein’s function – A protein loses its specific function when its polypeptides unravel Figure 3.14A Figure 3.14B Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8.
3.15 A protein’s
primary structure is its amino acid sequence 3.16 Secondary structure is polypeptide coiling or folding produced by hydrogen bonding Primary structure Amino acid Secondary Hydrogen structure bond Pleated sheet Alpha helix Figure 3.15, 16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9.
3.17 Tertiary structure
is the overall shape of a polypeptide 3.18 Quaternary structure is the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein Tertiary structure Polypeptide (single subunit of transthyretin) Quaternary structure Transthyretin, with four identical polypeptide subunits Figure 3.17, 18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10.
3.19 Talking About
Science: Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life • Pauling made important contributions to our understanding of protein structure and function Figure 3.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11.
NUCLEIC ACIDS 3.20 Nucleic
acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides • Nucleic acids such and DNA and RNA serve as the blueprints for proteins • They ultimately control the life of a cell Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12.
• The monomers
of nucleic acids are nucleotides – Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base Nitrogenous base (A) Phosphate group Figure 3.20A Sugar Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13.
• The sugar
and phosphate form the backbone for the nucleic acid Nucleotide Sugar-phosphate Figure 3.20B backbone Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14.
• DNA consists
of two polynucleotides twisted around each other in a double helix – The sequence of the four kinds of nitrogenous bases in Base pair DNA carries genetic information Nitrogenous base (A) Figure 3.20C Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15.
• Stretches of
a DNA molecule called genes program the amino acid sequences of proteins – DNA information is transcribed into RNA, a single-stranded nucleic acid – RNA is then translated into the primary structure of proteins Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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