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1. Carbohydrate transformation to
different natural product
By
Rehana Ramzan

2. Introduction
• Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules. They are presented as free
monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and as essential components of
glycoconjugates, including glycolipids, glycoproteins or glycopeptides, and
glycosylated natural products.
• All the structures of natural products are very beautiful and attractive. Then, we
would like only to relate them to our favorite compounds, carbohydrates. In our
opinion, carbohydrates are the language of chiral natural products; therefore, we
have focused on the use of carbohydrates as chiral precursors in organic synthesis

3. Primary metabolite
• As the first product of photosynthesis, carbohydrates are the starting point for secondary
metabolite. Although carbohydrates are primary metabolites, they are incorporated in plenty
of secondary metabolites.
• The precursor, acetyl-CoA, is derived from pyruvate (a carbohydrate metabolite), fatty acid
beta-oxidation, citrate from the citric acid cycle, and the breakdown of branched-chain amino
acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine).Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, a biotin-dependent enzyme,
catalyzes the first step, generating malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, and requires carbon
dioxide and ATP. There are two isoforms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)—ACC1 and
ACC2—with expressions in different tissues (adipose, skeletal muscles, and heart).

4. Secondary metabolite
• Secondary metabolites are considered to be the end products of primary
metabolites because they are derived by the pathways in which the primary
metabolites involve.
• Secondary metabolism is the chemistry that leads to the formation of a natural
product like alkaloids, flavonoids terpenoids etc.

5. • Natural products are in the form of
primary and secondary metabolites and are
isolated chemical compounds or substances
from living organisms. As we know
carbohydrate is primary metabolite so by
the transfer of primary metabolite to
Terpenes, Phenolic compounds, and
Nitrogen-containing compounds are
secondary metabolites.
Carbohydrate transformation
carbohydrates

6. Terpenoids
The starting primary metabolite as a carbohydrate source for
terpenoids synthesis is acetyl-CoA that goes through a series
of reactions to condense three molecules of acetyl-CoA to
mevalonic acid.
Although both pathways synthesize common isomeric
isoprenoid units (C5), namely isopentenyl pyrophosphate
(IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP).
MEP pathway provides the substrates for monoterpenes
(C10), diterpenes (C20) and tetraterpenes (C40), whereas the
MVA pathway provides the substrates for production of
sesquiterpenes (C15) and triterpenes (C30)

7. Sources and functions of terpenoids
• Terpenoids are the largest and most widespread class of secondary metabolites, mainly in
plants and lower invertebrates.
• Terpenoids have been found to be useful in the prevention and therapy of several diseases,
including cancer, and also to have antimicrobial, antifungal, anti parasitic, antiviral, anti-
allergenic, antispasmodic, anti hyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory
properties

8. Flavonoids
• Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word flavus, meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class
of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans
• The biosynthetic pathways are derived from the shikimate pathway
• Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
and antiviral properties. They also have neuroprotective and cardio-protective effects. These biological
activities depend upon the type of flavonoid, its (possible) mode of action, and its bioavailability.

9. • Alkaloids (alkali-like) are the nitrogen-
containing aromatic polycyclic compounds.
Most of the alkaloids are optically active.
• From amino acids that are primary metabolite
nitrogen contain metabolite alkaloids are
formed.
Alkaloids