Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as an important energy source. The document classifies and describes the different types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides like glucose and fructose are simple sugars that can be directly used for energy. Disaccharides like sucrose and lactose are made of two monosaccharides linked together. Oligosaccharides have 2-10 monosaccharide units and help with cell recognition. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides used for energy storage and structural purposes in plants and animals.

1. RAMKESH CHAUHAN ; ASU2020010100135 ; B.PHARM ; 1st YEAR S
SUBMITTED TO : Dr. MAHESH SIR

2. WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATE ?
• Carbohydrates are widely distributed in
both plant and animal tissues.
• Any of various neutral compounds
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (as
sugars, starches, and celluloses) most of
which are formed by green plants and
which constitute a major class of animal
foods.
• It is energy source for many metabolic
activities in living organisms .

3. Carbohydrates are generally classified into :
CARBOHYDRATE
MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES

4. • IT BELONG TO SIMPLE
CARBOHYDRATES
• IT IS A SIMPLE SUGAR.
• GENERAL FORMULA Cn(H2O)n .
• THEY ARE ALREADY HYDROLYSED .
• IT ALSO SUBDIVIDED AS ALDOSES AND
KETOSES DEPENDING UPON THE
PRESENCE OF ALDEHYDE OR KETONE
GROUPS.
MONOSACCHARIDES

5. FUNCTION OF MONOSACCHRIDES
RIBOSE
. RIBOSE IS A STRUCTURAL
ELEMENT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AND
ALSO OF SOME COENZYMES.
GLUCOSE
WE GET GLUCOSE BY EATING FOOD
AND IT PROVIDE ENERGY BY
OXIDATION .
FRUCTOSE
IT ACTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE
METABOLITE IN PROVIDING
ENERGY ESPECIALLY WHEN GLUCOSE IS
NOT SUFFICIENT WHILE THE METABOLIC
ENERGY DEMAND IS HIGH. IT CAN ENTER
GLYCOLYSIS AND PRODUCE INTERMEDIATES
FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION

6. DISACCHARIDES
• THESE MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF TWO
SAME OR DIFFERENT MONOSACCHARIDES.
• THEY FURTHER HYDROLYIS.
• THE GENERAL FORMULA IS Cn(H2O)n-1 .
• MONOSACCHARIDES ARE LINKED BY
GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE.
• EXAMPLES ; SUCROSE , MALTOSE,
LACTOSE,TREHLOSE,CELLOBIOSE, etc.

7. FUCTION OF DISAACHARIDES:
LACTOSE
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
C12H22O11.
 IT IS MILK SUGAR.
 IT’S MOST IMPORTANT
FUNCTION IS ON
DIGESTION.
SUCROSE
* IT PRESENT IN SUGARCANE
PINEAPPLE, SWEETPOTATO
AND HONEY.
* IT IS SWEETENING AGENT
FOR FOOD AND BEVERAGES.
MALTOSE
• IT IS MALT SUGAR.
• IT PRESENT IN
SPROUTING OF CEREALS
AND MALT
• IT USE DIRECTLY AS
ENERGY SOURCE BY OUR
BODY

8. OLIGOSACCHARIDES
• OLIGO IS GREAK WORD WHICH MEANS “FEW”.
• IT IS MADE UP OF 2 -10 CARBOHYDRATE
MONOSACCHARIDES.
• IT ALSO SHOW HYDROLYSIS.
• IT HELP IN CELL RECOGNITION AND CELL BINDING.
• GLYCOLIPIDS HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
IMMUNE RESPONSE.
• OLIGOSACCHARIDE CHAINS LINKED TO LIPIDS OR TO
COMPATIBLE AMINO ACID SIDE CHAINS IN PROTEINS, BY
N- OR O-GLYCOSIDIC BONDS.
EXAMPLES
1. MALTOTRIOSE(It is produced
by the digestive enzyme alpha-
amylase)
2.STACHYOSE
3.VERBASCOSE
4.Α-CYCLODEXTRIN
5.HEPTASACCHARIDES
6.OCTASACCHARIDES
7.NONASACCHARIDES

9. POLYSACCHARI
DES
HOMOPOLYS
ACCHARIDES
STORAGE
POLYSACCHARIDES
PLANT
(STARCH)
ANIMAL
(GLYCOGON)
STRUCTURAL
POLYSACCHARIDES
PLANT
(CELLULOSE)
ANIMAL
(CHITIN)
HETROPOLY
SACCHARIDES
HEPARIN
CHODROITIN
SULPHATE
HYALURONIC
ACID
KERATAN
SULPHATE
POLYSACCHARIDES
A MOLECULE WHICH CONTAIN 10 OR MORE
MONOSACCHARIDES IS CALLED POLYSACCHARIDES

10. FUNCTION
• STARCH
(Most important source of carbohydrate)
• GLYCOGEN
(Reserves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria)
• CELLULOSE
(Cellulose chains are arranged in microfibrils or bundles of polysaccharide that are arranged in fibrils
(bundles of microfibrils), which in turn make up the plant cell wall.)
• PECTIN
(It is a water-soluble fiber and used in various food as emulsifier, stabilizer, gelling, and thickening
agent)
• HYALURONIC ACID
(It found on skin , It’s main function is retain water to keep your tissues well lubricated and moist)
• HEPARIN
(Heparin is used to prevent blood clots from forming in people who have certain medical conditions or
who are undergoing certain medical procedures that increase the chance that clots will form.)